第一篇：英語論文開題報告：The Proposal of Skills in English Reading and Listening

英語論文開題報告：The Proposal of Skills in English Reading and Listening 關(guān)鍵詞：Thesis ProposalSkillsEnglish ReadingListening

Thesis Proposal of Skills in English Reading and Listening

1.Research Background and Significance

In four http://www.tmdps.cntechniques of English learning(listening, speaking, reading, writing), listening and reading are the types of input, speaking and writing are the types of output.As long as the correct information is input, the effective output can be ensured.A research shows, in the daily life, people is listening 40%-50% of the time a day, 25%-30% time is speaking, 11%-16% is reading, only about 9% is writing(Rivers,1984.).This proves that people largely are to feel this world by their ears listened and eyes watched.Listening and reading are essential not only in the daily life but also in the foreign language learning.According to second language acquisition theory，language input is the most essential condition of language acquisition．

Listening is the first language mode that children acquire．It provides the foundation for all aspects of language and cognitive development，and it plays a life-long role in the processes of communication．As the development of society, listening plays an important role in today?s information society.As long as you can hear correctly, clearly, then you can speak correctly, clearly and well.It is impossible to give an answer without correct information received.For example, when you meet a foreigner, you want to have a talk with him or he wants you to help him, even though your oral English is good, you can not understand what he is saying or what he wants you to help, which is so mournful.Reading comprehension is the ability to understand a written passage.It?s answering “yes” to the question “Did you ?get? what you read?”.It is what allows the reader to interact with the text in a meaningful way.Students have to learn to use reading skills in every single subject they ever study and in almost every aspect of life.For example, students need to comprehend challenging science textbooks as well as directions and word problems on texts.Nowadays is the globalization age.The foreign business of China is very active.The usual way to do business is to exchange business letters, telegrams, and e-mails.Many contracts, reports law, descriptions and other else paper documents are involved.To understand these, you have to have the strong ability of reading comprehension.You can not make a right decision unless you can understand its meaning clearly.Or you have to explain it to your boss and give him the correct suggestion.Listening comprehension and reading comprehension already become the standard to measure a people?s language level.Actually, reading comprehension and listening comprehension are the essential parts in nowadays various proficiency test, no matter English or the other language.Make a general observation on today?s English national proficiency tests or some standardized level test of English, the score value of reading comprehension and listening comprehension are the higheat two parts in the test paper.It can be said, as long as the students can get a high score in these two parts, they will a high chance to pass the test.Therefore, the problem how to improve students? ability of reading comprehension and listening comprehension became a very attentive problem.However, it does not mean that with the cognition improved, the students? English level also improved.Th

ere are many students fear of reading comprehension and listening.The traditional teaching of English focuses on vocabulary and grammar.There is very less chances to train students? reading and listening in ordinary lessons, except for the last few weeks before examination.Lack of training or skills is one of the reasons which retard their improvement.As the old saying goes，to give a man a fish，he can only eat for a short time．If you tell him how to fish，he will benefit by this for an age．We should teach them how to master the effective skills and methods to improve themselves.They should learn to use the skills to handle variety questions, obtain and analyse information, such as skills of forecasting, taking notes in listening comprehension, calculating word?s meaning, finding topic sentence in reading comprehension, etc.Mastering the right skills, then the students can face different questions of reading and listening smoothly and reach the purpose of improving English level.Therefore, this thesis analyzes the current situation of English majors? reading and listening, some factors that hinder the development of the students? ability and accordingly provides some solutions．It shows that students should be given instructions of study strategies and training of reading and listening skills．I hope these skills can help students to get rid of fear of reading comprehension and listening comprehension, pass all tests by these skills, and finally, meet the purpose of improving English ability.2.Research Questions, Methods, and Steps

Research Methodology:

At first, this thesis introduces the importance of reading comprehension and listening comprehension.Every English learner should take these two sections seriously.They connect with the effect of learning.Secondly, I analyze some factors of affecting.These factors are very common among students.Because of these factors, students? performance could not be increased.Then some skills of improvement are came up with against the factors of affecting.These skills can help students overcome their weakness and improve their effect of learning.Follow these methods and skills, have more and more practice in reading and listening, students? ability will be greatly improved.Then to pass all kinds of English proficiency test is not a difficult problem.Research Process:

At the preparation stage, I searched for many materials on Internet database and went to Guangzhou Library to collect the related words.I did much research of the documents, words and theses that related to my thesis.I read all the materials seriously that I had found and did a detailed reading note.I screened all the materials, summarized the useful information.Then, the article review came out.Next, I thought about the thread of thesis.The questions of this thesis want to discusses are “What is hindering students? improvement in reading and listening?” “Some useful skills can help students improving their reading and listening comprehension.” The purpose and significance, background and prospect, procedure and main component of this thesis were established.Every week, I handed in my report of my work to directive teacher and asked her suggestion about what I had done.Under my teacher?s guide, I entered into writing stage.In order to make the affecting factories and improving skills introducing in this thesis are more practical, beside refer to the materials on paper, I have also co nsulted my classmate in university for some practical advices.Such as, which factories they think are more important? Which Skills they think are more effective? Finally, combine with the materials that I sum up, I established the contents as follows:

Abstract(English version)

內(nèi)容摘要(Chinese version)

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 The Importance of reading and Listening

Chapter 3 The factors affecting reading comprehension and listening comprehension

3.1 Factors affecting reading comprehension

3.1.1 Vocabulary

3.1.2 Reading habits

3.1.3 Quantity of reading

3.2 Factors affecting listening comprehension

3.2.1 Phonetics

3.2.2 Memory ability

3.2.3 Psychology

Chapter 4 Skills of improvement

4.1 Skills on reading comprehension

4.1.1 Improving reading speed

4.1.2 Guessing words

4.1.3 Clear direction of questions

4.2 Skills on listening comprehension

4.2.1 Forecasting

4.2.2 Finding key words

4.2.3 Taking simple notes

Chapter 5 Conclusion

Bibliography

Acknowledgements 3.Expected Results

This thesis not only manages to introduce some reading skills to students，but also wants to making them grasp the skills freely．At the same time through cultivating reading skills in English reading and listening comprehension，students? ability will be greatly improved.And it can heighten their confidence to take the examination and the English proficiency tests, banish fear and anxiety of reading and listening comprehension.As the saying goes, Rome is not built in one day.To improve reading and listening comprehension also can not be successful in a short time.It is impossible to have an immediate magical result.It needs a procedure step by step, from easy to the difficult.We have to do the practice as much as possible combine the useful skills.Perseverance, it will be effective.The skills of reading and listening comprehension improvement mentioned in this thesis are more effective and practical.They were came out by my research and my classmates? opinion.We have the real experience about it.Reading comprehension and listening comprehension are the important parts in all English proficiency tests.I think, if students do more practice using these skills and master them well;their ability of reading and listening can be improved greatly.To help them to obtain a good score in two parts which take the important scoring value in test paper, then pass the test successfully.4.References

[1] 劉明，A Study of English Majors? Listening Comprehension Barriers and Solutions，西南大學(xué)高校教師碩士學(xué)位論文，2008

[2] 周海如，Some Suggestions of Teaching Listening Skills，中國基礎(chǔ)教育研究，2008

[3] 韓彥枝，大學(xué)英語閱讀技巧探析，湖北廣播點(diǎn)數(shù)大學(xué)學(xué)報，2009

[4] 徐江萍，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生閱讀技巧的新嘗試，山西科技，2008

[5] 曹維忠，詞匯及閱讀技巧---提高英語閱讀理解能力的關(guān)鍵，無錫商業(yè)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院學(xué)報，2006

[6] 陳禹，學(xué)好英語 當(dāng)先“搞定”閱讀---談英語閱讀技巧的提高，中國科教創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)刊，2009

[7] 盧潔，聽讀效果差異相關(guān)因素分析，湖北省社會主義學(xué)院學(xué)報，2004

[8] 趙建萍，如何提高大學(xué)英語聽力技巧，楚雄師范學(xué)院學(xué)報，2002

[9] 陳愛武，英語聽力教學(xué)困擾因素淺析素質(zhì)教育論壇，2009

[10]卜巧玲，影響英語聽力理解的因素及對策，宿州學(xué)院學(xué)報，2009

[11] 吳志瑩，運(yùn)用聽力技巧提高英語聽力水平，廣西廣播電視大學(xué)學(xué)報，2001

[12] 王紀(jì)元，影響學(xué)生英語聽力理解的因素及提高技巧，安陽工學(xué)院學(xué)報，2006

[13] 徐義云, 胡宜平，英語閱讀理解應(yīng)試技巧初探，茂名學(xué)院學(xué)報，2001

[14] 陳寒晴，影響英語閱讀的障礙因素與策略研究，現(xiàn)代企業(yè)文化，2009

5.Time Schedule

Initial stage(from 14th week, 7th semester ~ 20th week, 7th semester)

In this stage, I meet the tutor, and receive instructions on how to write.Finish the thesis proposal, the intern report, and the thesis outline;prepare to write the first draft of the thesis.Middl e stage(from 1st week, 8th semester ~ 5th week, 8th semester)

In this stage, the first draft and the second draft will be finished.I will keep in touch with my tutor, hand in report to her in time, and revise my draft following thetutor?s guide.Ending stage(from 6th week, 8th semester ~ 10th week, 8th semester)

In this stage, I will finish the third draft and hand in to tutor.After tutor?s modification, my final draft 英語論文網(wǎng)will be established.And I will prepare for my thesis oral defense, make the PPT.and presentation for oral defense.

第二篇：英語論文開題報告

英語論文開題報告范文例文大全6篇

論文題目the Application and Innovation

of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights

一、選題的意義和研究現(xiàn)狀

1．選題的目的、理論意義和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義

長時期以來, 人們視艾米莉?勃朗特為英國文學(xué)中的“斯芬克斯”。關(guān)于她本人和她的作品都有很多難解之謎, 許多評論家從不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的結(jié)論, 因而往往是舊謎剛解, 新謎又出, 解謎熱潮似永無休止。

本文立足于歐美文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)研究《呼嘯山莊》的創(chuàng)作源泉, 指出艾米莉?

勃朗特在主題、人物形象、環(huán)境刻畫、意象及情節(jié)構(gòu)造等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統(tǒng), 同時憑借其超乎尋常的想象力, 將現(xiàn)實(shí)與超現(xiàn)實(shí)融為一體, 給陳舊的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鮮活力, 達(dá)到了哥特形式與激情內(nèi)容的完美統(tǒng)一, 使《呼嘯山莊》既超越了哥特體裁的“黑色浪漫主義”, 又超越了維多利亞時代的“現(xiàn)實(shí)主義”, 從而展現(xiàn)出獨(dú)具一格、經(jīng)久不衰的藝術(shù)魅力。

2．與選題相關(guān)的國內(nèi)外研究和發(fā)展概況

各民族的文學(xué)中都有許多驚險、恐怖的故事, 但似乎沒有哪一種文學(xué)像英美文學(xué)那樣不僅創(chuàng)作出數(shù)量眾多、質(zhì)量優(yōu)秀的恐怖文學(xué)作品, 而且還形成了一個持續(xù)發(fā)展、影響廣泛的哥特傳統(tǒng)(Gothic tradition)。哥特文學(xué)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為英美文學(xué)研究中的一個重要領(lǐng)域。對哥特文學(xué)的認(rèn)真研究開始于20 世紀(jì)二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的學(xué)術(shù)思潮和文學(xué)批評觀念的影響, 該研究出現(xiàn)了前所未有而且日趨高漲的熱潮。根據(jù)在國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的搜索, 到2000 年9月為止, 英美等國的學(xué)者除發(fā)表了大量關(guān)于哥特文學(xué)的論文外, 還至少出版專著達(dá)184部, 其中1970 年以后為126 部, 僅90 年代就達(dá)59 部, 幾乎占總數(shù)的三分之一。當(dāng)然,近年來哥特文學(xué)研究的狀況不僅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和廣度方面都大為拓展, 并且把哥特傳統(tǒng)同英美乃至歐洲的歷史、社會、文化和文學(xué)的總體發(fā)展結(jié)合起來。

二、研究方案

1．研究的基本內(nèi)容及預(yù)期的結(jié)果（大綱）

研究的基本內(nèi)容:本文立足于歐美文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)研究《呼嘯山莊》的創(chuàng)作源泉, 指出艾米莉?

勃朗特在主題、人物形象、環(huán)境刻畫、意象及情節(jié)構(gòu)造等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統(tǒng), 同時憑借其超乎尋常的想象力, 將現(xiàn)實(shí)與超現(xiàn)實(shí)融為一體, 給陳舊的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鮮活力, 達(dá)到了哥特形式與激情內(nèi)容的完美統(tǒng)一, 使《呼嘯山莊》既超越了哥特體裁的“黑色浪漫主義”, 又超越了維多利亞時代的“現(xiàn)實(shí)主義”, 從而展現(xiàn)出獨(dú)具一格、經(jīng)久不衰的藝術(shù)魅力。

預(yù)期的結(jié)果（大綱）: 1．A Survey of Gothic

1.1 Definition of Gothic

1.2 the Origin of Gothic Novels

1.2.1 Historical Reasons

1.2.1.1 Folklore in Germantic Nationality

1.2.1.2 Drama in the Renaissance

1.2.1.3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity

1.2.2 Development of the Novel Itself

1.2.2.1 Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism

1.2.2.2 Sublime and Beautiful 2.Emily?s Gothic Heritage

2.1 Theme

2.1.1 Good and Evil

2.1.2 Revenge

2.2 Characters Description

2.2.1 Villain-hero

2.2.2 Delicate Young Girl

2.3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot

2.3.1 Terror

2.3.2 Mystery

2.3.3 Supernatural 3.Emily?s Gothic Innovation

3.1 Combination of romanticism and Realism

3.1.1 Change of the Background

3.1.2 Use of Symbolism

3.1.3 Stream of Consciousness

3.1.4 Illusion and Subconsciousness

3.2.Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference 2．?dāng)M采用的研究方法

主要有資料查找、理論探討研究、閱讀法 3.研究所需條件和可能存在的問題

研究所需條件：紙張、打印設(shè)備、圖書館、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上獲取國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)資料；

可能存在的問題：(1)文獻(xiàn)不足;

(2)由于個人的觀點(diǎn)和能力，使對研究對象分析不夠全面和深入。

三、研究進(jìn)度安排、參考文獻(xiàn)及審查意見 1．研究進(jìn)度安排

（1）論文指導(dǎo)第一周（學(xué)期第八周）：學(xué)生完成初稿。

（2）論文指導(dǎo)第二周（學(xué)期第九周）：指導(dǎo)教師審閱論文初稿后發(fā)回修改。

（3）論文指導(dǎo)第三周（學(xué)期第十周）：學(xué)生交論文第二稿。（4）論文指導(dǎo)第四周（學(xué)期第十一周）：指導(dǎo)教師審閱第二稿并發(fā)回給學(xué)生進(jìn)一步修改。（5）論文指導(dǎo)第五周（學(xué)期第十二周）：定稿

（6）論文指導(dǎo)第六周（學(xué)期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和電子文本。（7）論文指導(dǎo)第六周（學(xué)期第十三周）：本周星期五至論文指導(dǎo)第七周（學(xué)期第周）星期五，指導(dǎo)教師和評閱教師寫評語，學(xué)生做好答辯準(zhǔn)備。

（8）論文指導(dǎo)第七周（學(xué)期第十四周）：星期三至論文指導(dǎo)第八周（學(xué)期第十五周）開展答辯工作。

2.應(yīng)收集資料及主要參考文獻(xiàn)（不少于8條）

[1] Bronte, Charlotte.1907.Charlotte Bronte?s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights.London: J.M.Dent Sons Ltd.p.20.[2] Gerin, Winifred.1971.Emily Bronte [M].New York: Oxford University Press.[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts.ed.1998.The handbook to gothic literature [A].New York: New York University Press.p.83.[4] Punter, David.1980.The Literature of Terror [M].London: Longman.p.6.[5] 方平.1993.希望在人間?論〈呼嘯山莊〉(《呼嘯山莊》譯序)[M].上海譯文出版社.第24頁.[6] 蓋斯凱爾夫人.2000.夏洛蒂?勃朗特傳[M].張淑榮等譯.北京: 團(tuán)結(jié)出版社.第11?12頁.[7] 肖明翰.2001.英美文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)[J].外國文學(xué)評論第3期.[8] 鮮于靜.2003.神秘和怪誕的魅力??福克納小說《八月之光》的哥特藝術(shù)研究[MA].中國學(xué)位論文全文庫.Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies(DTS).DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective.Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator?s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basically descriptive.The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.Translation phenomena are noted down.With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS.“Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions.Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.2 Outline 2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS In this part I will describe Holms? basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product.I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.2.2 Methodolgy I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria.Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.2.4 Case study In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions(also translated as The Story of The Stone)will be under investigation in light of DTS.Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.2.5 Conclusion Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation.Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)附錄2-引文范例(僅供參考)“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods.Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)

?“噢，這就是恐水病吧？你們貴族圈子怎么流行起這種病來啦？真夠嗆的！費(fèi)芬斯小姐，您喝點(diǎn)茶大概沒關(guān)系吧！”?（張南峰，1990：59-60）附錄3-參考文獻(xiàn)范例(僅供參考)Wilss, Wolfram.The Science of Translation ? Problems and Methods.Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.Newmark, Peter.A Textbook of Translation.New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.Delabastita, Dirk.Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies.Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.張南峰（譯）.王爾德戲劇選.福州：海峽文藝出版社，1990.戴煒棟.構(gòu)建具有中國特色的英語教學(xué)“一條龍”體系，外語教學(xué)與研究，2001（5）

附錄4-封面范例(僅供參考)（中文）對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文 論品牌名稱翻譯的特殊性 專 業(yè)： 研究方向： 作 者： 導(dǎo) 師： 寫作時間： ? 對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué) 英語學(xué)院（英文）

School of International Studies University of International Business and Economics Pragmatic Strategies in Advertising: Implicatures Wang Ying A thesis submitted to School of International Studies of University of International Business and Economics In partial fulfillment of the requirement For the degree of Master of Arts April 2002 Beijing, China

第三篇：英語論文開題報告

在當(dāng)下這個社會中，報告不再是罕見的東西，我們在寫報告的時候要注意涵蓋報告的基本要素。一起來參考報告是怎么寫的吧，下面是小編幫大家整理的英語論文開題報告范文，僅供參考，大家一起來看看吧。

論文題目：the Application and Innovation

一、選題的意義和研究現(xiàn)狀

1.選題的目的、理論意義和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義

長時期以來，人們視艾米莉·勃朗特為英國文學(xué)中的“斯芬克斯”。關(guān)于她本人和她的作品都有很多難解之謎，許多評論家從不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究，得出了不同的結(jié)論，因而往往是舊謎剛解，新謎又出，解謎熱潮似永無休止。

本文立足于歐美文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)研究《呼嘯山莊》的創(chuàng)作源泉，指出艾米莉勃朗特在主題、人物形象、環(huán)境刻畫、意象及情節(jié)構(gòu)造等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統(tǒng)，同時憑借其超乎尋常的想象力，將現(xiàn)實(shí)與超現(xiàn)實(shí)融為一體，給陳舊的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鮮活力，達(dá)到了哥特形式與激情內(nèi)容的完美統(tǒng)一，使《呼嘯山莊》既超越了哥特體裁的“黑色浪漫主義”，又超越了維多利亞時代的“現(xiàn)實(shí)主義”，從而展現(xiàn)出獨(dú)具一格、經(jīng)久不衰的藝術(shù)魅力。

2.與選題相關(guān)的國內(nèi)外研究和發(fā)展概況

二、研究方案

1.研究的基本內(nèi)容及預(yù)期的結(jié)果（大綱）

研究的基本內(nèi)容：本文立足于歐美文學(xué)中的哥特傳統(tǒng)研究《呼嘯山莊》的創(chuàng)作源泉，指出艾米莉勃朗特在主題、人物形象、環(huán)境刻畫、意象及情節(jié)構(gòu)造等方面都借鑒了哥特傳統(tǒng)，同時憑借其超乎尋常的想象力，將現(xiàn)實(shí)與超現(xiàn)實(shí)融為一體，給陳舊的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鮮活力，達(dá)到了哥特形式與激情內(nèi)容的完美統(tǒng)一，使《呼嘯山莊》既超越了哥特體裁的“黑色浪漫主義”，又超越了維多利亞時代的“現(xiàn)實(shí)主義”，從而展現(xiàn)出獨(dú)具一格、經(jīng)久不衰的藝術(shù)魅力。

預(yù)期的結(jié)果（大綱）：

1.A Survey of Gothic

1.1Definition of Gothic

2Emily’s Gothic Heritage

2.1Theme

2.1.1Good and Evil

2.2Characters Description

2.2.1Villainhero

2.2.2Delicate Young Girl

2.3Atmosphere，Environment and Plot

2.3.1Terror

2.3.2Mystery

2.3.3Supernatural

3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation

3.1Combination of romanticism and Realism

3.1.1Change of the Background

3.1.3Stream of Consciousness

3.1.4Illusion and Subconsciousness

3.2.Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology

2.擬采用的研究方法 主要有資料查找、理論探討研究、閱讀法

3.研究所需條件和可能存在的問題

研究所需條件：紙張、打印設(shè)備、圖書館、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上獲取國內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn)資料；可能存在的問題：

(1)文獻(xiàn)不足。

(2)由于個人的觀點(diǎn)和能力，使對研究對象分析不夠全面和深入。

三、研究進(jìn)度安排、參考文獻(xiàn)及審查意見

1.研究進(jìn)度安排

（1）論文指導(dǎo)第一周（學(xué)期第八周）：學(xué)生完成初稿。

（2）論文指導(dǎo)第二周（學(xué)期第九周）：指導(dǎo)教師審閱論文初稿后發(fā)回修改。

（3）論文指導(dǎo)第三周（學(xué)期第十周）：學(xué)生交論文第二稿。

（4）論文指導(dǎo)第四周（學(xué)期第十一周）：指導(dǎo)教師審閱第二稿并發(fā)回給學(xué)生進(jìn)一步修改。

（5）論文指導(dǎo)第五周（學(xué)期第十二周）：定稿

（6）論文指導(dǎo)第六周（學(xué)期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和電子文本。

（7）論文指導(dǎo)第六周（學(xué)期第十三周）：本周星期五至論文指導(dǎo)第七周（學(xué)期第周）星期五，指導(dǎo)教師和評閱教師寫評語，學(xué)生做好答辯準(zhǔn)備。

（8）論文指導(dǎo)第七周（學(xué)期第十四周）：星期三至論文指導(dǎo)第八周（學(xué)期第十五周）開展答辯工作。

課題研究現(xiàn)狀：

English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary.The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages.Halliday and Hason(1976)pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms(ideational function，interpersonal function and textual function).Another scholar，F(xiàn)ernando C.(1996)，also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text，and in the creation of stylistic effects.Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin(1994，1996)，Zhu Yongsheng(1995，1996，1997)and Zhang Delu(1994)mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.課題研究目的：

This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them.It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion，attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically，thus more effectively.課題研究內(nèi)容：

As English idioms are much alive in everyday English，a close look at the function of idioms must be taken.This dissertation includes the following five aspects：

1.Introduction

2.A General Study of English Idioms

2.1The Definition of English Idioms

2.2Features of English Idioms

3.Cohesive Function of English Idioms

3.1Cohesion

3.2Functional Categories

3.3Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms

3.4Cohesive Function of Other Idioms

4.The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics

4.1Syntactic Cohesion

4.2Pragmatic Function

5.Conclusion

課題研究計劃：

January 22-March 10： question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25： analysis of the materials and writing of an outline

March 26-April 30： completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10： refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion

June 11—June 22： finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence

主要參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]Fernando，C.Idioms and Idiomaticity.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2000

[2]Halliday，M.A.K.and R.Hason.Cohesion in English.Longman Press，1985

[3]Lakoff，G.and M.Johnson.Metaphors We Live By.University of Chicago Press，1980

[4]Makkai，A.Idiom Structure in English.The Hague Press,1972

一、選題來源、目的和意義：

本選題重在研究中西文化之間的差異以及這些差異對商務(wù)談判的影響，最后得出商務(wù)談判應(yīng)該采用的'策略。

隨著我國加入WTO，國際貿(mào)易和對外交往將日益頻繁，國家與國家之間、企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間、個人與個人之間，由于存在經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的協(xié)調(diào)，無時無處不需要談判。出口商和進(jìn)口商要消除分歧，達(dá)成一項(xiàng)公平的相互之間滿意的交易，大多是通過商務(wù)談判才能做到的。因此與外界交往合作的主要方式——跨文化商務(wù)談判在社會、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中的地位越來越重要。因此，和外商談判打交道的時候，不要忽略一些看似微不足道的細(xì)節(jié)，那些都有可能是成敗的關(guān)鍵。只有正確探悉、學(xué)習(xí)和熟悉不同國家的文化差異，意識到他們的重要性，才能更好地探討商務(wù)談判的策略，為最后談判的成功奠定基礎(chǔ)和提供理論依據(jù)。

二、課題的主要內(nèi)容(項(xiàng)目概要)：

1.談判與文化的綜述

2.文化差異因素對國際商務(wù)談判的影響

2.1語言和非語言差異的影響

2.2思維方式差異的影響

2.3價值觀念差異的影響

3.應(yīng)對商務(wù)談判文化差異問題的對策

3.1樹立跨文化的談判意識

3.2談判前做好充足的準(zhǔn)備

3.3懂得談判對方的語言

3.4對待文化問題應(yīng)持有的態(tài)度

4.結(jié)尾

三、實(shí)施計劃(設(shè)計工作的主要階段、進(jìn)度和完成時間等)：

11月11日畢業(yè)論文動員大會

11月12日—12月1日下達(dá)任務(wù)書

12月2日—12月31日確定論文題目

1月1日—1月31日進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)資料的收集、篩選、做讀書筆記。

2月1日—2月28日完成論文詳細(xì)提綱，交指導(dǎo)老師修改，補(bǔ)充。

3月1日—3月30日進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文初稿寫作。

4月1日—5月19日畢業(yè)論文修改。

5月20日—6月5日畢業(yè)論文定稿、裝訂、答辯。

四、參考文獻(xiàn)：

<1>李信，《中西方文化比較概論》，航空工業(yè)出版社，2003.6

<2>李郁、張泳，淺談國際商務(wù)談判中的跨文化問題及對策[J]，商業(yè)研究，2004.7

<3>廖瑛，《外貿(mào)談判英語》，對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)出版社，2004.2

<4>肖云南，《國際商務(wù)談判》，清華大學(xué)和北方交通大學(xué)出版社，2003.5

<5>楊晶，《商務(wù)談判》，清華大學(xué)出版社，2005.1

<6>姚立，《商務(wù)談判—理論、實(shí)務(wù)、風(fēng)格》，中國城市出版社，2003.3

<7>袁其剛，《國際商務(wù)談判》，山東人民出版社，2003.2

【英語論文開題報告范文】相關(guān)文章：

1.英語論文開題報告

2.開題報告范文

3.教師開題報告范文

4.色彩論文開題報告

5.小課題開題報告

6.課題開題報告格式

7.關(guān)于護(hù)理專業(yè)的開題報告范文

8.有關(guān)物流專業(yè)論文開題報告范文

第四篇：英語論文開題報告

英語論文開題報告范文

我們眼下的社會，報告十分的.重要，其在寫作上有一定的技巧。你還在對寫報告感到一籌莫展嗎？下面是小編收集整理的英語論文開題報告范文，希望對大家有所幫助。

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

第五篇：英語論文開題報告

英語論文開題報告

在日常生活和工作中，大家逐漸認(rèn)識到報告的重要性，我們在寫報告的時候要注意語言要準(zhǔn)確、簡潔。那么什么樣的報告才是有效的呢？以下是小編收集整理的英語論文開題報告，歡迎閱讀與收藏。

一、論文題目：classroom interaction and oral english teaching

二、研究現(xiàn)狀：

三、研究的目的及意義：

通過對目前已經(jīng)發(fā)展起來并比較成熟的幾種互動模式的歸納來看：關(guān)于人際互動這種互動模式在目前的互動性研究中被單獨(dú)研究還比較少，沒有被當(dāng)作一種獨(dú)立的模式應(yīng)用到英語口語課堂教學(xué)中，它更多的是被貫穿到其他幾種互動模式當(dāng)中。因此，本論題認(rèn)為它還有進(jìn)一步研究的空間。

四、研究的理論依據(jù)和研究方法：

本論題將以教育心理學(xué)的理論為基礎(chǔ)，以互動理論和構(gòu)建主義理論為依據(jù)，運(yùn)用歸納總結(jié)的方法對已有的研究進(jìn)行宏觀上的概述，從而引出本文論題，通過例證分析、驗(yàn)證人際互動模式對課堂英語口語教學(xué)效果的提高所具有的重要意義。

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

摘要

中國一向是禮儀之邦，禮儀對每個中國人來說是非常重要的，無論是會見親朋好友或者是在人與人的打交道上，都離不開禮儀。禮儀被認(rèn)為是一個人道德修養(yǎng)的表現(xiàn)，一個人若毫無禮儀可言，那么他在學(xué)習(xí)或工作時都將不會很順利，因?yàn)闆]有人愿意和這樣一個人相處。 由于社交禮儀在我們的生活中扮演了越來越重要的角色，我在選課的時候就選修了社交禮儀這門課程。通過這一個學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)，我從老師那里學(xué)到了許多有關(guān)社交禮儀方面的知識，不僅拓寬了知識面，而且許多東西在我的日常生活和以后的工作中都有很大用處，比如商務(wù)禮儀。

如今隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，特別是全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的不斷形成，各國間的聯(lián)系加強(qiáng)，商務(wù)往來增多，如何才能在眾多企業(yè)中脫穎而出，除了需要卓越的能力外，還要掌握有效溝通及妥善人際關(guān)系，建立良好優(yōu)雅的企業(yè)形象，此時，商務(wù)禮儀便起到了一個十分重要的作用。商務(wù)禮儀顧名思義就是商務(wù)活動中對人的儀容儀表和言談舉止的普遍要求，體現(xiàn)了人與人之間的相互尊重，同時也約束了商務(wù)活動中的某些方面。而在商務(wù)往來中，任何一個表現(xiàn)都可能會導(dǎo)致意想不到的結(jié)果，也許是一塊手表，也許是一頓晚餐。

學(xué)習(xí)了商務(wù)禮儀之后更加讓我意識到了這一點(diǎn)。學(xué)習(xí)商務(wù)禮儀最主要的是可以提高個人的素養(yǎng)。比爾蓋茨曾講過，企業(yè)競爭，是員工素質(zhì)的競爭，進(jìn)而到企業(yè)，就是企業(yè)形象的競爭，教養(yǎng)體現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)，細(xì)節(jié)展示素質(zhì)，可見一個人的素養(yǎng)高低對企業(yè)的發(fā)展是多么重要啊！其次是為了交際應(yīng)酬，因?yàn)樯虅?wù)活動中畢竟是離不開這個的，在不同的交往活動中我們會遇到不同的人，而面對不同的人怎樣進(jìn)行交往也是一門藝術(shù)，如何讓人感到舒服，卻又沒有拍馬屁的嫌疑是非常關(guān)鍵的。最后便是有助于維護(hù)企業(yè)形象。在商務(wù)交往中，個人便代表了整體，個人的所作所為，一舉一動，一言一行，就是企業(yè)的典型活體廣告。

下面將從以下幾點(diǎn)來對我所學(xué)習(xí)的知識進(jìn)行總結(jié)：

一、禮儀概述

1交際與禮儀產(chǎn)生的歷史背景

人類最早的禮儀活動也就是禮儀萌芽時期，可以追朔到原始社會， 當(dāng)時的禮儀較為簡單和虔誠且不具備階級性，禮儀的內(nèi)容包括；制定了明確血緣關(guān)系的婚嫁禮儀；區(qū)別部族內(nèi)部尊卑等級的禮制；為祭天敬神的制定的一些祭奠儀式；制定一些人們在相互交往時表示禮節(jié)表示恭敬的動作。

禮儀形成的具體時期則是；夏、商、西周（公元前21世紀(jì)公元前771年）人類逐步進(jìn)入奴隸社會，階級開始形成，統(tǒng)治階級為了鞏固自己的統(tǒng)治地位把原始宗教禮儀發(fā)展成為符合奴隸社會政治需要的禮制。在這個階段中國第一次形成了比較完整的國家禮儀與制度，隨著生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，商業(yè)逐步開始出現(xiàn)，直到春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，禮儀制度開始變革，禮儀范圍擴(kuò)大，商業(yè)在社會中逐步被認(rèn)可，人們因?yàn)樯虅?wù)活動而進(jìn)行的往來也逐步增多，并在商務(wù)活動中的交際中另外形成了一套禮儀制度商務(wù)禮儀。

到歐洲中世紀(jì)，工業(yè)革命的出現(xiàn) 使得生產(chǎn)力空前的發(fā)展，歐洲各國開始逐步入資本主義，商業(yè)占據(jù)了社會經(jīng)濟(jì)的主導(dǎo)地位，資本家大量聚集了社會財富，新貴由此族誕生，資本家之間的商務(wù)往來與交際范圍開始擴(kuò)大，貴族之間定期的聚會則成為了重要的交際方式之一，在交際中所產(chǎn)生的禮儀日漸完善，由此，商務(wù)禮儀也正式形成。部分內(nèi)容沿用至今。 2禮儀的含義及種類

禮儀是規(guī)范自己、尊重他人的一種行為規(guī)范，是表現(xiàn)對他人尊重和理解的過程和手段。。禮儀中的禮字指的是尊重，尊重自己，尊重他人，而禮儀中的儀就是儀式，是一種尊重自己，尊重他人的表現(xiàn)形式。它是人際交往中必不可少的一種手過程，是塑造形像的手段，是人們生

活和社會交往中逐漸形成的行為規(guī)范和禮儀規(guī)范。

禮儀的種類分有多種，主要有以下大類：

1.古代禮儀。中國自古以來就是禮儀之邦，禮儀文明作為中國傳統(tǒng)文化的一個重要組成部分，對中國社會歷史發(fā)展起了廣泛深遠(yuǎn)的影響，其內(nèi)容是十分豐富的，很多古代禮儀文化到今天仍然有積極、普片意義的文明禮儀，如：尊老敬賢，儀尚適宜，禮貌待人，容儀有整。尊老敬賢，我國自原始社會就已經(jīng)逐漸形成的禮儀，在古代社會，人際的政治倫理關(guān)系均以氏族、家庭的血緣關(guān)系為紐帶，故此在家庭里面遵從祖上，在社會尊敬長輩，是古代禮儀的典型例子。而由于中國古代社會推崇禮治和仁政，敬賢已經(jīng)成為一種歷史的要求。孟子說：養(yǎng)老尊賢，俊杰在位，則有慶古代這種傳統(tǒng)禮儀，對于形成有序和諧的倫理關(guān)系，不管過去和現(xiàn)代，都起著重要作用。儀尚適宜，，是指一些中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日的各種特定的.禮俗和規(guī)定。每個諸如春節(jié)，元宵，中秋都有其各自的禮俗和講究。在今天我們依然保持著這些優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)，并且貴在適宜，如《二程集》中所說奢自文生，文過則奢，不足為儉，可見，儀式的規(guī)模在于得當(dāng)，避免奢侈浪費(fèi)。禮貌待人，是任何一個文明社會，任何一個文明民族都十分重視的。因?yàn)槎Y貌是人類社會構(gòu)建起與他人和睦相處的橋梁，它標(biāo)志這一個社會的文明程序，是中華民族文化的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)。容儀有整，是其修養(yǎng)、文明程度的表現(xiàn)。古人認(rèn)為，容儀有整不僅是能夠保持個人的尊嚴(yán)，還有助于進(jìn)德修業(yè)。它反映出一個人的修養(yǎng)和生活態(tài)度。

2.禮儀的第二大類是社交禮儀。社交禮儀，顧名思義，就是指現(xiàn)代人際交往中流行的各種禮儀，如服務(wù)禮儀，商務(wù)禮儀，學(xué)校禮儀，職場工作禮儀等，它概括了在現(xiàn)代社交場合中各種禮儀行為。社交禮儀是指人們在人際交往過程中所具備的基本素質(zhì)，交際能力等。社交在當(dāng)今社會人際交往中發(fā)揮的作用愈顯重要。通過社交，人們可以溝通心靈，建立深厚友誼，取得支持與幫助；通過社交，人們可以互通信息，共享資源，對取得事業(yè)成功大有獲益。社交禮儀是指在人際交往和國際交往活動中，用于表示尊重、親善和友好的首選行為規(guī)范和慣用形式。這一定義包含了以下幾層意思：第一，社交禮儀是一種道德行為規(guī)范。規(guī)范就是規(guī)矩、章法、條條框框，也就是說社交禮儀是對人的行為進(jìn)行約束的條條框框，告訴你要怎么做，不要怎么做。如你到老師辦公室辦事，進(jìn)門前要先敲門，若不敲門就直接闖進(jìn)去是失禮的。社交禮儀比起法律、紀(jì)律，其約束力要弱得多，違反社交禮儀規(guī)范，只能讓別人產(chǎn)生厭惡[2]，別人不能對你進(jìn)行制裁，為此，社交禮儀的約束要靠道德修養(yǎng)的自律。 第二，社交禮儀的直接目的是表示對他人的尊重。尊重是社交禮儀的本質(zhì)。人都有被尊重的高級精神需要，當(dāng)在社會交往活動過程中，按照社交禮儀的要求去做，就會使人獲得尊重的滿足，從而獲得愉悅，由此達(dá)到人與人之間關(guān)系的和諧。 第三，社交禮儀的根本目的是為了維護(hù)社會正常的生活秩序。沒有它，社會正常的生活秩序就會遭到破壞，在這方面，它和法律、紀(jì)律共同起作用，也正是因?yàn)檫@一目的，無論是資本主義社會還是社會主義社會都非常重視社交禮儀規(guī)范建設(shè)。 第四，社交禮儀要求在人際交往、社會交往活動中遵守。這是它的范圍，超出這個范圍，社交禮儀規(guī)范就不一定適用了

二、禮儀對未來職業(yè)生涯的影響分析

商務(wù)禮儀能展示企業(yè)的文明程度、管理風(fēng)格和道德水準(zhǔn)，塑造企業(yè)形象。良好的企業(yè)形象是企業(yè)的無形資產(chǎn)，無疑可以為企業(yè)帶來直接的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。一個人講究禮儀，就會在眾人面前樹立良好的個人形象；一個組織的成員講究禮儀，就會為自己的組織樹立良好的形象，贏得公眾的贊譽(yù)。現(xiàn)代市場競爭除了產(chǎn)品競爭外，更體現(xiàn)在形象競爭。一個良好信譽(yù)和形象的公司或企業(yè)，就容易獲得社會各方的信任和支持，就可在激烈的市場競爭中處于不敗之地。

一、選題來源、目的和意義：

本選題重在研究中西文化之間的差異以及這些差異對商務(wù)談判的影響，最后得出商務(wù)談判應(yīng)該采用的策略。

隨著我國加入WTO，國際貿(mào)易和對外交往將日益頻繁，國家與國家之間、企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間、個人與個人之間，由于存在經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的協(xié)調(diào)，無時無處不需要談判。出口商和進(jìn)口商要消除分歧，達(dá)成一項(xiàng)公平的相互之間滿意的交易，大多是通過商務(wù)談判才能做到的。因此與外界交往合作的主要方式 —— 跨文化商務(wù)談判在社會、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中的地位越來越重要。因此，和外商談判打交道的時候，不要忽略一些看似微不足道的細(xì)節(jié)，那些都有可能是成敗的關(guān)鍵。只有正確探悉、學(xué)習(xí)和熟悉不同國家的文化差異，意識到他們的重要性，才能更好地探討商務(wù)談判的策略，為最后談判的成功奠定基礎(chǔ)和提供理論依據(jù)。

二、課題的主要內(nèi)容(項(xiàng)目概要)：

1.談判與文化的綜述

2.文化差異因素對國際商務(wù)談判的影響

2.1 語言和非語言差異的影響

2.2 思維方式差異的影響

2.3 價值觀念差異的影響

3.應(yīng)對商務(wù)談判文化差異問題的對策

3.1 樹立跨文化的談判意識

3.2 談判前做好充足的準(zhǔn)備

3.3 懂得談判對方的語言

3.4 對待文化問題應(yīng)持有的態(tài)度

4.結(jié)尾

三、實(shí)施計劃(設(shè)計工作的主要階段、進(jìn)度和完成時間等)：

11月11日 畢業(yè)論文動員大會

11月12日-12月1日 下達(dá)任務(wù)書

12月 2日-12月31日 確定論文題目

1月1日—1月31日 進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)資料的收集、篩選、做讀書筆記。

2月1日—2月28日 完成論文詳細(xì)提綱，交指導(dǎo)老師修改，補(bǔ)充。

3月1日—3月30日 進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文初稿寫作。

4月1日—5月19日 畢業(yè)論文修改。

5月20日—6月5日 畢業(yè)論文定稿、裝訂、答辯。

四、參考文獻(xiàn)：

<1>李信，《中西方文化比較概論》，航空工業(yè)出版社，20xx.6

<2>李郁、張泳，淺談國際商務(wù)談判中的跨文化問題及對策[J]，商業(yè)研究，20xx.7

<3>廖瑛，《外貿(mào)談判英語》，對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)出版社，20xx.2

<4>肖云南，《國際商務(wù)談判》，清華大學(xué)和北方交通大學(xué)出版社，20xx.5

<5>楊晶，《商務(wù)談判》，清華大學(xué)出版社，20xx.1

<6>姚立，《商務(wù)談判—理論、實(shí)務(wù)、風(fēng)格》，中國城市出版社，20xx.3

<7>袁其剛，《國際商務(wù)談判》，山東人民出版社，20xx.2