第一篇：淺議重點生態公益林中幼齡林撫育及低效林改造現狀及前景

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淺議重點生態公益林中幼齡林撫育及低效林改造現狀及前景

作者：趙鳳杰 李延民

來源：《新農村》2012年第13期

近年來，國家對林業建設非常重視。啟動實施了六大林業工作目標，加大了造林綠化力度，加快了國土綠化進程。但是，林子越多，撫育的任務越重。目前，我國現有人工林面積0.47×108hm2，其中林分面積0.31×108hm2，中幼齡林面積0.26×108hm2，占林分總面積的84%，形成了以中幼齡林為主體的森林資源分布格局，這些中幼齡林都亟需實施撫育間伐。長期以來，由于多種原因，經營主體開展中幼齡林撫育及低效林改造積極性不高，使得中幼齡林撫育與低效林改造成為林業工作最薄弱的環節，森林結構和質量問題十分突出。主要表現是純林多，密度大。全國以馬尾松、杉木、楊樹為主的人工純林占全國人工林總面積的58.8%，混交林僅占7.9%。有的人工林分每公頃密度高達15000株以上，既嚴重影響林木正常生長，增加了森林火災和病蟲害隱患。全國每年森林病蟲害發生面積達800×104hm2，森林火災頻繁，火險等級提高，災害加劇。其主要原因是大面積林分密度大、結構差的森林不能得到及時撫育。

中幼齡撫育及低效林改造是培育森林的重要措施，也是林業生產的重要組成部分。從2005年開始，我國開始在東北、東南沿海、中南、西南等森林資源相對豐富的地區實施國家重點生態公益林中幼齡林撫育項目，以優化生態公益林林分結構，提高森林質量和效益。重點實施地區包括北京、河北、黑龍江、浙江、安徽、福建、江西、山東、河南、湖北、廣東、廣西等23省（自治區、直轄市）、四大森工集團的37個縣（局）。

全國計劃安排中幼齡林撫育1.69×104hm2，單位面積投資標準1500元/hm2（100元/畝）。國家投資主要用于除草割灌、定株修枝、撫育間伐、間伐物運輸、林地清理、作業設計、檢查驗收等方面，按照國家有關規定適當提取一定比例資金用于作業設計、檢查驗收。主要任務是對過密、過純的國家重點生態公益林進行有效撫育。對過密、過純的國家重點生態公益林進行有效撫育，旨在優化林分結構，提高林分質量，培育健康森林，防止森林火災、病蟲害發生，使森林生態、經濟和社會統合效益得到正常發揮，促使林業全面協調可持續發展。

國家重點生態公益林撫育及改造項目是以發揮林分的最大生態效益為主要目的，以建立比較完備的林業生態體系和基本實現林業現代化為目標，以提高生態公益林資源質量和改善生態環境為重點，遵循森林自然演替規律，依靠科技，采取撫育、補植、封育、保護相結合的措施，把生態公益林建設成多林種、多樹種、多層次，結構合理、功能健全，生態效益、社會效益、經濟效益長期穩定的森林生態體系。

第二篇：加強林場中幼林撫育及低質林改造是恢復森林生態的有效途徑

加強林場中幼林撫育及低質林改造是恢復森林生態的有效途徑 摘 要：森林生態系統只有保持結構和功能的完整性，并具有抵抗和恢復能力，才能長期為人類社會服務。本篇著重論述了加強森林撫育及低質林改造是恢復森林生態的有效途徑及其可行性和必要性。

關鍵詞：森林撫育； 低質林改造； 森林質量； 生態

一個森林生態系統只有保持了結構和功能的完整性，并具有抵抗和恢復能力，才能長期為人類社會提供服務。但是由于人類的干擾導致森林生態系統的原有結構被破壞，從而致使森林生態系統退化，引起水土流失、土壤退化、洪災等等。由于植被遭到破壞，坡地表面的土壤受到暴雨沖擊，土壤孔隙被堵，雨水下滲速度隨之減少，形成大量徑流順坡而下，同時帶走大量表土、養分，使這些地區變成“走水、走土、走肥”的三走之地，土壤有機質含量降低，N、P、K等元素缺乏。因此，應該從維護國家安全、維護人類自身安全的角度出發認識維護森林生態安全的重要性，建立與健全森林生態系統安全保障體系，為社會、經濟、環境的可持續發展提供不可缺少的基礎。

森林質量的下降是導致生態環境惡化的根源

大崗林場的森林是鎮賚縣西北的天然屏障。近年來，隨著國民經濟的持續增長和經濟實力的進一步提高，工業化水平的提高和人口的高速發展，生態環境惡化，自然災害頻繁。僅從大崗林場來看，全場水土流失面積已由90年代的500 hm?擴大到目前的1300 hm?。農業抗災能力十分脆弱，全場水旱成災率較高。由于生態環境惡化，風、沙、旱成災面積逐年增加，環境污染加劇，嚴重影響了我場農業和國民經濟的發展及人民生活水平的提高。我們從第五次森林資源清查來看，導致生態環境惡化的一個重要原因就是森林資源的破壞，嚴格地說是森林質量的降低，既森林的林分結構、森林公頃蓄積量的降低。建場初期，有林地面積為9000多公頃，蓄積38萬m?，每公頃平均蓄積量為40 m?，森林覆蓋率為36.9%。而目前全場有林地面積為11300 hm?，蓄積30萬m?，每公頃平均蓄積量為26.5 m?，森林覆蓋率為41.9%。從上述數據來看，多年來森林面積增加而公頃蓄積下降，說明了多年來環境惡化的根本原因是森林林分質量的降低。也進一步論證了專家的測算，即當森林蓄積達到每公頃80 m?以上時，森林涵養水源等生態效能才能發揮的充分，而低于80 m?以下，生態效能相對來說是較為低下的理論。加快中幼齡林撫育、低質林改造建設的可行性

2.1 在中幼齡林撫育、低質林改造中確立的一系列規章和政策

我們從90年代開始在封山育林的基礎上，開展了中幼令撫育和低質林改造工作，制定了《大崗林場森林撫育、改造技術規程》。近幾年來，我場針對幼齡林面積大，等待撫育的林分多的特點，制定了諸多有利于幼齡林撫育的政策.如：“撫育的小材小料可以抵撫育的工資”，“不安排撫育的不允許進行主伐’。并制定了《人工林撫育技術細則》，把人工幼林撫育列入了計劃，促進了中幼齡林撫育、低質林改造工作的開展，并在已開展的中幼齡林撫育、低質林改造活動中積累了一定的經驗。

2.2 中幼齡林撫育、低質林改造建設中的經驗

在幾十年的森林經營中，積累了一定的經驗。如1998年對皆伐后天然更新起來的中幼齡林進行生長撫育，3年進行了調查得出如下數據:撫育的林分平均胸徑每年凈生長為1.08 cm，而未撫育的林分平均胸徑每年凈生長僅為0.3 cm，林分公頃蓄積則分別為130 m?和90 m?。

2.3 中幼鈴林撫育、低質林改造建設效益顯著

2.3.1

生態效益

森林撫育、低質林改造不但能改善林分結構，提高森林質量，而且有利于改善林分的衛生狀況，增強抗御自然災害的能力。據研究，在幼、中令林階段，由于林木密度較大，降雪后承受雪的壓力比密度低的林分大，每公頃林冠受到雪壓的重量可達500多t，林木胸高斷面上每平方厘米承受的壓力達2.5 kg；林木稀疏后，每公頃林冠受到雪壓的重量可降到300多t，林木胸高斷面上每平方厘米承受的壓力可降至0.5 kg。由于森林撫育、低質林改造改善了林分的衛生狀況，病蟲害可下降90%以上，增強了抗災的能力。

2.3.2

經濟效益

中幼齡林撫育投入少，見效快，在一個森林經營周期內(10年)撫育林分與未撫育林分，林分生長量年凈增每公頃3 m?，10年凈增蓄積量30 m?，新增木材產值9000元/公頃(按300元/公頃計算)，是森林撫育費用900元/公頃的10倍。如果將全場1萬多公頃的森林全部撫育一遍，每年至少可凈增蓄積量3萬m?，新增木材產值900萬。

2.3.3

社會效益

中幼齡林撫育工程不僅緩解了大中徑級后備森林資源的不足，而且壯大了林業產業，增加了職工收人。森林撫

育和改造投入資金的70%可轉化為勞務收人，以年撫育和改造1000hm?計算，年均投資90萬元，相當于每年可吸納近萬個剩余勞動力，社會效益顯著。加快中幼齡林撫育、低質林改造建設的必要性

3.1 加快中幼齡林撫育、低質林改造建設是提高森林資源數量和質量的迫切需要

目前由于未能采取切實有效的撫育和改造等培育措施，致使部分中幼齡林因單位面積株數太多，密度過大，生長不良，嚴重影響了林分的質量;部分中幼齡林雜草叢生，霸王樹、灌木等非目的樹種占據主要生長空間。嚴重制約著目的樹種的生長，影響林木的生長發育;部分中幼齡林因自然稀疏，枯死木急劇增多，枯立木比重顯著提高，為森林病蟲害的發生和蔓延提供了場所，為森林火災、雪壓、風倒等自然災害創造了條件;部分中幼齡林因公頃株數太少、林分質量低，影響了林地生產力的發揮，影響了森林效益的發揮。而加強森林撫育和改造，可以改善林分生長條件，促進林木生長，據調查，撫育后的林分生長率可提高了6.8%，提高了林分的生產力和森林資源的質量。

3.2 加快中幼齡林撫育、低質林改造工程建設是充分發揮森林各種功能的需要

我們曾對不同的林分進行了調查研究，結果發現不同林分其生態效益發揮的差異較大。正是進行了森林結構和類型的調整，改善了林木生長發育的生態環境條件，促進了林分質量的提高，增加了森林的整體效能，使森林的多種效能得到了充分發揮。

3.3 加快中幼齡林撫育、低效林改造建設是況固造林綠化成果的

需要

多年來，國家集中人力、物力、財力，大抓造林綠化建設取得重大進展，但是存在一個非常重要的問題，就是保存率太低，影響了造林綠化成果。對我場的更新造林進行了普查，結果是保存率僅為65.2%，目前在加強更新造林的基礎上，必須加速進行森林的撫育和改造，提高造林的成活率、保存率、成林率。

3.4 加快中幼齡林撫育、低質林改造工程建設是強化森林經營管理的需要

長期以來，我們對森林經營這一關鍵環節沒有給予足夠的重視。由于沒有投資，加上管理工作滯后，致使撫育、改造工作欠賬十分嚴重。為了扭轉這種狀況，必須加強森林經營工作，抓緊進行中幼令林撫育和改造工程的建設。

To strengthen forestry ZhongYouLin tending and low-quality forest reconstruction is an effective way of recovery of forest ecosystem Pick to: the forest ecological system is only to keep the integrity of the structure and function, and has the resistance and resilience, to serving human society in the long run.This paper focuses on the strengthen forest tending and low-quality forest reconstruction is an effective way to restore forest ecological and its feasibility and necessity.Key words: forest tending;Low-quality forest transformation;The forest quality;The ecological

A forest ecosystem is only to keep the integrity of the structure and function, and has the resistance and resilience, can provide service for

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human society in the long run.But caused due to human disturbance of forest ecosystem destroy structures, thus causing degraded forest ecosystems, cause soil erosion, soil degradation, floods and so on.Due to vegetation destroyed, soil impacted by heavy rain on the surface of the slope, soil pore blocked, less rain infiltration rate, down a lot of runoff formation, at the same time take away a large number of top soil, nutrients, make the region into a “slice, go, go fat” SanZou land, soil organic matter content is reduced, lack of N, P, K and other elements., therefore, should from safeguarding state security, maintain human security Angle to know the importance of maintaining forest ecological safety, establish and improve the forest ecological system security guarantee system, for the sustainable development of society, economy and environment indispensable foundation.a drop in the quality of forest is the root of leads to the deterioration of the ecological environment

DaGang forest farm in the forest is a natural barrier town county northwest of adlai was in charge.In recent years, with the steady growth of national economy and economic strength to further improve, the improvement of industrialization and the rapid development of population, the deterioration of ecological environment and frequent natural disasters.Only from the point of DaGang forest farm, to the area of soil and water loss has been in the 90 s from 90 hm? Expanded to the current 1300 hm?.http://www.tmdps.cn/

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Vulnerable agricultural disaster, severe hazard rate is higher.Due to the deterioration of ecological environment, wind, sand and drought inundated area increased year by year, the environmental pollution, serious influence the development of my field of agriculture and national economy and the improvement of people's living standards.We from the fifth forest resource inventory, leads to the deterioration of the ecological environment is an important reason why the destruction of the forest resources, lower quality strictly, a forest, forest stock volume of forest structure, forest ha already reduced.Early construction field, the forestland area of more than 9000 hectares, 380000 m? , the average volume per hectare of 40 m? , the forest coverage rate of 36.9%.And the whole forestland of 11300 hm? , 300000 m? , the average volume per hectare is 26.5 m? , the forest coverage rate of 41.9%.From the above data, forest area increases with the ha decline for years, shows that over the years, the root cause of environmental degradation is the forest stand quality decreased.Further demonstrated the calculations, the experts when forest accumulation reached 80 m per hectare? Above water conservation forest ecological efficiency, such as to play fully, and less than 80 m? , under the theory of ecological efficiency is relatively low.2 to speed up the construction feasibility of transforming sapling forest, low-quality forest

2.1 in the young forest tending, low-quality forest reform established a

series of regulations and policies in the us since the 90 s on the basis of afforestation, carried out in young to cradle and low-quality forest reconstruction work, formulated the “technical specification” DaGang forest farm forest tending, reconstruction.In recent years, I field in young forest area is large, waiting for tending stand more characteristic, established many of sapling forest policy.Such as: “the cradle of the little wood material can be arrived in raising wages”, "don't arrange tending does not allow for final felling.'and set the rules of plantation tending technology, include artificial young forest tending on the plan, promoted in the young forest tending, low-quality forest reconstruction work, and has been carried out in the young forest tending, forest of low-quality renovation accumulated certain experience in the activities.2.2 sapling forest, low-quality forest reform in the construction experiences in decades of forest management, accumulated certain experience.Such as 1998 years for natural regeneration after clear cutting up the are grown, young forest tending, three years has carried on the survey data as follows: raise the stand average diameter at breast height net growth each year to 1.8 cm, tending stand average diameter at breast height of annual net growth of only 0.3 cm, stand ha accumulation is 130 m respectively? And 90 m?.2.3 in the young forest tending, low-quality forest bell renovation construction benefit is remarkable

2.3.1 ecological benefit forest tending, low-quality forest transformation can not only improve the stand structure, improve the quality of forest, and to improve forest health condition, enhance the ability of resistance to natural disasters.According to research, makes forest stage, in the young, because of its high density of trees, snow snow pressure after bigger than low stand density, canopy per hectare is the weight of the snow pressure can reach more than 500 t, every square centimeter on trees chest high section pressure up to 2.5 kg;Sparse trees, each hectare canopy under the weight of the snow pressure to be more than 300 t, trees chest high profile per square centimetre of under pressure can drop to 0.5 kg.Because the forest tending, low-quality forest reform improved the health of forest stand, plant diseases and insect pests can be decreased by more than 90%, enhances the ability of the disaster.2.3.2 economic benefits in the young forest tending less investment, quick effect, in a forest management cycle(10 years)bare stand and tending forest, forest stand growth in net 3 m per hectare? Net increase of volume of 30 m, 10 years? Output value of 9000 yuan/ha, new wood(press)of computation of 300 yuan/ha, forest tending cost is 10 times as much as 900 yuan/ha.If all will be full of more than 10000 hectares of forest tending, annual net increase of volume of at least 30000 m? Output value of 9 million, the new wood.2.3.3 social benefits in the sapling forest engineering not only relieves the

large and medium size level backup the shortage of forest resources, and expand the forestry industry, increased the worker income.Forest tending and 70% of the money can be converted into labor income, tending and upgrading 1000 hm? Computation, an annual investment of 900000 yuan, equivalent to a year to absorb nearly all surplus labor, social benefit is remarkable.to speed up the construction of young forest tending, low-quality forest transformation in necessity

3.1 to speed up the construction of sapling forest, low-quality forest reform is to improve the urgent needs of the quantity and quality of forest resources at present due to the failure to take effective parenting and reforming the cultivating measures, such as the part in the young forest because of the number per unit area is too much, too much density, grow bad, seriously affect the quality of the forest;Overlord weeds in part sapling forest, trees, shrubs and nontarget species occupied the main growth space.Severely restricts the objective tree growth, affect forest growth and development;Part due to the natural thinning of sapling forest, unthinned stands sharp increase, considerably increase the proportion of dry wood, for the occurrence and spread of forest diseases and insect pests, such as forest fire, snow pressure, and wind down created the condition for natural disasters;Part number is too little for ha of sapling forest, the forest stand quality low, influence the exertion of forest land

productivity, forest benefit is greatly influenced.And strengthening forest tending and transformation, can improve the stand growth conditions, promote the growth of forest trees, and according to the survey, after raising the forest stand growth rate can be increased by 6.8%, improve the quality of the forest productivity and forest resources.3.2 accelerate the reform of sapling forest, low-quality forest in engineering construction is the need of forest functions into full play we have conducted a study of different forest stand, found that different forest it play the differences of ecological benefits.Adjustment of forest structure and type, improved forest tree growth and development of the ecological environment, promoting the improvement of the forest stand quality, increase the overall efficiency of the forest, the forest of a variety of performance got into full play.3.3 accelerate the reform of sapling forest, the low efficiency in construction is KuangGu afforestation achievement needs over the years, countries concentrate manpower and material resources, financial resources, high holding afforestation construction made great progress, but there is a very important problem, BaoCunLv is too low, affected the afforestation achievement.For my field survey, the reforestation of the results is BaoCunLv is only 65.2%, currently on the basis of strengthening reforestation, must accelerate forest tending and renovation, increase the rate of afforestation survival rate, and forest.3.4 accelerate the reform of sapling forest, low-quality forest in engineering construction is the need of strengthening forest management for a long time, we are a key link on forest management did not give enough attention.Because there is no investment, and management lag, cause tending, reconstruction work very serious debt.In order to reverse this situation, must strengthen forest management work, with the young forest tending and project construction.