第一篇：從系統功能角度分析奧巴馬就職演說

從系統功能角度分析奧巴馬就職演說

論文導讀：系統功能語法系統功能學派認為，語言是社會活動的產物。人際功能通過語氣系統和情態系統來體現，因此，在奧巴馬的就職演說中，作者主要通過這兩種系統在奧巴馬就職演說中的應用，來進行分析。關鍵詞：系統功能語法，奧巴馬就職演說，功能特征

1.引言 美國總統就職演說影響廣泛，意義重大，每一篇總統演說辭都可以稱為經典篇章。本文以備受人們關注的新當選也是第一位非裔美國總統巴拉克·侯賽因·奧巴馬的就職演說為語料，從系統功能角度來分析這位與眾不同的新總統演說辭，探討其語言特征。

系統功能語法系統功能學派認為，語言是社會活動的產物。作為人類交際的工具，它承擔著各種各樣的功能。根據韓禮德的劃分，他把語言功能概括為三大元功能，又可叫做純理功能（metafunction），純理功能分為三種，包括概念功能（ideational function），人際功能（interpersonal function）和語篇功能（textualfunction）。概念功能是反映客觀和主觀世界中所發生的事、所牽涉的人和物以及與之有關的時間、地點等因素，通過及物性、語態和歸一度來實現。人際功能具有表達講話者的身份、地位、態度、動機和他對事物的推斷等功能，通過語氣、情態和語調來實現。語篇功能不同于概念功能和人際功能，它將二者通過語境組織在一個語篇中，成為一個整體，共同在語境中起作用。

語言學中的功能主義強調要從語言實際使用過程或語言所完成的功

能去了解語言的特征和規律。（胡壯麟，2002：104）因此，本文將以最新的美國總統的就職演說為語料，從系統功能語法的三個基本功能的角度來分析。

3.對奧巴馬就職演說的語篇分析 3.1 概念功能--及物性分析 及物性系統是英語中表現概念功能的一個語義系統，其作用在于把人們在現實世界中的所見所聞、所作所為分成若干種“過程”（process），并指明與各種過程有關的“參加者”（participant）和“環境成分”（circumstantial element）。及物性系統包括六種不同的過程：物質過程、心理過程、關系過程、行為過程、言語過程和存在過程。通過對奧巴馬的就職演說的分析，可得出這篇就職演說的及物性特征分析。如下：

表一 及物性結構特征

總 統

物 質 過 程

關系過程

心理過程

言語過程

存在過程

行為過程

侯賽因·奧巴馬

185

所占比例（％）

63%

22%

10%

4%

1%

0%

通過表一可以看出，在整個奧巴馬的就職演說中六種過程都出現在其中，但是出現的頻率卻相差很多，物質過程，關系過程和心理過程分別占 63％，22％和 10％，而存在過程和行為過程卻僅占 1％和 0％。

因此，在奧巴馬在就職演說中使用最多的是物質過程和關系過程。產生這樣的結果也是由就職演說所要表達的意義所決定的。物質過程是表示做某件事的過程，過程本身通常由動態動詞表示。通過使用物質過程，演講者注重的是“行”。例如，奧巴馬希望以此來回憶過去祖先為美國的今天所付出的一切，闡明他及他所領導的政府在新的任期的計劃，希望美國聽眾通過他的演講能夠振奮精神，信任他所領導的新政府。其次是關系過程，關系過程指的是反映事物之間處于何種關系的過程，或指一個物體的性質、特征、情形等，通過關系過程，我們能體會出人的觀點和態度。在此篇奧巴馬的就職演說中，他著重描述國家的現狀，人民現如今的生活狀況及人民的狀態，通過立足于對現在和國家的描述，可看出奧巴馬放眼現在，力圖改革的惠民政策，更加強大眾對他的信任，及對他的政治綱領的支持。心理過程是表示“感覺”、“反應”和“認知”等心理活動的過程。心理過程一般有兩個參加者，一個是心理活動的主體即“感覺者”，另一個是客體即被感知的“現象”。在演講語篇中，“感覺者”大多是演講者本人。通過對奧巴馬的就職演說的分析，奧巴馬通過心理過程的動詞表達他的感情和希望，還有決心。通過心理過程的使用，美國民眾會更好的了解，以及信任這位新一屆的總統。免費論文參考網。言語過程是通過講話交流信息的過程，常用的動詞比如 say, tell, talk 等。存在過程是表示有某物存在的過程，常用的動詞是 be, 此外還有 exist, arise 等。而行為過程指諸如呼吸、咳嗽、嘆息、做夢、苦笑等生理活動過程，常用的動詞比如 breathe, watch, cough 等。通過分析，我們可看出在奧巴馬的演講中，這三種過程所占的比例相對較小，分別占到 4％，1％和 0％，有時只是起到過度的作用。

3.2 人際功能

第二篇：奧巴馬就職演說

Good afternoon.It is a great honor for me to be here in Shanghai, and to have this opportunity to speak with all of you.I'd like to thank Fudan University's President Yang for his hospitality(好客)and his gracious（有禮貌的，親切的）welcome.I'd also like to thank our outstanding Ambassador（大使）, Jon Huntsman, who exemplifies the deep ties and respect between our nations.I don't know what he said, but I hope it was good.(Laughter.)

What I'd like to do is to make some opening comments, and then what I'm really looking forward to doing is taking questions, not only from students who are in the audience, but also we've received questions online, which will be asked by some of the students who are here in the audience, as well as by Ambassador Huntsman.And I am very sorry that my Chinese is not as good as your English, but I am looking forward to this chance to have a dialogue.This is my first time traveling to China, and I'm excited to see this majestic（雄偉壯麗的，威嚴的）country.Here, in Shanghai, we see the growth that has caught the attention of the world--the soaring skyscrapers, the bustling（熙攘的）streets and entrepreneurial（企業家的，創業者的）activity.And just as I'm impressed by these signs of China's journey to the 21st century, I'm eager to see those ancient places that speak to us from China's distant past.Tomorrow and the next day I hope to have a chance when I'm in Beijing to see the majesty of the Forbidden City and the wonder of the Great Wall.Truly, this is a nation that encompasses both a rich history and a belief in the promise of the future.The same can be said of the relationship between our two countries.Shanghai, of course, is a city that has great meaning in the history of the relationship between the United States and China.It was here, 37 years ago, that the Shanghai Communique opened the door to a new chapter of engagement between our governments and among our people.However, America's ties to this city--and to this country--stretch back further, to the earliest days of America's independence.In 1784, our founding father, George Washington, commissioned the Empress of China, a ship that set sail for these shores so that it could pursue trade with the Qing Dynasty.Washington wanted to see the ship carry the flag around the globe, and to forge new ties with nations like China.This is a common American impulse--the desire to reach for new horizons, and to forge new partnerships that are mutually beneficial.Over the two centuries that have followed, the currents of history have steered the relationship between our countries in many directions.And even in the midst of tumultuous winds, our people had opportunities to forge deep and even dramatic ties.For instance, Americans will never forget the hospitality shown to our pilots who were shot down over your soil during World War II, and cared for by Chinese civilians who risked all that they had by doing so.And Chinese veterans of that war still warmly greet those American veterans who return to the sites where they fought to help liberate China from occupation.A different kind of connection was made nearly 40 years ago when the frost between our countries began to thaw through the simple game of table tennis.The very unlikely nature of this engagement contributed to its success--because for all our differences, both our common humanity and our shared curiosity were revealed.As one American player described his visit to China--“[The]people are just like us…The country is very similar to America, but still very different.”

Of course this small opening was followed by the achievement of the Shanghai Communique, and the eventual establishment of formal relations between the United States and China in 1979.And in three decades, just look at how far we have come.In 1979, trade between the United States and China stood at roughly $5 billion--today it tops over $400 billion each year.The commerce affects our people's lives in so many ways.America imports from China many of the computer parts we use, the clothes we wear;and we export to China machinery that helps power your industry.This trade could create even more jobs on both sides of the Pacific, while allowing our people to enjoy a better quality of life.And as demand becomes more balanced, it can lead to even broader prosperity.In 1979, the political cooperation between the United States and China was rooted largely in our shared rivalry with the Soviet Union.Today, we have a positive, constructive and comprehensive relationship that opens the door to partnership on the key global issues of our time--economic recovery and the development of clean energy;stopping the spread of nuclear weapons and the scourge of climate change;the promotion of peace and security in Asia and around the globe.All of these issues will be on the agenda tomorrow when I meet with President Hu.And in 1979, the connections among our people were limited.Today, we see the curiosity of those ping-pong players manifested in the ties that are being forged across many sectors.The second highest number of foreign students in the United States come from China, and we've seen a 50 percent increase in the study of Chinese among our own students.There are nearly 200 “friendship cities” drawing our communities together.American and Chinese scientists cooperate on new research and discovery.And of course, Yao Ming is just one signal of our shared love of basketball--I'm only sorry that I won't be able to see a Shanghai Sharks game while I'm visiting.It is no coincidence that the relationship between our countries has accompanied a period of positive change.China has lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty--an accomplishment unparalleled in human history--while playing a larger role in global events.And the United States has seen our economy grow along with the standard of living enjoyed by our people, while bringing the Cold War to a successful conclusion.There is a Chinese proverb: “Consider the past, and you shall know the future.” Surely, we have known setbacks and challenges over the last 30 years.Our relationship has not been without disagreement and difficulty.But the notion that we must be adversaries is not predestined--not when we consider the past.Indeed, because of our cooperation, both the United States and China are more prosperous and more secure.We have seen what is possible when we build upon our mutual interests, and engage on the basis of mutual respect.And yet the success of that engagement depends upon understanding--on sustaining an open dialogue, and learning about one another and from one another.For just as that American table tennis player pointed out--we share much in common as human beings, but our countries are different in certain ways.I believe that each country must chart its own course.China is an ancient nation, with a deeply rooted culture.The United States, by comparison, is a young nation, whose culture is determined by the many different immigrants who have come to our shores, and by the founding documents that guide our democracy.Those documents put forward a simple vision of human affairs, and they enshrine several core principles--that all men and women are created equal, and possess certain fundamental rights;that government should reflect the will of the people and respond to their wishes;that commerce should be open, information freely accessible;and that laws, and not simply men, should guarantee the administration of justice.Of course, the story of our nation is not without its difficult chapters.In many ways--over many years--we have struggled to advance the promise of these principles to all of our people, and to forge a more perfect union.We fought a very painful civil war, and freed a portion of our population from slavery.It took time for women to be extended the right to vote, workers to win the right to organize, and for immigrants from different corners of the globe to be fully embraced.Even after they were freed, African Americans persevered through conditions that were separate and not equal, before winning full and equal rights.None of this was easy.But we made progress because of our belief in those core principles, which have served as our compass through the darkest of storms.That is why Lincoln could stand up in the midst of civil war and declare it a struggle to see whether any nation, conceived in liberty, and “dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal” could long endure.That is why Dr.Martin Luther King could stand on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial and ask that our nation live out the true meaning of its creed.That's why immigrants from China to Kenya could find a home on our shores;why opportunity is available to all who would work for it;and why someone like me, who less than 50 years ago would have had trouble voting in some parts of America, is now able to serve as its President.And that is why America will always speak out for these core principles around the world.We do not seek to impose any system of government on any other nation, but we also don't believe that the principles that we stand for are unique to our nation.These freedoms of expression and worship--of access to information and political participation--we believe are universal rights.They should be available to all people, including ethnic and religious minorities--whether they are in the United States, China, or any nation.Indeed, it is that respect for universal rights that guides America's openness to other countries;our respect for different cultures;our commitment to international law;and our faith in the future.These are all things that you should know about America.I also know that we have much to learn about China.Looking around at this magnificent city--and looking around this room--I do believe that our nations hold something important in common, and that is a belief in the future.Neither the United States nor China is content to rest on our achievements.For while China is an ancient nation, you are also clearly looking ahead with confidence, ambition, and a commitment to see that tomorrow's generation can do better than today's.In addition to your growing economy, we admire China's extraordinary commitment to science and research--a commitment borne out in everything from the infrastructure you build to the technology you use.China is now the world's largest Internet user--which is why we were so pleased to include the Internet as a part of today's event.This country now has the world's largest mobile phone network, and it is investing in the new forms of energy that can both sustain growth and combat climate change--and I'm looking forward to deepening the partnership between the United States and China in this critical area tomorrow.But above all, I see China's future in you--young people whose talent and dedication and dreams will do so much to help shape the 21st century.I've said many times that I believe that our world is now fundamentally interconnected.The jobs we do, the prosperity we build, the environment we protect, the security that we seek--all of these things are shared.And given that interconnection, power in the 21st century is no longer a zero-sum game;one country's success need not come at the expense of another.And that is why the United States insists we do not seek to contain China's rise.On the contrary, we welcome China as a strong and prosperous and successful member of the community of nations--a China that draws on the rights, strengths and creativity of individual Chinese like you.To return to the proverb--consider the past.We know that more is to be gained when great powers cooperate than when they collide.That is a lesson that human beings have learned time and again, and that is the example of the history between our nations.And I believe strongly that cooperation must go beyond our government.It must be rooted in our people--in the studies we share, the business that we do, the knowledge that we gain, and even in the sports that we play.And these bridges must be built by young men and women just like you and your counterparts in America.That's why I'm pleased to announce that the United States will dramatically expand the number of our students who study in China to 100,000.And these exchanges mark a clear commitment to build ties among our people, as surely as you will help determine the destiny of the 21st century.And I'm absolutely confident that America has no better ambassadors to offer than our young people.For they, just like you, are filled with talent and energy and optimism about the history that is yet to be written.So let this be the next step in the steady pursuit of cooperation that will serve our nations, and the world.And if there's one thing that we can take from today's dialogue, I hope that it is a commitment to continue this dialogue going forward.So thank you very much.And I look forward now to taking some questions from all of you.Thank you very much.

第三篇：奧巴馬就職演說

巴拉克·奧巴馬(Barack Obama)于2009年1月20日宣誓就職美國第44任總統。以下是奧巴馬總統就職演說的中英文對照全文，中文由美國國務院國際信息局(IIP)根據演說記錄稿翻譯。

My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.同胞們：

我今天站在這里，深感面前使命的重大，深謝你們賦予的信任，并銘記我們前輩所付的代價。我感謝布什總統對國家的貢獻以及他在整個過渡階段給予的大度合作。

Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath.The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace.Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms.At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because we the people have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebears, and true to our founding documents.至此，有四十四個美國人發出總統誓言。這些字詞曾在蒸蒸日上的繁榮時期和寧靜安詳的和平年代誦讀。但是間或，它們也響徹在陰云密布、風暴降臨的時刻。美國能夠歷經這些時刻而勇往直前，不僅因為當政者具有才干或遠見，而且也因為“我們人民”始終堅信我們先輩的理想，對我們的建國理念忠貞不渝。

So it has been.So it must be with this generation of Americans.這是過來之路。這是這一代美國的必由之路。

That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood.Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred.Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age.Homes have been lost;jobs shed;businesses shuttered.Our health care is too costly;our schools fail too many;and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.我們處于危機之中，這一點已得到充分認識。我國在進行戰爭，打擊分布廣泛的暴力和仇恨勢力。我們的經濟嚴重衰弱，部分歸咎于一些人的貪婪不軌，同時也因為我們作為一個整體，未能痛下決心，讓國家作好面對新時代的準備。如今，住房不再，就業減少，商業破產。醫療保健費用過度昂貴；學校質量沒有保障；而每一天都在不斷顯示，我們使用能源的方式在助長敵人的威風，威脅我們的星球。

These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics.Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land — a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.這些是危機的跡象，數據統計將予以證明。不易于衡量然而同樣嚴重的是全國各地受動搖的信心——一種揮之不去的恐懼感，認為美國將不可避免地走下坡路，下一代人不得不放低眼光。

Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real.They are serious and they are many.They will not be met easily or in a short span of time.But know this, America — they will be met.今天，我告訴大家，我們面臨的挑戰真實存在，并且嚴重而多重。它們不可能在一個短時間內被輕易征服。但是，美國，請記住這句話——它們將被征服。

On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.我們今天聚集在這里是因為我們選擇希望而不是恐懼，選擇齊心協力而不是沖突對立。

On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.我們今天在這里宣告，讓斤斤計較與虛假承諾就此結束，讓窒息我國政治為時太久的相互指責和陳詞濫調就此完結。

We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things.The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit;to choose our better history;to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.我們仍是一個年輕的國家，但用圣經的話說，現在是拋棄幼稚的時侯了。現在應是我們讓永恒的精神發揚光大的時侯，應是選擇創造更佳歷史業績的時侯，應是將代代相傳的寶貴財富、崇高理想向前發展的時侯：上帝賦予所有人平等、所有人自由和所有人充分追求幸福的機會。

In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given.It must be earned.Our journey has never been one of shortcuts or settling for less.It has not been the path for the faint-hearted — for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame.Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things — some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.在重申我們國家偉大精神的同時，我們懂得，偉大從非天生，而是必須贏得。我們的歷程從來不是走捷徑或退而求其次的歷程。它不是弱者的道路——它不屬于好逸惡勞或只圖名利享受的人；這條路屬于冒險者，實干家，創造者——有些人享有盛名，但大多數是默默無聞耕耘勞作的男女志士，是他們帶我們走向通往繁榮和自由的漫長崎嶇之路。

For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.為了我們，他們打點起貧寒的行裝上路，遠涉重洋，追求新生活。

For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.為了我們，他們在血汗工廠勞作，在西部原野拓荒，忍著鞭笞之痛在堅硬的土地上耕耘。

For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg;Normandy and Khe Sanh.為了我們，他們奔赴疆場，英勇捐軀，長眠于康科德、葛底斯堡、諾曼底和溪山。

Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life.They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions;greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.為了我們能夠過上更好的生活，他們前赴后繼，歷盡艱辛，全力奉獻，不辭勞苦，直至雙手結起層層老繭。他們看到的美國超越了我們每一個人的雄心壯志，也超越了所有種族、財富或派系的差異。

This is the journey we continue today.We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth.Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began.Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year.Our capacity remains undiminished.But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions — that time has surely passed.Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.今天，作為后來者，我們踏上了這一未竟的旅程。我們依然是地球上最繁榮、最強大的國家。我們的勞動者的創造力并沒有因為眼前的這場危機而減弱。我們的頭腦依然像以往那樣善于發明創新。我們的產品與服務仍舊像上星期、上個月或去年一樣受人歡迎。我們的能力絲毫無損。但是，維持現狀、保護狹隘的利益集團、推遲困難的抉擇的時代無疑已成為過去。從今天起，我們必須振作起來，掃除我們身上的塵土，重新開啟再造美國的事業。

For everywhere we look, there is work to be done.The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act — not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth.We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together.We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise health care's quality and lower its cost.We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories.And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age.All this we can do.All this we will do.無論我們把目光投向何處，都有工作在等待著我們。經濟形勢要求我們果敢而迅速地行動，我們將不辱使命——不僅要創造新的就業機會，而且要打下新的增長基礎。我們將建造道路和橋梁，架設電網，鋪設承載我們的商務和把我們緊密相連的電子通訊網絡。我們將恢復尊重科學的傳統，利用高新技術的超常潛力提高醫療保健質量并降低成本。我們將利用太陽能、風力和地熱為車輛和工廠提供能源。我們將改造我們的中小學和高等院校，以應對新時代的挑戰。這一切我們都能做到。這一切我們必將做到。

Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions — who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans.Their memories are short.For they have forgotten what this country has already done;what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage.現在，有人懷疑我們的雄心壯志——他們說我們的體制不能承受太多的宏偉規劃。他們的記憶是短暫的，因為他們忘記了這個國家已經取得的成就，忘記了一旦共同的目標插上理想的翅膀、現實的要求鼓起勇氣的風帆，自由的人民就會爆發出無窮的創造力。

What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them — that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply.The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works — whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified.Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward.Where the answer is no, programs will end.Those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account — to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day — because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.那些冷眼旁觀的人沒有認識到他們腳下的大地已經移動——那些長期以來空耗我們的精力的陳腐政治觀點已經過時。我們今天提出的問題不是我們的政府太大還是太小，而是它是否行之有效——它是否能夠幫助人們找到報酬合理的就業機會，是否能夠為他們提供費用適度的醫療保健服務，是否能夠確保他們在退休后不失尊嚴。如果回答是肯定的，我們就要向前推進。如果回答是否定的，計劃和項目必須終止。作為公共資金的管理者，我們必須承擔責任——明智地使用資金，拋棄壞習慣，在陽光下履行職責——因為只有這樣我們才能恢復人民對政府的至關重要的信任。

Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill.Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control — and that a nation cannot prosper long when it

favors only the prosperous.The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our gross domestic product, but on the reach of our prosperity;on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart — not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good.我們提出的問題也不在于市場力量是替天行道還是為虎作倀。市場在生成財富和傳播自由方面具有無與倫比的力量，但這場危機提醒我們：沒有嚴格的監督，市場就會失控——如果一個國家僅僅施惠于富裕者，其富裕便不能持久。我們的經濟成功從來不是僅僅依賴國內總產值的規模，而是還依賴繁榮的普及，即為每一位愿意致富的人提供機會的能力——不是通過施舍——因為這才是最可靠的共同富裕之路。

As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals.Our founding fathers...our found fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations.Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience's sake.And so to all the other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more.至于我們的共同防御，我們決不接受安全與理念不可兩全的荒謬論點。建國先賢面對我們難以想見的險惡局面，起草了一部保障法治和人權的憲章，一部子孫后代以自己的鮮血使之更加完美的憲章。今天，這些理念仍然照耀著世界，我們不會為一時之利而棄之。因此，對于今天正在觀看此情此景的其他各國人民和政府──從最繁華的首都到我父親出生的小村莊──我們希望他們了解：凡追求和平與尊嚴的國家以及每一位男人、婦女和兒童，美國是你們的朋友。我們已經做好準備，再一次走在前面。

Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions.They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please.Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use;our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint.回顧過去，幾代人在戰勝法西斯主義和共產主義時依靠的不僅僅是導彈和坦克，更是牢固的聯盟和不渝的信念。他們懂得單憑實力無法保護我們的安全，實力也并不賦予我們隨心所欲的權利。相反，他們知道審慎使用實力會使我們更強大；我們的安全源于事業的正義性、典范的感召力、以及謙卑和克制的平衡作用。

We are the keepers of this legacy.Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort — even greater cooperation and understanding between nations.We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan.With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet.We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken;you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.我們是這一傳統的繼承者。我們只要從新以這些原則為指導，就能應對那些新威脅，為此必須付出更大的努力──推動國家間更多的合作與理解。我們將開始以負責任的方式把伊拉克移交給伊拉克人民，并在阿富汗鞏固來之不易的和平。我們將與多年的朋友和昔日的對手一道不懈地努力，減輕核威脅，扭轉全球變暖的厄運。我們不會在價值觀念上退縮，也不

會動搖捍衛它的決心，對于那些妄圖以煽動恐怖和屠殺無辜的手段達到其目的的人，我們現在就告訴你們，我們的意志更加頑強、堅不可摧；你們無法拖垮我們，我們必將戰勝你們。

For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness.We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus — and non-believers.We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth;and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass;that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve;that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself;and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.因為我們知道，我們百衲而成的傳統是一種優勢，而不是劣勢。我們是一個由基督教徒和穆斯林、猶太教徒和印度教徒、以及無宗教信仰者組成的國家。我們受惠于地球上四面八方每一種語言和文化的影響。由于我們飲過南北戰爭和種族隔離的苦水，走出了那個黑暗時代并變得更加堅強和團結，我們不能不相信昔日的仇恨終有一天會成為過去；部族之間的界線很快會消失；隨著世界變得越來越小，我們共同的人性將得到彰顯；美國必須為迎來一個和平的新紀元發揮自己的作用。

To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect.To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society's ills on the West — know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy.To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history;but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.面對穆斯林世界，我們尋求一條新的前進道路，以共同利益和相互尊重為基礎。對于世界上那些妄圖制造矛盾、將自己社會的弊端歸罪于西方的領導人，我們奉勸你們：你們的人民將以你們的建設成就而不是你們的毀滅能力來評判你們。對于那些依靠腐敗、欺騙、壓制不同意見等手段固守權勢的人，我們提醒你們：你們站在了歷史錯誤的一邊；但只要你們放棄壓迫，我們將伸手相助。

To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow;to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds.And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to the suffering outside our borders;nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect.For the world has changed, and we must change with it.對于貧困國家的人民，我們保證同你們并肩努力，為你們的農田帶來豐收，讓清潔的用水取之不竭；使饑餓的身體得以飽食，使饑渴的心靈受到滋潤。對于那些象我們一樣比較富裕的國家，我們要說我們再不能對他人的苦難無動于衷，也再不能肆意消耗世界的資源。世界已經改變，我們必須與時俱進。

As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains.They have something to tell us, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages.We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service;a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves.And yet, at this moment — a moment that will define a generation — it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.在思索我們面前的道路時，我們懷著崇敬的心情感謝此刻正在偏遠的沙漠和山區巡邏的英勇無畏的美國人。他們向我們述說著什么，正如在阿靈頓公墓長眠的陣亡英雄在漫漫歲月

中低淺的吟誦。我們崇敬他們，不僅因為他們捍衛著我們的自由，而且因為他們代表著獻身精神，體現了超越個人，尋求遠大理想的意愿。然而，在這個時刻，這個具有劃時代意義的時刻，我們大家必須具備的正是這種精神。

For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies.It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours.It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.雖然政府能有許多作為也必須有許多作為，但最終離不開美國人民的信仰和決心，這便是我國的立國之本。正是因為人們在大堤崩裂時接納陌生人的關愛之情，正是因為工人們寧愿減少自己的工時而不愿看到朋友失去工作的無私精神，才使我們度過了最暗淡的時光。正是因為消防隊員們有勇氣沖進濃煙滾滾的樓道，也正是因為做父母的希望培養一個孩子，我們才能決定最后的命運。

Our challenges may be new.The instruments with which we meet them may be new.But those values upon which our success depends — hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism — these things are old.These things are true.They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history.What is demanded then is a return to these truths.What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility — a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.我們面臨的挑戰可能前所未聞。我們迎接挑戰的方式也可能前所未有。然而，我們賴以成功的價值觀──誠實和勤奮、勇氣和公平、寬容心和探索精神、忠誠和愛國──均由來以久。這些價值觀都是千真萬確的。這些價值觀是我國整個歷史過程中一股無聲的進步力量。現在需要的便是重歸這些真理。我們現在需要做的是開創負責任的新時代──每一位美國人都需要認識到我們對自己、對國家、對全世界都承擔著義務。對于這些義務，我們并非勉強接受，而是心甘情愿主動承擔，同時堅信我們為艱巨的使命付出一切，沒有任何事可以如此滿足我們的道義感，也沒有任何事能如此體現我們的特性。

This is the price and the promise of citizenship.這就是公民的義務和承諾。

This is the source of our confidence — the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny.這就是我們自信的來源──認識到上帝呼喚我們在前途不明的情況下掌握自己的命運。

This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed — why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent Mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath.這就是我們的自由和我們堅守的信條具有的意義──說明了為什么各種族、各類信仰的男女老少能在這個雄偉的大草坪上歡聚一堂，也說明了為什么今天有人能站在這里進行最莊嚴的宣誓，但他的父親在不到60年前還不能在當地餐館受到接待。

So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled.In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river.The capital was abandoned.The enemy was advancing.The snow was stained with blood.At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in

doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people: “Let it be told to the future world...that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive...that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet(it).” 為此，讓我們記住這一天，記住我們是什么樣的人，記住我們已經走過了多長的路。在美利堅誕生的年月，在那些最寒冷的日子里，為數不多的愛國者聚集在一條冰河的岸邊，身旁的篝火即將熄滅。首都已經撤防。敵人正在進軍。雪地沾滿了斑斑血跡。在我們的革命何去何從，結局最難以估計的時刻，我國的開國元勛決定向人民宣讀以下這段話：

“讓我們昭告未來的世界......在這個酷寒的冬季，萬物一片蕭蘇，只有希望和美德堅忍不拔的時候......這個城市和這個國家，受到共同危難的召喚，挺身而出，奮起迎戰。” America, in the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words.With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come.Let it be said by our children's children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter;and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.美利堅，在我們面臨共同危難之際，在我們遇到艱難險阻的冬日，讓我們牢記這些永恒的話語。心懷希望和美德，讓我們再一次迎著寒風中流擊水，不論什么風暴來襲，必將堅不可摧。今后，讓我們的后代子孫如此評說：我們在遇到考驗的時候沒有半途而廢，沒有退縮不前，也沒有絲毫動搖；讓我們全神貫注于前方的目標，感謝上帝對我們的恩典，繼承自由這個寶貴的傳統，世代相傳，永志不忘。

Thank you.God bless you.And God bless the United States of America.謝謝。上帝保佑你們。天佑美國。

第四篇：奧巴馬就職演說

奧巴馬就職演說

詞匯與短語 part1 *humble ['h?mbl] adj.1.謙卑的，謙虛的，謙恭的，恭順的2.(等級、身份、重要性等)低下的；粗劣的，粗陋的；微末的3.(自我感覺)卑微的；卑下的4.卑躬屈膝的，奴顏媚骨的 vt.1.使謙恭，使謙卑；使溫順：例句: to humble oneself 自卑，低聲下氣to humble one's heart 謙恭，溫順2.壓下…的銳氣，使威風掃地：例句: He was humbled by her good scolding.她的一頓數落打掉了他的銳氣。3.使卑賤；貶低；羞辱：例句: They tried to humble your importance in that achievement.他們企圖貶低你在那次功績中的重要作用。近義詞: lowly.meek.modest.反義詞: proud.conceited.*bestow [bi'st?u] vt.使用；授予；放置；留宿 bestow for： 留宿

*mindful ['maindful] adj.留心的；記住的；警覺的 *sacrifice ['s?krifais] n.犧牲；祭品；供奉 vt.犧牲；獻祭；虧本出售 vi.獻祭；奉獻

*borne [b?:n] v.忍受；負荷；結果實；生子女（bear的過去分詞）*ancestor ['?nsest?] n.始祖，祖先；被繼承人 *generosity [,d?en?'r?s?ti]

? n.慷慨，大方；寬宏大量 ? [ 復數generosities ]

*cooperation [k?u,?p?'rei??n] n.合作，協作；協力

*transition [tr?n'si??n,-'zi??n, trɑ:n-] n.過渡；轉變；轉換；[音]變調（文中政權轉移）*presidential [,prezi'den??l] adj.總統的；統轄的；首長的 *oath [?uθ] n.誓言，誓約；詛咒，咒罵

The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity 這些字詞曾在蒸蒸日上的繁榮時期

*tide [taid] n.趨勢，潮流；潮汐vt.隨潮漂流（汰漬）*prosperity [pr?s'periti] n.繁榮，成功[ 復數prosperities ] and the still waters of peace和寧靜安詳的和平年代誦讀 *still adj.靜止的，不動的；寂靜的，平靜的 every so often adv.偶爾；常常；時常

*amidst [?'midst] prep.在…當中 下文midst同義 raging storms 風暴降臨的時刻

*forbear ['f?:'bε?] vt.忍耐；克制vi.忍耐；克制n.祖先

and true to our founding documents.： 對我們的建國理念忠貞不渝 *crisis ['kraisis] n.危機

Homes have been lost;jobs shed;businesses shuttered 住房不再，就業減少，商業破產 *hatred ['heitrid] n.憎恨；怨恨；敵意 *greed [ɡri:d] n.貪婪，貪心

*irresponsibility ['iri,sp?ns?'bil?ti] n.無責任，無責任感 *adversary ['?dv?s?ri] n.對手；敵手 復數adversaries worthy adversaries重量級的對手

*measurable ['me??r?bl] adj.可測量的；重要的；重大的厚的；意義深遠的；淵博的 *profound [pr?u'faund] adj.深厚的；意義深遠的；淵博的 a nagging fear揮之不去的恐懼（sapping 削弱）

*inevitable [in'evit?bl] adj.必然的，不可避免的 in a short span of time 短時間內，短期內

*conflict n.沖突，矛盾；斗爭；爭執vi.沖突，抵觸；爭執；戰斗 *discord ['disk?:d, dis'k?:d] n.不和；不調和；嘈雜聲vi.不一致；刺耳 *proclaim [pr?u'kleim] vt.聲明；宣告，公布；表明；贊揚 *petty ['peti] adj.小規模的；小氣的；瑣碎的 *grievance ['ɡri:v?ns] n.不滿，不平；委屈；冤情 *recrimination n.反責，反控；揭丑

On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas…

今天，我們是來宣布，結束無謂的抱怨和不實的承諾，結束相互的指責和陳舊的教條… *strangle ['str??gl]

vt.把…勒死；使…窒息 vi.窒息而死；被勒死

第五篇：預設論文：奧巴馬就職演說中的預設分析—從預設觸發語的角度

預設論文：奧巴馬就職演說中的預設分析—從預設觸發語的角度

【中文摘要】預設是語言學中的一個重要研究議題,尤其是在其分支學科語用學和語義學中。德國哲學家弗萊格是第一位研究預設的學者,后來的學者們跟隨著弗萊格的研究,對預設理論的相關議題存在著爭議和認同。隨著對預設理論的不斷深入研究,學者們發現,出現的問題也越來越多,不能一蹴而就。正如萊文森所總結的：弗萊格關于預設的評論已經是90年前的事了,但我們仍舊只是理解了預設的一小部分,因此研究語義學和語用學是怎樣相互作用的會是一個重要的議題。仔細觀察語言,你會發現,我們使用的語言中充滿了預設,預設無處不在。在與他人交流時,說話者喜歡預設信息,想當然的認為聽話者也知道這些信息。人們預設的信息有時是事實性的,能夠反映若干事實,有的預設能夠反映之前一段時間的狀態,而有的預設卻是與事實相反的。當我們研究奧巴馬總統的就職演說時,我們發現其中充滿了預設。能夠觸發預設的詞項和句法結構被稱之為預設觸發語。卡圖南收集了三十一種預設觸發語,萊文森主要討論了其中的十三種觸發語,在借鑒卡圖南和萊文森的研究基礎上,黃衍對預設觸發語做了一些修補。萊文森和黃衍的預設觸發語研究對本論文的研究都具有借鑒意義和價值。因此本篇論文的研究將結合二者的觀點。本篇論文通過對預設觸發語的統計分析,主要回答四個問題：即奧巴馬總統就職演說中都用了哪些類型的預設觸發語；使用頻率最高的預設觸發語是

哪些；為什么某些特定預設觸發語比其他觸發語使用頻繁,而這些預設觸發語又向我們傳遞了什么信息；通過對奧巴馬總統就職演說中預設觸發語的統計分析能否幫助我們確定就職演說的大體內容。論文的局限在于預設觸發語是人工收集的,會有一些遺漏和錯誤收集。希望本文能促進預設理論的進一步發展并且讓讀者更好的理解奧巴馬總統就職演說辭。

【英文摘要】Presupposition is an important research issue in linguistics, especially in its subfield of semantics and pragmatics.The first scholar who have explored this research area is the German philosopher Gottlob Frege(1892), and then followed his study, there have been debatings and agreements on the related issues concerning presupposition among scholars, and the more linguists have explored this area, the more they find that there appeared increasing problems that can not be solved at one go.Just as Levinson(1983, P.225)concluded, “presupposition remains, ninety years after Frege’s remarks on the subject, still only partially understood, and an important ground for the study of how semantics and pragmatics interact.” If you observe language carefully, you will find that the language we use is full of presuppositions, that is, presuppositions are ubiquitous.When communicating with others, the speakers usually take a lot for granted, most of the time

people presuppose information.Some of the information that people presupposed is factive, which can reflect several facts and some presuppositions can reflect the state of a previous time period, and some presuppositions are even conterfactual.When we examine the language used in President Barack Obama’s inaugural address, we also find that it is full of presuppositions.Lexical items and syntactical constructions that can trigger off presuppositions are called presupposition triggers.Karttunen(1971)has collected thirty-one kinds of presupposition triggers, and Levinson(1983)have mainly discussed thirteen kinds of presupposition triggers chosen from Karttunen’s collection.Based on their studies, Yan Huang(2009)has made some modifications on the classification of these presupposition triggers.In this thesis, we find that both Levinson and Yan Huang’s classification of presupposition triggers are valuable and meaningful, therefore the study in this thesis will be based on the combination of their views on presupposition triggers.In this thesis, through a statistical study of presupposition triggers, we mainly answer four questions, they are:what types of presupposition triggers are used in President Barack Obama’s inaugural address;which presupposition triggers are the most frequently used ones;why

some specific presupposition triggers are used more frequently than others and through these triggers what information can be conveyed to us;through a statistical analysis of the presupposition triggers used in President Barack Obama’s inaugural address, can this help us to determine the main idea of his address.However, our limitation in this thesis is that the presupposition triggers are detected manually, there may have some omissions or incorrect collections.It is hoped that this thesis will contribute to the further development of the presupposition theory and offer a better understanding of President Barack Obama’s inaugural address.【關鍵詞】預設 預設觸發語 就職演說

【英文關鍵詞】Presupposition Presupposition Triggers Inaugural Address 【目錄】奧巴馬就職演說中的預設分析—從預設觸發語的角度AbstractIntroductionStudy118-911-13

摘要10-11

Chapter One

1.1 Necessity and Significance of the

11-12

1.3 1.2 Objectives of the Thesis

1.4 Data Outline of the ThesisSource12-13Review13-36Presupposition

Chapter Two Literature

2.1 The Philosophical Origin of 13-15

2.2 Semantic Presupposition and

Entailment15-172.3 A Distinctive Feature of

17-18

2.4 Presupposition:Constancy under NegationPresupposition TriggersDescriptions18-19

18-25

2.4.1 Definite

19-20

2.4.3

2.4.2 Factive VerbsImplicative Verbs20

2.4.4 Change of State Verbs20-212.4.5 Iteratives

2.4.6 Verbs of Judging21-222.4.7 Temporal Clauses22

2.4.8 Cleft Sentences

22-23

2.4.9 Implicit Clefts with Stresses Constituents23

2.4.10 Comparison and Contrast232.4.11 Non-restrictive Relative Clauses23-242.4.12 Counterfactual Conditionals24

2.4.13 Questions

24-25

2.5 Yan Huang’s Classification of Presupposition Triggers25-272.5.1 Definite Descriptions25-26

2.5.2 Factive Predicates262.5.3 Aspectual/Change of State Predicates26

2.5.4 Iteratives

2.5.5 Implicative Predicates26

2.5.6 Temporal Clauses26-27

2.5.7 Cleft Sentences

2.5.8 Counterfactual Conditionals27

2.6 Beaver and Geurts’Collection of Presupposition Triggers27-29

2.6.1 Factives28

2.6.2 Aspectual Verbs28

2.6.3

s

Temporal Clauses282.6.4 Manner Adverbs282.6.5 Sortally Restricted Predicates of Various Categories28QuantifiersDescriptions28-2929

2.6.6 Cleft Sentences

2.6.8 Definite 2.6.9 Names29

2.6.10 28

2.6.7 Intonation29PresuppositionPresuppositionProblem31-32Projection ProblemAnalysis34-36

2.7 The Pragmatic Approach to 29-3630-31

2.7.1 Defeasibility of 2.7.2 The Projection

2.7.3 Karttunen’s Approaches to the 32-34

2.7.4 Gazdar’s Cancellation

Chapter Three Presupposition Analysis in

36-55

3.1 A Detailed Analysis Obama’s Inaugural Addressof the Presuppositions in Obama’s Inaugural Address36-54

3.2 The Frequency Distribution Table of Presupposition Triggers in Obama’s InauguralAddressConclusion55-58Thesis55-57Study57-58-63

54-55Chapter Four

4.1 Main Findings of the

4.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Further

References58-62

Acknowledgements62學位論文評閱及答辯情況表