第一篇：全英講課開頭語

1Good afternoon, everybody.I am a teacher from No.10 Middle School.My name is Shi Liping.Today I am very happy because I will have a lesson with all ofyou.That is Unit 9 What does he look like ?Section B(3a-3b).Before beginningourclass , we do a warm-up activity sing a song, we will rock you!When you sing this song ,you should follow me to do something.2Ok, show your hands tome.Please do justwhatI do.OK? You needn’t to sing this, just sing the two sentences, ok?

It is an exciting English song, right ?Ifyou want to understand English well.You should learn English well, Yes?

3Ok, let’s see the teaching aims.4.now ,we choose a student to.Come here.Please write the answers on the blackboard.

第二篇：全英講課稿

ⅰ.warm-up 1.class begins!good morning,boys and girls!sit down,please!2.boys and girl,are you happy today?i'm happy,too.let's sing an english song together,ok?“what's

your

favourite

season?”clap

your hands,please.wow!wonderful!ⅱ.presentation let's learn 1.now boys and girls,please look at this picture.what season is it now?yes,it's summer.why?because i can swim.read after me.this line,please read this word one by one.great!2.look at this picture!what season is it?why?because i can make a snowman.read after me.this line,read it.very good!3.in summer,i can swim.in winter,i can make a snowman.and in winter,i can skate,too.follow me,please.4.i don't like summer,it's too hot.i don't like winter,it's too cold.i like spring,it's sunny and warm.in spring,i can fly kites.i can plant trees,too.please read after me.5.let's review the phrases.in summer,i can....in winter,i can..,i can also....in spring,i can...,and i can also....great!6.now please take out your pens and write these five phrases on your exercise books.finished?please check your partner's spelling.who is all right?all of you have done a good job!group work 1.what season is it now?yes,it's spring.i like spring,it's sunny and warm.i'd like to go hiking.what about you?what would you like to do?i'd like to....2.now we're going out together.what would you like to do?please work in groups , talk about it and fill in the chart.then report the numbers to me.3.stop here.are

you

ready?who

wants

to

be

the reporter?you,please.wonderful!thank you.ⅲ.consolidation 1.boys and girls,are you happy this class?let's play a guessing game,ok?i want one of you to come here and act the phrases,the others say the phrase with “i can...”or“i'd like to...”for example,....are you clear?let' begin!2.ok,all of you have done a good job.you can continue this game after class,ok? 3.so much for this class.class is over.goodbye,everyone!thank you for listening

Unit 2 My Schoolbag A Let’s talk.一、1.Good afternoon！Boys and girls!Today we’ll learn Unit 2 My Schoolbag A Let’s talk.First, let’s sing a song.Red and yellow and…Ready? Go!

2.Look!I have a new schoolbag.What’s in the bag? Do you know them? Let’s say together.Look！My English book is yellow.What colour is your Chinese book? Wow, it’s beautiful.二、1.Look at this picture.Who’s she？Yeah, Amy.Amy has a new schoolbag.I have a question.What colour is it？(板書)Guess！2.Let’s watch the video and find out the question: Have you got it? Good job!It’s …(板書It’s …)Look at the ruler.What colour is it? Practice in pairs.3.Listen and repeat, try to imitate.Who can imitate this sentence? Do you know fat?(板書)4.Let’s make a role play.I am …You’re…Ready? Go!Practice in pairs, then show.5.Let’s make a new dialogue.First, I will give you a model.三、1.Let’s play a game.I have a new eraser.Do you know the colour?(指黑板提示。)Guess!Play this games in your groups.2.Open your activity book at Page 9.Listen, colour and match.Sarah, show your work please.Is she right? Listen again and tick or cross.What’s your answer? Lily!Do you agree with her?

四、Summary and Homework 1.What have we learned today? We learned a new dialogue and we can use the sentences now.2.Listen and imitate the dialogue twice.Make a new dialogue.板書設(shè)計(jì)：

Unit 2 My Schoolbag A Let’s talk.What colour is it?

fat

It’s…

Unit 4 My Home A Let’s talk.一、1.Good afternoon！Boys and girls！Today we’ll learn Unit 4 My Home A Let’s talk.First, let’s do together.Ready? Go!Go to the living room.Watch TV.Go to the study.Read a book.2.Look at this picture!This is my home.（照片）You can see a…Let’s say together.Do you have a picture of your home.Wow, how beautiful!Jack, is this your…?Follow me.Yes, it is.Lily, is this your…? Follow me.No, it isn’t.Boys and girls, look at the blackboard.Read after me!Is this your bedroom? Yes, it is.No, it isn’t.(板書: Is this … Yes, it is.No, it isn’t.)

二、1.Look at this picture.It’s Chen Jie’s cat.Chen Jie can’t find her at home.Guess!Where is the cat?S1…S2…

2.Let’s watch the video and answer the question.Where is she? 3.T:Is she in the living room? Is she in the study? Is she in the kitchen?(教師板書三個(gè)she)Is she in the classroom? Is she in the living room? Practice in pairs.4.Listen and repeat, try to imitate.5.Make a role play.Practice in pairs, then show.三、1.Let’s play a game.I have a pen.Guess!Where is it？You can guess with “Is it …?”

2.Open your book at Page 30.Listen and number.Have you finished？ Jack.Your answer ,please!

四、Summary and Homework 1.What have we learned today? 2.Listen and imitate the dialogue twice.Make a new dialogue.板書設(shè)計(jì)：

Unit 4 My Home A Let’s talk Is this/she/it…？ Yes, it/she is.No, it/she isn’t.Unit 5 What would you like? A Let’s talk.一、1.Good afternoon!Boys and girls!Today we’ll learn Unit 5 What would you like? A Let’s talk.I’m ready for class.Are you ready for class? Everything’s ready！Spell “everything ” First, let’s enjoy a song.2.I have many pictures about food.Do you know them? Let’s say together.Do you have some foods？Wow，so many.I am hungry.Can I have some…? Thank you.（板書hungry）

二、1.Look at this picture.Mike’s dad is cooking dinner.Guess!What’s for dinner？

2.Let’s wait and see.Listen and choose the pictures.3.What would mom like? What would Mike like? Wait and see.Let’s watch the video and match the pictures.4.Dad wants to know “What would they like for dinner?”.How does he ask? Can you remember?(學(xué)生回答,教師板書.)Great！Follow me！What would you like for dinner？Mike says: Mom says:(學(xué)生回答,教師板書：I’ d like some…)

I’d like some potatoes for dinner.What would you like for dinner? Practice in pairs.5.Listen and repeat, try to imitate.Wait and see.Do you know the meaning？let’s spell “wait”.6.Make a role play.Practice in pairs, then show.三、1.Let’s finish the chart.For example: Hello, Jack.What would you like for dinner? 2.Open your book at Page 37.Listen and draw.四、Summary and Homework 1.What have we learned today? 2.Listen and imitate the dialogue twice.Make a new dialogue.板書設(shè)計(jì)：

Unit 5 What would you like? everything

A Let’s talk

hungry

What would you like for dinner? wait

I’d like… 第一步 導(dǎo)入

T: Good morning, Everyone!Do you like watching movies? Do you know Jet Lee(李連杰)?Do you know one of his famous movie called HERO? What does ‘hero’ mean? Who are the heroes in your heart? Do you know Yan Liwei, our national hero? 第二步 介紹文章人物

T: Open your books, and turn to page 100 and 101.Let’s read two passages about Shenzhou V and Yang Liwei.Shenzhou V is China’s first manned spaceship.It lifted off at 9 a.m.on Wednesday, October 15th, 2003 in Jiuquan, Gansu Province.It was carrying Yang Liwei.It was launched very successfully and landed in Inner Mongolia safely.Yang Liwei is China’s first astronaut.He was a pilot in the army.He was chosen from 1,500 other army pilots and started training for his space flight in 1998.During the 21-hour space flight, he circled the earth 14 times.When the spaceship was doing its seventh circle, Yang Liwei showed the flags of China and the United Nations, expressing the wishes of the Chinese people to explore and use space peacefully.

第三篇：英 語 口 訣 大 全

英 語 口 訣 大 全

英 語 口 訣 大 全

英語詞類口訣

句子要由詞組成，詞意要看其功能；英語詞類有十種：成分用實(shí)句中充，名代動(dòng)副數(shù)形容：冠介連詞和感嘆，虛詞附加或溝通。詞類功能掌握好，造句之時(shí)好運(yùn)用。

句子成分

主謂賓表補(bǔ)定狀；兩大成分兩情況；系后表，及后賓；補(bǔ)賓定名狀謂幫。

語序口訣

主謂賓表同漢語，定語有同也有異。狀語位置更特殊，不能全和漢語比。

構(gòu)詞法

英語構(gòu)詞有三種，轉(zhuǎn)化派生和合成。類轉(zhuǎn)意化形不變，兩詞合一兩綴生。

句子種類按語氣分

句子語氣四大體；陳疑感祈各家聚；陳敘事、疑問提；祈命請求感情句。

句子種類按結(jié)構(gòu)分

句子結(jié)構(gòu)三劍客；簡單并列和復(fù)合。四詞五型六從句；分清主謂有幾個(gè)。

名詞

專有普通兩分類；單變復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)不規(guī)。掌握名詞會(huì)四類；分類可不格用會(huì)。

專有普通分兩隊(duì)；CU兩表各有規(guī)。單雙of格用對(duì)；運(yùn)用得當(dāng)才為最

名詞變復(fù)數(shù)

可數(shù)名詞單變復(fù)；詞尾要用“s”助。一般“e”尾“s”附；[∫][t∫][s][z]“es”堵，“y”變“ies”就看輔；“ves”來自“fe或f”；“es”黑英和西土；一樣內(nèi)變雙復(fù)數(shù)

時(shí)間名詞前所有介詞口訣

年月周前要用in，日子前面卻不行。遇到幾號(hào)要用“on”，上午下午又是“in”。

要說某日上下午，用on換in才能行。午夜黃昏用at，黎明用它也不錯(cuò)。

at也在時(shí)分前，說“差”要用to，說“過”要用past。

名詞的所有格

名詞只變數(shù)，不分主賓格。人和動(dòng)物類，可變所有格。

撇（’）后加s，相當(dāng)漢語“的”。時(shí)間、距離等，也變所有格。

代詞分類

英語代詞有九族；人代物代各兩股；反代指代有單復(fù)；關(guān)連不疑要相互

人稱代詞

人稱代詞主賓格；主在動(dòng)前賓后落；介賓不算主人伙；單復(fù)兩數(shù)按序說

物主代詞

物主代詞有兩性；形在名前名代名；兩詞互譯要記清；One`s短語只用形

反身代詞

反身代詞主賓后；同位強(qiáng)調(diào)作用夠；Buy帶隊(duì)動(dòng)作回；動(dòng)介后用表自為

不定代詞

不定代詞分十組；記住每組懂用途；明確數(shù)目連of；接名連動(dòng)用何數(shù)

“另外”用法口訣

else置于疑代后；another單數(shù)限不受；onetheother就兩頭

someothers復(fù)數(shù)瞅；theother接復(fù)其余有；theothers特指另外走

疑問代詞

疑問代詞W族；劃線提問最常出；H一族兩代副；語序回答數(shù)清楚

指示代詞

指示代詞就哥四；遠(yuǎn)近單復(fù)各有指；避重thatthose；Thesethis下文事

關(guān)系代詞

關(guān)系代詞引定從；先行決定哪個(gè)用；Whowhomthat人；Whosewhich物其中

連接代詞

疑代可做連代用；引導(dǎo)主賓表語從；What夾在名從中；Ever合成“一切”通

相互代詞

相互代詞有兩組；Eachother兩人互；Oneanother多人處；漢無英加“‘s”屬

冠詞

不冠定冠和零冠；三冠用于名詞前；A和an看輔元；表一固詞很簡單。

The在名前最廣泛；十二條記住也不難；零冠亦有八方面；特殊情況也不然。

定冠詞the

特指二提雙知道；獨(dú)樂方序形最高；黨團(tuán)機(jī)階固姓形；普專江湖海山島

不用冠詞

人地國名不可數(shù)；指物不代銜稱呼；餐球?qū)W語交節(jié)復(fù)；星月季年新提固

基數(shù)詞

1至12要特記；13至9尾統(tǒng)一；整十?dāng)?shù)尾ty替；百千百萬和十億；約略ofs續(xù)；不加s表具體

序數(shù)詞

第123tdd；四后尾用th續(xù)；序前用a表又一；The在序前不可去；時(shí)間編號(hào)兩表示；倍分年齡各熟記

英語分?jǐn)?shù)

英語分?jǐn)?shù)不費(fèi)事；母序子基四個(gè)字；分子若是大于一；分母還須加-s

基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞

基變序，有規(guī)律，詞尾字母tdd。八減t，九減e，f要把ve替。ty把y變成i，記住山前有個(gè)e。

形容詞和副詞級(jí)的變化

形副十級(jí)要牢記；格轉(zhuǎn)范代有規(guī)律；三種詞變六倒序；系形實(shí)副各家聚

形容詞

名y變形定名前；Look帶隊(duì)表后邊；Well一類表體健；分詞也可表語兼；形修復(fù)代放后邊；Enoughelse同樣換；數(shù)形詞組也亦然；不定式前形如難；描特顏材次序按；形做賓補(bǔ)更完全。

副詞

介補(bǔ)定狀表副當(dāng)；動(dòng)形副介整被狀；形前系后兩度放；方地時(shí)副序這樣；句連解關(guān)縮疑感；enough后置可別忘

名詞變形容詞

名變形容加后綴；常見加y來帶隊(duì)；二十后綴要記會(huì)；熟練運(yùn)用才為最

動(dòng)詞變名詞

動(dòng)變名詞加后綴；常見-er來帶隊(duì)；詞形不變詞性變；還要注意復(fù)數(shù)尾

形容詞變副詞

形變副詞-ly綴；綴法不同有五規(guī)；變與不變特別會(huì)；前后兩綴a-帶隊(duì)

肯定句變一般疑問句

have和be提句首，其它助詞Do開頭。時(shí)間、人稱由do變，動(dòng)詞只把原形留。謂語助詞有幾個(gè)，第一助詞提句首。

肯定句變否定句

否定詞語加not，放在be和have后。其它要加動(dòng)詞do，do的后面加not，時(shí)間、人稱由do變，動(dòng)詞原形總保留。謂語若是助詞多，not緊跟第一個(gè)。

介詞順口溜

in在??里，out在??外，在旁邊的是beside，靠近的為by。on在??上，under在??下，above在上頭，below在底下。

介詞

簡單復(fù)雜介詞分；意用弄清才有本；介名介動(dòng)介其它；介賓結(jié)構(gòu)是介根。

be的用法歌

動(dòng)詞be，變化大，“I”用“am”“You”用“are”；Is用于它（it）、他（he）、她（she）；復(fù)數(shù)一定要用“are”，切莫用錯(cuò)鬧笑話。

動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

四種時(shí)間各四式，聯(lián)想對(duì)比便于記。時(shí)間現(xiàn)在和過去，各自還有將來時(shí)。一般完成進(jìn)行式，完成進(jìn)行是四式。四四共有十六種，看來復(fù)雜掌握易；除去have/be以外，動(dòng)詞變化有規(guī)律。

動(dòng)詞形式的變化

動(dòng)詞根本是原形，變化形式有四種：原形詞尾加“s”，現(xiàn)在第三單人稱；過去原形加“ed”，過去分詞也相同；原形加上“ing”，現(xiàn)在分詞或動(dòng)名。原形詞尾加“s”，如同名詞復(fù)數(shù)式。若加“ed/ing”，以下情況要注意：詞尾有ie只加d，Ing去掉無聲e；詞尾ie變成y，然后再加ing；輔音之后y結(jié)尾，Y要變i加ed；現(xiàn)在分詞不變y，直接加上ing；詞尾重讀閉音節(jié)，結(jié)尾輔音都雙寫，r做結(jié)尾也一樣，重讀音節(jié)r雙寫；結(jié)尾字母若是“t”，不是重讀也雙寫。過去分詞過去式，不按規(guī)則也有些。

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

一般現(xiàn)在四法用；Be用現(xiàn)在行用原；疑否提加donot；Doesdoesnˊt原形說；三單動(dòng)變s形；Often帶隊(duì)標(biāo)志通

一般過去時(shí)

Waswere,be的過；疑提前，否not；時(shí)間過，實(shí)詞了；Diddidn’t原形說

一般講來時(shí)

將來助詞加動(dòng)原；Will表行shall見；否加not疑提前；Begoingto表打算；Come帶隊(duì)-ing換；Tomorrow一行打前站

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行此刻中；Nowlisten標(biāo)志充；Be用現(xiàn)在式三公；現(xiàn)在分詞變?nèi)ǎ籆ome帶隊(duì)表將來；一段也可進(jìn)行用

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去進(jìn)行那時(shí)中；小大時(shí)間標(biāo)志充；Be用過去式兩公；現(xiàn)在分詞沒不同；Come帶隊(duì)過將來；Whenwhile進(jìn)行用

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成兩法用；Have分詞情意濃；八組標(biāo)詞各不同；For和since段點(diǎn)從；有影beengone無蹤；延續(xù)be形來換通

過去完成時(shí)

過去完成兩法用；Had分詞情意濃；過去過去已完成；常在從句by終；For和since段點(diǎn)從；延續(xù)be形來換通

過去將來時(shí)

過去將來一法用；必須放在從句中；過去某時(shí)對(duì)將來；主過從變would通

動(dòng)詞不定式

不定十法要記牢；不謂可做主賓表；補(bǔ)目原結(jié)定疑連；感使兩議to省掉；發(fā)過未動(dòng)兩邊跑；就接動(dòng)名最重要

既接不定式又接動(dòng)名詞

兩愛遺恨兩開始；記忘續(xù)意試需止；動(dòng)作進(jìn)行動(dòng)名詞；還未發(fā)生不定式

感官動(dòng)詞

感官動(dòng)詞覺聽看；既接動(dòng)名又跟原；正在進(jìn)行動(dòng)名連；未感發(fā)生禿頭現(xiàn)

使役動(dòng)詞口訣

使役動(dòng)詞三劍客；Makelethave做；后接動(dòng)詞禿頭說；被動(dòng)語態(tài)to回鍋

不定式作賓語口訣

希望同意別拒絕；未能決定選擇學(xué)；要求愿望兩想要；其后只跟todo接

非謂語動(dòng)詞

動(dòng)詞不做謂語用，不定分詞與動(dòng)名。to加原形不定式，詞組可做名副形。

分詞現(xiàn)在和過去，相當(dāng)副詞和形容。原形加上“ing”，動(dòng)詞具有名詞性。

Therebe句型

Therebe結(jié)構(gòu)表存在；記清be有四時(shí)態(tài)；肯疑否反特明白；三詞兩句可互換；就近原則動(dòng)名帶；Have所屬是關(guān)鍵

begoing的用法

begoing是助動(dòng)詞，后跟加to不定式。說明“準(zhǔn)備”或“就要”，時(shí)間人稱只變be。

have+got

have作為動(dòng)詞“有”，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞haveto；havegot慣用語，got可有也可無。

若變否定疑問句，去掉got再加do；或把have提句首，not加在have后

賓語從句

賓語從句多方面；多看多記多訓(xùn)練；陳用that特詞連；If一般to祈現(xiàn)。

Do去助詞主后邊；一主二賓三不變；疑to變簡否疑前；時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)是關(guān)鍵

狀語從句

狀語從句是八仙；說明主句動(dòng)作全；When八詞表時(shí)間；Ifunless說條件。

Because四位找因原；So結(jié)果與that連；Sothat目的是以便。As方式照樣演；Than比較后和前；Though讓步盡管談。

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

語氣態(tài)度判斷好；一允二必三能表；可能推測主客跑；需要應(yīng)該同意找；疑問否定句變寶；否定回答最重要

感嘆句

系詞后面加隔號(hào)；然后來個(gè)大顛倒；形后有名用what；無名用how加嘆號(hào)

疑問句

系助情前一般號(hào)；實(shí)詞do來問引導(dǎo)；選擇疑問要用or；特詞句前對(duì)意表；反意主語助詞跑；肯否回答替代好

祈使句

祈使對(duì)面主語沒；Don’tnever居前位；Let’snot接原配；No加動(dòng)名名各會(huì)

反意疑問句

系助情后隨；實(shí)詞do來綴；前后肯否會(huì)；英漢要調(diào)隊(duì)；人數(shù)一致墜；性別相符尾；祈使will飛；Let’sshallwe；物人用它they；Think在從內(nèi)；No來帶隊(duì)；Not不要追

并列句

遞進(jìn)and動(dòng)作連；轉(zhuǎn)折but意相反；因果so來結(jié)原；選擇or在疑間

雙賓語后to/for變換口訣

帶交遞送扔借讀；寫給告示付換to；買拿挑留演唱煮；雙賓變換for制出。

被動(dòng)語態(tài)

主變被、分詞會(huì)；Be詞時(shí)態(tài)要弄對(duì)；客人篡by主人位；人稱和數(shù)叛變隨。

間直換提forto回；感使留補(bǔ)to復(fù)位；疑問否定前后飛；兩法介副隨動(dòng)未

主謂一致

主謂一致三原則；形式意義就近得；單用單、復(fù)用復(fù)；特殊情況二十個(gè)

就近原則

并列四詞就近用；倒裝therebe句通；關(guān)主謂先在定從；連主與被強(qiáng)調(diào)中

就遠(yuǎn)原則

主語與介連用時(shí)；動(dòng)與介前主一致；一也兩除三一起；就遠(yuǎn)原則要保持

意義一致原則

單復(fù)同形看意義；All若帶隊(duì)根具體；分百of兩單復(fù)；What名從動(dòng)單式

整體原則

整體原則謂用單；兩名組成一概念；動(dòng)名不定和從句；金額距離又時(shí)間

個(gè)體原則

and連接多主前；eachevery在兩邊；manya和morethanone；接單做主全用單

It用法口訣

代指代前代將事；時(shí)日星季環(huán)情指；距天自習(xí)先行詞；形主形賓兩形式

動(dòng)詞分類

實(shí)義行為具體動(dòng)；半全系詞系表用；助詞疑否時(shí)語中；情愿語氣態(tài)度同

終止與延續(xù)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換

短暫動(dòng)詞行終止；不與段時(shí)來相識(shí)；若表持續(xù)短變續(xù)；兩k兩h十八be

只接動(dòng)名詞

想象冒險(xiǎn)逃離；忍耐完成練習(xí)；禁止持續(xù)考慮；避免延誤建議；準(zhǔn)備承認(rèn)介意；喜歡未能允許；感謝否認(rèn)延期

倒裝口訣

副詞開頭要例裝，人稱代詞則如常。only修飾副介狀，位于句首半倒裝。否定意義副連詞，“既不?也不”須倒裝。表語前置主語長，銜接自然常倒裝。such代詞做表語，引起主謂要倒裝。Notonly開頭句，前一分句須倒裝。had，were，should虛擬句，省略if半倒裝省略口訣回答問題要簡潔，并列重復(fù)須省略。祈使主語必省略，比較than后須省略。從表從that省略，主從that勿省略。前后出現(xiàn)同一詞，慣用習(xí)語常省略。

倒裝句

“確實(shí)如此”半倒裝；So加主be一人當(dāng)；全倒so加be主兩；前句否定neither上

定語從句背誦口訣

定從句分辨；無逗號(hào)即限；有逗號(hào)非限；關(guān)系所用詞；隨著先行變；限定先指人；who;whom要當(dāng)先；that緊跟前；限定先指物；which;that兩出現(xiàn)；缺定用whose；缺主用who;that；Which把物接；缺賓找who;whom;that；who可把whom替；通常可省略；若前有介詞；只許which;whom接；且不可省略；非限先指人；who;whom兩可兼；that滾一邊；非限先指物；which獨(dú)得天；定從有特殊；自有解決點(diǎn)；先行表時(shí)間；用when來當(dāng)填；先行表地點(diǎn)；where字必須選；先行是reason；用why合因原；先行way置前；用how永不變

虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣表愿望；If句中三情況；與現(xiàn)事實(shí)若相反；從過全were主would原；過從had過分連；Wouldhave過分鍵；從過weretoshould原；Would動(dòng)原主將反

“花費(fèi)”用法口訣

花費(fèi)四詞各家聚；認(rèn)準(zhǔn)人物誰主語；Inon就跟spend去；for在pay后不客氣；cost物前人后移；ittakes?todo在一起

“到達(dá)“用法口訣

arrive小地at介；大地用in好區(qū)別；get與地to來接；及物reach最直接

“看”用法口訣

英語“看”法各不同；Lookat看西東；看書看報(bào)read行；看視看賽watch用；See看醫(yī)影結(jié)親朋；notice注意其內(nèi)容

“說”法不同口訣

英語”說”法各不同；say常強(qiáng)調(diào)說內(nèi)容；發(fā)言語言speak用；交談報(bào)告talk沖；告訴講訴tell懂；四詞跟to心相通

“借“用法口訣

Borrowfrom往里借；Lend與to外借也；二詞短暫與物別；借久keep一段攜

“made”詞組用法口訣

Bemadein或for；在某地為某人造；Bemadeof或from；看出看不出原材料；emadeby或into；由被制作制成了

“up”詞組用法口訣

叫醒wakeup；起床getup；盛裝dressup；電話ringup；舉起putup；調(diào)高turnup；發(fā)射sendup；上看lookup；放棄giveup；長大growup；混合mixup；用完useup；切碎cutup；拾起pickup

接動(dòng)名詞的詞組或短語

擅長begoodatdoing；做好dowellindoing；怎樣whataboutdoing?；感興beinterestedindoing；花費(fèi)spend?(in)doing；做事dothe/somedoing；去做godoing；禁做nodoing；喜歡feellikedoing；阻止stop?fromdoing；忙于bebusydoing；值得beworthdoing；愿意preferdoingtodoing；原諒excusemefordoing；感謝thanksfordoing；放棄giveupdoing；不禁can’thelpdoing；繼續(xù)keepondoing；堅(jiān)持insistondoing；不忍can’tstanddoing；避免keepfromdoing；期盼lookforwardtodoing；防止prevent?fromdoing；推遲putoffdoing；成功succeedindoing；考慮thinkofdoing；出名befamousfordoing；愛好befondofdoing；有趣havefundoing；無沒withoutdoing；厭煩betiredofdoing；興奮beexcitedaboutdoing；負(fù)責(zé)beresponsiblefordoing；夢想dreamofdoing；抱怨complainaboutdoing；抱歉apologizefordoing；習(xí)慣getusedtodoing；奉獻(xiàn)devote?todoing；辛苦havedifficultyindoing；愉快haveagoodtimedoing；代替insteadofdoing；注意payattentiontodoing；專注concentrateondoing

Fewlittlebit用法口訣

Fewlittle兩不和；little不可few可；帶a它就肯定說；無a否定語氣測；Alittle修形副前擱；Abitof不形后邊合 交通表達(dá)方式口訣

交通工具有五弟；Takea與bustrain聚；Rideabikehorse騎；Walkonfoot步行去；Driveacar自己提；fly乘機(jī)to接地；全用by接工具；Inon冠代格具體

How疑問詞口訣

Howoften頻率提；Howlong一段疑；Howfar指距離；Howsoon將來時(shí)；Howmany復(fù)數(shù)及；Howmuch不可續(xù)；Howold帶隊(duì)別忘記

“穿、戴”口訣

Puton表真動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)wear說；in加衣鞋或顏色；狀態(tài)動(dòng)作dress可

“拿”動(dòng)作口訣

某物take被拿離；bring帶來fetch取；擔(dān)挑carry搬帶走；pick摘接又拾起

“找“口訣

Lookfor過程找；find結(jié)果算找到；findout先思考；弄清查明真相挑

beused詞組用法口訣

usedtodo常常去過；beusedtodoing習(xí)慣于活；beusedtodo被用做。

beusedfordoing同上說；beusedas被用作；beusedby被?使用多

vt+賓語+賓補(bǔ)口訣

vt賓語接賓補(bǔ)；六大巨型要記住；及賓todo九love；vt賓do一至五。

及賓接名call五虎；vt賓形keep六族；及賓doing正六路；vt賓done被做足掌握這20句口訣，英語全拿下!

十一

名詞變復(fù)數(shù)

一個(gè)有信仰的海灣首領(lǐng)叫農(nóng)奴到屋頂拿手帕。（belief，gulf，chief，serf，roof，handkerchief后接s）

間里有架鋼琴，鋼琴上有臺(tái)收音機(jī)，收音機(jī)旁有幅照片，照片里有動(dòng)物園，動(dòng)物園里有竹子。（studio，piano，radio，photo，zoo，bamboo后接s）

十二

介詞

this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。

接年、月、季、星期、周，介詞省略已習(xí)慣。

over、under正上下，above、below則不然。

若與數(shù)量詞連用，混合使用亦無關(guān)。

beyond超出、無、不能，against靠著，對(duì)與反。

besides，except分內(nèi)外，among之內(nèi)along沿。

同類比較except，加for異類記心間。

before、after表一點(diǎn),ago、later表一段。

before能接完成時(shí)，ago過去極有限。

since以來during間，since時(shí)態(tài)多變換。

與之相比beside，除了lastbutone。

十三

直接間接引語

直引若是一般問，變間ifwhether連。語序變?yōu)殛愂鍪剑瑫r(shí)態(tài)人稱相應(yīng)變。

直引若是特殊問，疑問詞連接記心間。其余問題挺簡單，一切只當(dāng)一般問。

直引若是祈使句，謂語動(dòng)詞挺要緊。toldaskedordered，根據(jù)口氣來選定。告訴人、請人、命令人，后跟todosth.。若是否定祈使句，nottodo后邊行。

十四

非謂語動(dòng)詞

非謂語動(dòng)詞的一些特殊用法后只接不定式作賓語的一些常用特殊謂語動(dòng)詞。

動(dòng)詞后，不定式，want，hope和wish，agree，decide，mean，manage，promise，expect，pretend，且說兩位算在此，要記牢，要記住，掌握它們靠自己。

十五

五中基本句型歌

英語句萬萬千，五大句型把線牽。

句型種類為動(dòng)詞，后接什么是關(guān)鍵；

系詞后面接表語；vi獨(dú)身無牽連；

vt又可分三類，單賓雙賓最常見，還有賓語補(bǔ)足語；各種搭配記心間。

五種基本句型：

1.主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語

2.主語+不及物動(dòng)詞

3.主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語

4.主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語

5.主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語1+賓語2

十六

只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的特殊動(dòng)詞

后只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的一些常用特殊動(dòng)詞

特殊動(dòng)詞接“動(dòng)名”，使用它們要記清，“放棄”“享受”可“后悔”，“堅(jiān)持”“練習(xí)”必“完成”，“延期”“避免”非“介意”

掌握它們今必行。

十七

冠詞的基本用法

名詞是禿子，常要戴帽子，可數(shù)名詞單，須用a或an，輔音前用a，an在元音前，若為特指時(shí)，則須用定冠，復(fù)碰到代詞時(shí)，冠詞均不現(xiàn)。

十八

名詞所有格

名詞所有格，表物是“誰的”，若為生命詞，加“’s”即可行，詞尾有s，僅把逗號(hào)擇;

并列名詞后，各自和共有，前者分別加，后者最后加;

若為無生命詞，of所有格，前后須倒置，此是硬規(guī)則。

十九

反義疑問句

反意問句三要點(diǎn)，前后謂語正相反;

短句not如出現(xiàn)，必須縮寫是習(xí)慣;

最后一點(diǎn)應(yīng)注意，短句主語代詞填。

二十

名詞所有格用法

名詞所有格，表物是“誰的”，若為生命詞，加“’s”即可行，詞尾有s，僅把逗號(hào)擇;

并列名詞后，各自和共有，前者分別加，后者最后加;

若為無生命詞，of所有格，前后須倒置，此是硬規(guī)則。

第四篇：高英講課稿

Advanced English Lesson 3 Pub talk and the King’s English

Paragraph: 19-21

大家好，我今天要說課的內(nèi)容是Lesson 3 Pub talk and the King’s English 的18段到21段，屬于全文的最后一個(gè)部分，是對(duì)前文內(nèi)容的簡單小結(jié)和呼應(yīng)。教學(xué)目標(biāo)：

知識(shí)目標(biāo)：熟悉和掌握文中出現(xiàn)的生詞和短語，并能進(jìn)行運(yùn)用，了解文中出現(xiàn)的相關(guān)知識(shí)和人物，熟悉段落的結(jié)構(gòu)和語篇意義。能力目標(biāo)：通過學(xué)習(xí)，掌握說明文段落的結(jié)構(gòu)，并能實(shí)際運(yùn)用。

通過問題的設(shè)置，培養(yǎng)分析能力和理解能力。教學(xué)方法：講授法，提問法。

Para.18 :

1、Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips and slides in conversation.① slip and slide : slip : accidentally sliding a small distance, fall down slide: smoothly across a surface rhetoric devices: alliteration metaphor: slips and slides →the educated people make mistakes when they are talking.② paraphrase: Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard, formal English all the time in their conversation.Even the most learned people make mistakes in their conversation.2、When E.M.Forster writes of “the sinister corridor of our age”, we sit up at the vividness of the phrase, the force and even terror in the image.① ② E.M.Forster : P38 the sinister corridor of our age:the road we travel---compared to a corridor.Foster's metaphor refers to the ugly and frightening world of the 20th century which has indeed been a sinister corridor for mankind to walk down, fraught as it has been with danger on every side.③ Sit up : to make sb notice of Ex: Why don't you threaten to resign,--that would make them sit up.In this paragraph, which sentence is the central sentence ? In this paragraph ,the author put up with the main idea ,then using some examples to support the idea , make it more vivid convincible.Para.19

1、lofty：（mountain，tower）high ；(spirit)elevated

High: refers to sth a high mountain

Lofty: refers to sb a lofty style

Tall: refers to sth sb a tall man

2、great minds： people with great minds

3、salons :A salon is a drawing room or large room for entertaining guests.In 18th century France, such salons of the rich were often gathering places for persons of social and intellectual distinction.art exhibition "the Salon“.Parlor :a beauty salon

literary salon

4、The last sentence:

①Henault: P39 Pairs Parlement: P39 Mme.Deffand: P39

②paraphrase: At the salons of Mme.Deffand, Henault complained about the poor quality of the sauces, saying that the sauces prepared by Mme.Deffand’s cook and the supreme chef , Brinvillier were equally bad.The only difference between the two cooks perhaps existed in their intentions.5、What does this paragraph want to tell us? Great minds use informal words in the daily life which is different from their writing.Para.20

What does the last sentence mean in para.20? Para.21 What does the last sentence mean in para.21? Use a sentence to conclude the paragraph 20 and 21.Those people who ruin the conversation by trying to talk sense are just like chimpanzees who are not capable of conversation.

第五篇：英語專業(yè)全英畢業(yè)論文(漢英公示語翻譯)

本 科 畢 業(yè) 論 文

題 目：On English Translation of Chinese

Public Signs 院（系）：

外語系

班 級(jí)： 英語 級(jí) 班 姓 名： 學(xué) 號(hào)： 指導(dǎo)教師： 教師職稱：

漢英公示語的翻譯

摘要

公示語向來被稱作“城市的臉孔"，是給所有到中國來的外國人士留下第一印象的中國名片。然而，公示語翻譯的錯(cuò)誤比比皆是，這大大影響了公示語作用的發(fā)揮，削弱了我國的國際形象。為了樹立我國良好的國際形象，不斷規(guī)范和完善城市公示語的翻譯成為了一項(xiàng)亟待完成的工作。

基于以上原因，作者嘗試從理論和實(shí)踐的角度分析現(xiàn)今漢英公示語翻譯中所存在的一些問題。通過對(duì)大量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及問題公示語翻譯的深入觀察分析，作者對(duì)公示語的一般特征進(jìn)行了總結(jié)并對(duì)公示語翻譯中出現(xiàn)的問題進(jìn)行了分類，從而在實(shí)踐觀察和對(duì)相關(guān)理論深入研究的基礎(chǔ)上提出相應(yīng)的翻譯策略。

翻譯并不僅僅是跨語言行為，它更是一種文化信息的傳遞。公示語的翻譯同樣如此。得體的公示語翻譯不僅在語言上要無懈可擊，在文化信息傳遞上也要雅俗共賞。本文還對(duì)公示語的概念做出了解釋，并根據(jù)目的需求與功能兩種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)公示語做了分類。在介紹公示語的特征時(shí)，作者將其分為語言特征與功能特征，特征與分類不同，也決定了需要采取不同的翻譯策略。

關(guān)鍵詞：漢英翻譯；公示語；問題；翻譯策略

I

On English Translation of Chinese Public

Signs

Abstract

Public signs, which have always been referred to “face of city”, are the first impression of China for the people who come to China.However, the ubiquitous translation mistakes of public signs greatly undermine the international image of China.So, specificating and constantly perfecting the translation of public signs have become an urgent work in order to establish a good international image.The paper ventures an attempt to analyze the current problems existing in the C-E translation of public signs and to seek proper translational strategies both from the perspectives of theory and practice．By closely observing numerous samples of both standard and problematic translation of signs，the author manages to generalize the characteristics of public signs and to categorize the problems and mistakes in the current C-E translation of public signs．Then, proper translational strategies are proposed on the basis of in-depth study of relevant theories and keen observation of practice．

Translation is not merely a cross-linguistic activity, but more of a transmission of cultural information．The translation of public signs is no exception．An appropriate translation of public sign should not only be

II

linguistically correct, but also culturally acceptable．This paper expresses the meaning of the public signs and classify the signs according to the standards of objective demand and function.And the characteristics of the public signs are different studied from linguistic features and functional features, which determines to adopt different translation strategies.Key words: Chinese-English translation

public sign

problems translation strategy

III

Contents

摘要……………………………………………………………………I Abstract………………………………………………………….....…II

CHAPTER I

Introduction……………………………………...…...1 1.1 Objective of the study…………………………………………...1 1.2 Significance of the study……………………..……….…..…......1 1.3 Structure of the paper……………………………….….…...…....2 CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs……….…….…...3 2.1 Definition of Public Signs……..............................................……3 2.2 Functions of Public Signs…………………………….…….….....3 2.2.1 Directing function…………………………………..………..4 2.2.2 Prompting function……………………………….….………4 2.2.3 Restricting function…………………………….…..…...…...4 2.2.4 Compelling function………………………….…..……….....5 CHAPTER III

Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation of Public Signs……....…………………………….…………….…...………....6 3.1 Linguistic translation problems…………………..…...….………6

3.1.1 Spelling errors…………………………………..……...…….6

3.1.2 Grammatical errors…………………………….…..….……..6

3.1.3 Wrong dictions……………………………….……….……...7

IV

3.2 Cultural translation problems……………………...……..…….....7 CHAPTER IV Strategies of C-E Public Signs Translation and Requirementfor Translator………………………………….….……..9 4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public Signs……………………..9 4.1.1 Clearness…………………..………………...……………….9 4.1.2 Conciseness………………..…...…………………………...10 4.1.3 Simple words……………………………….……………….10 4.2 Methods of C-E translation of Public Signs……….....……....….11 4.2.1 Modification…………..……………………..……..……….11 4.2.2 Addition…………………..………………...……..………...11 4.2.3 Omission……………………………….………….………..12 4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions……………………………..…...…………………….13 4.3 Requirement for the translators…………....….…………..……..13 CHAPTER V Conclusion………………………….…………….…….15 Acknowledgements………………………….…….……………..……16 Works Cited……………………………………….………….………..17

V

CHAPTER I

Introduction 1.1 Objective of the study

The research objective of the study is to examine the translation problems in the Chinese-English public signs translation and further propose the translation strategies as well as principles suitable for specific groups.The studies begin with the careful and long period of observation of the problems existing in the public signs translation.On the basis of the classification of the translation errors proposed by Christiane Nord, the author aims at the most appropriate translation strategies for each type.With the examination of sufficient sources, the author finds that it is not difficult to eliminate the errors at linguistic level since the text of the public signs is less complex than documentary and other instrumental texts due to its conciseness and directness features(Ni 18).1.2 Significance of the study

Public Signs affect people’s life in a tremendous way.When somebody smokes, it is the public sign that stops him.In fascinating and mysterious spots where we have never been to, it is the public sign that teaches us related knowledge.Foreign visitors from all walks of life，such as entrepreneurs，professors，students and tourists come to China for various purposes．But for most of them，they know little about Chinese．In this case，it is necessary to translate Chinese public signs into English for the convenience of these foreign visitors．In this case, a proper translation helps establish a good image of China and enhance the cultural communication.1.3 Structure of the paper

The paper is structured with five chapters：

The first chapter is a general introduction to the thesis, including the objective of the study, the structure of the thesis and the significance of the study.The second chapter makes a general introduction to public sign, including the definition and functions of public sign.The third chapter focuses on the problems of C-E translation of public signs from linguistics and cultural perspectives.The fourth chapter deals with translation strategies of C-E public signs in connection with principles, methods and the standardization for the translators, including modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions.And the fifth chapter draws a conclusion to the paper，in which the author appeals for translators and scholars to make contributions to the C-E translation of public signs．

CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs 2.1 Definition of Public Signs Public Signs，which are usually called“signs”，include public notices，advertisements，slogans and expressions on the public signs．Public signs refer to “signs” in English and are defined in different ways.According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(1997)，a sign is a piece of paper, metal, or wood with words or a picture that gives information，warnings，or instructions.In that sense, public sign is the general terms for indicators，signs，traffic signs, posters, slogans, warning, short notices，short instructions，stickers，and are becoming the catch word and the buzzword．All in all, public signs are so widely used and played important roles in our daily life.2.2 Functions of Public Signs Public signs are essential to the normal operation of the society and their influence is also visible in almost every aspect of our daily life．Sometimes，we have to admit that our lives cannot do without the proper guidance that public signs provide to us．However, what usually happens is that we are prone to be bewildered by various public signs and the enormous information they convey to us．Therefore, it would be necessary to classify the public signs in terms of their functions as well as the status of information that they deliver． 2.2.1 Directing function

Directing is the most basic function of public signs, this type of public signs is used to give readers related information about what the institution is，what it deals with and what kind of service it can provide．For example:

Take Away(外賣)，Gas Station(加油站), Emergency Exit(緊急出口), Business Hours(營業(yè)時(shí)間)，Pause(暫停)，Menu(菜單)，Airport Security(機(jī)場安檢).From the examples above we may tell that the language and the tone of these public signs are generally neutral，reflecting no attitude towards receptors．Therefore，public signs of this kind are purely informative rather than vocative． 2.2.2 Prompting function

Promoting signs are similar to the directive ones in their informative function.While the difference is the former ．carries the tone of warning，reminding the readers to pay some attention to certain things or activities．For example：

Keep Clear(請保持清潔), Keep Silence(請保持安靜), Wet Paint(油漆未干)，F(xiàn)ully Booked(客滿)，Beware of Pickpockets(小心扒手)，Maximum Height(限高).2.2.3 Restricting function

Public Signs with restricting function impose restriction or even prohibition on receptors.The language used in this kind of signs are simple and direct but are not in rude，tough or impolite way．We can list some of them as following：

Pay In Cash(現(xiàn)金支付), Slow Out(減速慢行), Keep Silence(保持安靜), 30 Minutes Parking(限停30分鐘), Seat By Number(對(duì)號(hào)入座), Stand In Line(排隊(duì)等候).2.2.4 Compelling function

Compelling function is the strongest considerable mood.It is used to prohibit the readers to do something or must do something.The language used is usually forceful，with no possibility of making a compromise．The sign with this function which we mostly often see is“No Smoking禁止吸煙”，that is to say that smoking is

completely forbidden．Imperative sentence is not enough to express this strong mood，usually, we use“No+?”form，for example，“No Food禁止攜帶食物”．More examples：

Don’t Touch(禁止觸摸), No Cameras(禁止拍照)，No Visitors(游客止步), No Trucks(卡車禁止通行), Dogs Not Allowed(禁止帶狗入內(nèi)).Translation of the public signs, translators not only need to grasp their function features since we use different mood to express different function, but also should keep their language features in mind during the translating.CHAPTER III

Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation of

Public Signs

3.1 Linguistic translation problems

Linguistic translation errors are often due to deficiencies in the translator's source or target language competence(Nord 77).And in his book Pragmatics and English Language He Ziran explained that by making linguistic errors，the translators and interpreters fail to conform to the target language structures，instead they blindly translate the source text in their own language structures(157).Professor Wang Yinquan, classifies linguistic translation errors into: spelling mistakes, grammar mistakes and wrong diction(32).3.1.1 Spelling errors Spelling errors are typical translation problems in bilingual public signs.The reasons for this type of errors attribute to the three factors: the incompetent language acquisition, the laziness of the translator when writing, the uncertainty of the correct spelling, among which the third type is most difficult to be identified.For example: 3.1.2 Grammatical errors

Apart from spelling mistakes，many grammatical errors also occur in the translated signs．These errors appear in various forms，most of which result from the translator’s poor command of the English language or irresponsible working attitude．As a result，the translated public signs cannot be of any help to the target readers．Sometimes they may do damage the image of our city．For example:

室內(nèi)停車場(Car Park)—It may be apparent to tell that the translator intends to use the word“park”as a noun to express the meaning of parking place for automobiles．However, as a noun the word actually means a public place where

people can entertain themselves with the landscape or public facilities in it．Therefore, it will be advisable to use the gerund form of the word “park”and translate it as“Indoor Parking”． 3.1.3 Wrong dictions

Wrong Dictions occur when the translator doesn’t make right choices of words in the target culture that will lead to unsuccessful expression of the correct information to the target text receivers.In fact, many English words have more than one meaning.Sometimes one word used to describe the source culture may not be applicable in another situation and the diction is conditioned.The words chosen for each text might vary according to different semantic and syntactic features in different situations.For example:

請勿采摘花朵--Please Don’t Pick Flowers.Here use“pick”to describe the gesture.In fact, there is a variety of expression in English corresponding with “摘”, of which one of the expressions is “pick”.But in the given circumstances, “pick”doesn’t equate with “摘”.“Pick” means to select among a variety of choices, but here the sender wants to persuade people not to pluck the flowers.The error is due to the confusion about the seemingly identical usage of one word.3.2 Cultural translation problems

As we all know, people in different cultures may view the same thing in different ways and differ in the perspective of cognition．At the same time，they express the same idea in different way．As far as Chinese and English are concerned, culture differences are tremendous．Translation breaks down language barriers and thus realizes communication between cultures using different languages.In this sense, target readers approach to people of source culture whose beliefs, backgrounds, perception of the world are distinct from their own.For example: 古裝照相 It is ancient to pack photo “古裝照相” is a typical Chinese term.In English, people don’t have the correspondent term.According to the public signs translation convention, the signs which are composed of Chinese noun phrases are expected to have the same structure in English version, so the sentence is not correct in terms of the sentence structure.Also concerning the meaning of the sentence, it is wrongly translated that the foreigners can’t get the message which leads to the pragmatic failure of the assumed function.The correct version should be “Photos in ancient costume”.CHAPTER IV

Strategies for C-E Public Signs Translation

4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public Signs

As we know, different functions need different language forms to convey and each language style possesses its special principles.Ni Chuanbin and Liu Zhi analyze the language principles of public signs in their essay“The Principles for C-E Translation of Public Signs and its Cases Study”，published in Shanghai Journal of Translators for Science and Technology(18)．

Firstly, the signs are on a board，so the language on the signs should be in concise way due to the comparatively small space．Secondly, some public signs must draw the public’s attention at the first sight and the readers can catch its meaning very quickly and correctly, especially the traffic signs，such as“Abrupt Turn Left Ahead前方急轉(zhuǎn)彎”，the applied words should be simple ones instead of rare ones．At last，the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to read，the sign is set without ambiguity.So we can know the principles in details as following: 4.1.1 Clearness

Due to the short time the target reader can spend on reading the signs the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to be understood．As the target readers are the common people who have little knowledge related to the concerned topic，the signs should directly hit the point and there should exist no vagueness．“嚴(yán)禁客貨混裝 Don’t put passengers and cargos together”.It is hazy and not clearness.So the sign“嚴(yán)禁客貨混裝” should be translated into“No passengers on Trucks”．

The signs are set for the public and not every reader is professional，therefore when we translate signs，we should hit the point directly and clearly and should not

just talk around the bush.4.1.2 Conciseness

According to William Strunk，Jr．a(chǎn)nd E．B．White in 1979(Joan Pinkham)：“Vigorous writing is concise．A sentence should contain no unnecessary words，a paragraph no unnecessary sentences，for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts．”It is also true of language of public signs．

Usually, the readers for public signs just give a quick look at the board with signs on when they pass by．So the language on it need not be in a complete sentence，a phrase or just a word is enough，for example，“No Smoking禁止吸煙”，“Open正在營業(yè)”，we need not use sentences“Please do not smoke”an“We are on business”.4.1.3 Simple words

Public Signs are set for the public，target readers of this kind of materials are ordinary people，not only the native English speakers，but also other foreigners who know a little English and English is not his mother language，and target readers also include overseas Chinese who is not a English native speaker．If the English version is full of rare words and expression，it will cause a pragmatic failure of communication for public signs．There is always a small restaurant at the airport to provide fast food for the passengers，the English tablet should be“Snacks”instead of“Refection”，the later one is not often be used nowadays and we cannot find it in the dictionaries published in recent years．Take all another example，“景區(qū)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生，需要您的維護(hù)”，should we translate it into“Environmental Sanitation of the Scenic Spot Needs Your Conserve”? The words“sanitation”and“environmental”

are not familial words for the public，we had better use“Keep Clear”or“No Littering”．

From the above，in order to make target readers catch the meaning at first glance，we should use the concise，clear, simple words and expressions in C-E translation of public signs．

4.2 Strategies of C-E translation of Public Signs 4.2.1 Modification

Generally speaking, it is always the case that the reader in the culture of the target language may not share the cultural background of the source language．Therefore，when dealing with culture-loaded words and idioms，the translator sometimes has to make cultural modification so as to generate the same feedback from the target text reader with that of the source text reader, and as for the translation of public signs, it is no exception．For examples：

西湖的虎跑泉—Tiger Running Spring, in this public sign, the translator obviously take the actual meaning of the sign for granted by translating the word“虎跑”as“tiger running”which means that a tiger runs for the spring．

4.2.2 Addition

Some public signs，especially signs at scenic spots，tend to include dynasties，legends or other cultural elements，while most foreign visitors lack the background knowledge of China．If the public signs are translated literally, the English versions may confuse the target readers．Thus we should adopt the translation strategy of addition to supply necessary information on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original public signs．For example：

謝絕游客入內(nèi)

Closed To Visitors

禁止在墻上涂寫

No Scribbling On The Wall 4.2.3 Omission

Due to different aesthetic standards and cultures，Chinese writing tends to include flowery words，four-word phrases or some culture elements which are special to the Chinese culture．However, English writing pursues clear and simple expressions．In How to Help Foreigners Know China，Duan Liancheng holds a view that with the development of tourism in recent years，large numbers of brochures pamphlets and pictorials have been published for foreign tourists．A common weakness of these materials is full of flowery words and cultural elements of China which may confuse the target readers(Duan 286).So the translator should omit some adjectives or cultural elements which may pose barriers to the target readers．Then the English version will be easily understood by them．For example：

1.Source Text：慢速行駛

Version A：You must drive slowly． Version B：Drive slowly 2.Source Text：前方學(xué)校

Version A：There is a school ahead． Version B：School Ahead 4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions

Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions is a common strategy in translating the text of one language to the other．It is especially useful for transcending the translational difficulties due to different ways or habits of expressing ideas in Chinese and English．

In translating public signs，mutual transformation of affirmative and negative

expressions is necessary as well．In western countries especially in English—speaking countries，people tend to avoid using negative expressions in public literatures as much as possible in case that unpleasant emotion or feeling would be aroused on the part of the receptor．However, because of the difference in cultural values, negative expressions are more frequently used in Chinese public signs．Therefore，according to the theory of cultural translation, we should adopt the translational method of“Domestication”．

For example: “社會(huì)車輛禁止入內(nèi)”，it is a kind of negative expression in Chinese language.While it should be translated into “Staff Only” in English, it is affirmative.4.3 Requirement for the translators The C-E translation of public signs is by no means an easy job and it requires that a translator be serious and accountable in attitude, and proficient in both the source and the target languages at the same time．A good translator should always bear in mind the features and characteristics of public signs.Only if the translators acquire the expertise in the source and target languages as well as the source and target cultures can they produce qualified versions.In addition, as for the making process of signs, the local governments should choose reliable and efficient sign-making units by means of bidding to undertake the job.And the translation should be tested in the foreigners to ensure the acceptability.Then a supervision organization in charge of public signs should be established to make sure that some common English versions are accurate and unified.CHAPTER V

Conclusion

Based on the previous discussions and analyses, the major findings of this study can be summarized as follow:

Firstly, the linguistic translation problems account for the reasons for spelling, grammatical and wrong dictions problems.Translators should improve their language acquisition in dealing with the problems.Secondly, as to cultural problems, the translators are advised to adopt communicative translation.To be more specific, the translation strategies are adaptation, restructuring, semi-literal translation, etc.Thirdly, the C-E translation involves the principles and the methods.The principles include three points of clearness, conciseness and simple words.The translation takes place in a given situation or in another sense, the methods of C-E translation of public signs should be divided into four: modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions.Actually, the problems of the translation of public signs are far more complicated than the thesis．The problems that have been discussed and proposed with strategies to are just a tiny tip of the whole iceberg．With the development of the society, it is sure that more and more public signs will come out by taking various forms，and new problems in translating them will turn up．Therefore，the classification of public signs and mistranslation, as well as the strategies for the betterment of the current status of sign translation, although the author attempts to let them be, are not all-inclusive and universally accurate.It is a long and hard way for us to go.Acknowledgements

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to those who offered me their sincere support and encouragement in the process of my thesis writing．

First of all, I’d like to give my sincere thanks to my teacher, Kangbing.She has given me valuable instructions on my study.Whenever I need her help, she always enthusiastically offers me.During the process of the completion of the thesis, from the researches chosen to be analyzed to the final composition, her patient and helpful instructions have benefited me a great deal.Her strict requirements have enabled me to learn how to do research work, and her kind encouragement have been supporting me to the end.Second, my true thanks also go to all the teachers who guide me in the field of business English.Finally, my family and friends give me great encouragement and support during the composition of the thesis.I’d like to send them my heartfelt thanks too.Work Cited

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