第一篇：2014年職稱英語衛生類C級-背完必得的15分_完型填空短文(已填答案)-A4精簡打印版

Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure

Is Found

The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis.Most times, the infection remains inactive.But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs.Two million people die of of it.The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months.People have toa combination of several antibiotic drugs daily.But many people stop they feel better.Doing that canto an infection that resists treatment.Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective.Now a study estimates just how it might be.A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study.Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients.It would also mean infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan.They the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia.The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases.And it mightabout twenty-five percent of TB deaths.The model shows that thesewould take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty.That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety.DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course.Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to makethey continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program.The ten-year plan also aims to finance research new TB drugs.The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old.The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.A Biological Clock

Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior.The biological clock tells（plants）when to form flowers and when the flowers should open.It tells（insects）_ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal（affect）_ the actions of some biological clocks.Scientists recently found, for example,（because of）_ the number of hours of fur becomes white.The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks.German scientists found that some kind

of internal clock seems to order birds to begin Birds flying become restless when it is time for the trip，flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain _（.seems）_ to control the timing of some of our（awaken）_，when to sleep and when to seek food.Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr.Moorhead is studying _（how）_ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work.For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours._（It）_ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours.Dr.Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocksunderstanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production,One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live It’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus.The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia.If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?

in reality, of course, it was naive to that everyone would let of such a potential weapon.Undoubtedly several nations still havevials.the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia,no obvious gain.Now American researchers havean animal model of the human disease, opening thefor tests on new treatments and vaccines.So one again there’s a good reason tothe virus—just inthe disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_ with the mistrust of the US and Russia?Keep the virusinternational auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries.The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything.But it doesn’tthe idea is wrong.If the virus useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of

Cancers

Diet is second only to tobacco as a leadingof cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr.Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to ,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity.a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoidednobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcoholabout six percent.Obesity raises the of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact iswhen combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UKother elements of diet linked to cancer are unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide someEarly results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest.Eating at five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers including colorectal, breast and prostate.Men Too May Suffer from Domestic

Violence（2013已考）

Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to lookdomestic violence and health among men.“Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it,” Dr.Robert J.Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health.“They often don't tellwe don't ask.We want to get the message out to men whoexperience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to” The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical , such as threats that made them for their safety, controlling behavior(for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner __ in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims ofviolence at some point in their lives.About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh assuffered by women in a previous study;20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of

Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems those who had not, especially older men, thefound.

第二篇：2014年職稱英語衛生類A級答案-完型填空

More about Alzheimer's Disease

Scientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimer's disease1 and may ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of getting this neurological disorder.' The only current means of diagnosing the disease in a living patient is a long and expensive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia.“ Since Alois Alzheimer described the disease nearly a century ago，people have been trying to find a way to accurately diagnose it in its early stages2，” said Patricia Grady，acting director3 of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland.“This

discovery, if confirmed, could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease.”

Alzheimer's is the single greatest cause4 of mental deterioration in older people, affecting between 2.5 million and 4 million people in the United States alone5.The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function，and eventually causes death.6 There is currently no known treatment for the disease.Researches discovered that the skin cells of Alzheimer' s patients have defects that interfere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells.The fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that7 Alzheimer's results from physiological changes

throughout the body，and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain, scientists said.The flow of potassium is especially critical in cells responsible for memory formation8.The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells' supply of calcium, another critical element.One test developed by researches calls for9 growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that govern the flow of potassium are open.Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.A spokesman for the Alzheimer's Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic test can be proven it would be an important development, but cautioned that other promising tests for Alzheimer's have been disappointing.10

第三篇：2014年職稱英語衛生類C級-背完必得的15分_完型填空短文(已填答案)-A4精簡打印版（本站推薦）

Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure

Is Found

The World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis.Most times, the infection remains inactive.But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their Two million people dieit.The disease haswith the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months.People have to a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily.But many people stop they feel better.Doing that canto an infection that resists treatment.Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective.Now a study estimates just how it might be.A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study.Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients.It would also meaninfectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan.Theythe model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia.The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases.And it might about twenty-five percent of TB deaths.The model shows that thesewould take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty.That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety.DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course.Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to makethey continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program.The ten-year plan also aims to finance research new TB drugs.The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old.The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.A Biological Clock

Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior.The biological clock tells when to form flowers and when the flowers should open.It tellscocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal（affect）_ the actions of some biological clocks.Scientists recently found, for example,（because of）_ the number of hours of daylight.In the short _（days）__ of winter, its fur becomes white.The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological

clocks.German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin Birds flying become restless when it is time for the trip，flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain（awaken）_，when to sleep and when to seek food.Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr.Moorhead is studying our biological clocks affect the way we do our work.For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours.Dr.Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocksunderstanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production,One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live It’s now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus.The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia.If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?

reality, of course, it was naive to that everyone would let of such a potential weapon.Undoubtedly several nations still havevials.the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia,no obvious gain.Now American researchers havean animal model of the human disease, opening thefor tests on new treatments and vaccines.So one again there’s a good reason tothe virus—just inthe disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_ with the mistrust of the US and Russia?Keep the virusinternational auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries.The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything.But it doesn’tthe idea is wrong.If the virus useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of

Cancers

Diet is second only to tobacco as a leadingof cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr.Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to ,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity.a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoidednobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcoholabout six percent.Obesity raises the of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact iswhen combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UKother elements of diet linked to cancer are unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide someEarly results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest.Eating at five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers colorectal, breast and prostate.Men Too May Suffer from Domestic

Violence（2013已考）

Nearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of an intimate partner during their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to lookdomestic violence and health among men.“Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we don't hear about it,” Dr.Robert J.Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the study's authors, told Reuters Health.“They often don't tellwe don't ask.We want to get the message out to men whoexperience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to” The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical , such as threats that made them for their safety, controlling behavior(for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner __ in the past five years, while 6.1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months.Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims ofviolence at some point in their lives.About half of the violence the men experienced was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasn't as harsh assuffered by women in a previous study;20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compared to 61 percent of

Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental health problems those who had not, especially older men, thefound.

第四篇：2014職稱英語押題 理工C 完型填空[定稿]

完型填空：

第一篇Captain Cook Arrow Legend

It was a great legend while it lasted，but DNA testing has __1__ ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook__2__ died in the Sandwich Islands’in 1779.“There is __3__ Cook in the Australian Museum，”museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook’S bone.But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its__4__，“Uncovered：Treasures of the Australian Museum,” which__5__include a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani’opu’u in 1778.Cook was one of Britain’s great explorers and is credited with__6__ the“Great South Land，”__7__ Australia, in 1 770.He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands，now HawaiiThe 1egend of Cook’s arrow began in 1 824 __8__ Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to William Adams，a London surgeon and relative of Cook’s wife，saying it was made of Cook’s bone after the fatal__9 __ with islanders.In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued __10__ it came with science.DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone but was more __11__ made of animal bone。said Philp.However, Cook’s fans __ 12 __ to give up hope that one Cook legend will prove true and that part of his remains will still be uncovered.as they say there is evidence not a11 of Cook’s body was __13 __ at sea in 1 779.“On this occasion technology has won"，”said Cliff Thornton，president of the Captain Cook Society, in a __14__ from Britain.“But I am __15__ that one of these days…one of the Cook legends will prove to be true and it will happen one day.’’ 練習：

1.A.finally

B.firstly

C.lately

D.usually 2.A.whose

B.who

C.which

D.what 3.A.some

B.none

C.neither

D.no

4.A.cinema

B.exhibition

C.shop

D.market 5.A.must

B.did

C.has to

D.does

6.A.discovering

B.visiting

C.traveling

D.using 7.A.then

B.now

C.past

D.previously 8.A.how

B.where

C.when

D.that 9.A.conversation

B.fight

C.meal

D.dance 10.A.however

B.until

C.after

D.whenever 11.A.helpfully

B.usefully

C.likely

D.readily 12.A.refuse

B.return

C.regain

D.reply 13.A.collected

B.washed

C.stored

D.buried

14.A.statement

B.suggestion

C.proposal

D.guess 15.A.safe

B.weak

C.sure

D.lucky 參考答案：

1.A.分析：借助搭配“..地已經結束了..”直接判斷A(最終地)

2.B.分析：考察定語從句，從句需要主語，且該主語指代Captain James Cook，所以B合適。D。分析：考察否定副詞。借助搭配特點—空格后直接出現了名詞，所以D是答案(no否定名詞)

4.B.分析：借助句子中的相關詞語museum(博物館)..display(陳列)直接猜測答案為B(展覽會)

5.D.分析：借助上文時態—一般將來時，及與空格處的搭配結構—‘“考古發現：澳大利亞博物館的寶藏”…包括..’直接判斷D為答案該題考點：上下文時態和定語從句。

6.A。分析：借助句子中出現的詞語：explorers(探險家)…Great South Land，判斷A(發現)是答案。

7.B。分析：該題考察插入語結構(插入語結構往往是對前面的名詞/代詞進行描述，或補充說明，該結構往往以定語(定語從句)，狀語(狀語從句)，或同位語的語法結構形式出現)

8.C.分析：空格前出現典型時間詞1824，空格后是句子，所以直接判斷when 可能是答案。考察：定語從句結構。

9.B.分析：該題考察上下文內容的呼應：前面出現“被棍棒打死”，所以這里選擇B(打仗)最合適。

10.B.分析：借助空格所在結構的特點和搭配結構含義(持續到..)直接判斷答案B(直到)。

11.C.分析：分析：根據空格相關結構含義(不是由cook的骨頭制成，而是更..是由動物的骨頭制成)判斷C是答案。

12.A.分析：直接借助搭配結構特點(v.+ to 引導的不定式結構)判斷A是答案。

13.D.分析：借助上文句意和該句句意(不是所有的cook的尸體都在1779年被。海里)判斷D(埋葬)是答案。

14.A.分析：借助被選項的關系：suggestion和 proposal是近義詞，且用法接近，所以相互排除掉，比較A和D，判斷A((來自倫敦的)聲明)正確。

15．C本題要選sure，表示Cliff Thornton對sure后面的that從句表達的將要發生的事有信心。而safe，weak或lucky的詞義與句子表達的意思不符。

譯文：庫克船長弓箭的傳說

這本是個絕妙的傳說，但DNA測試最終結束了這個長達兩個世紀之久的古老故事。傳說是關于一支據說是用1779年在桑偉奇群島死去的英國探險家船長詹姆士庫克的遺骨刻成的夏威夷弓箭。

在不久前DNA 證據宣布該弓箭并非來自于庫克船長的遺骨時，奧大利亞博物館收藏經理尤大書?菲利普說：“澳大利亞博物館里并沒有庫克的遺骨。”但這并不能停止博物館在展覽會 2

上展出弓箭。“考古發現：澳大利亞博物館的寶藏”展覽中的確還展示了一個在1778年夏威夷國王卡蘭尼歐普送給庫克的一個羽毛斗篷。

庫克是英國最偉大探險家之一，他在1770年發現了“南大陸”，也就是現在的澳大利亞。此后在桑偉奇群島被棒擊致死。

庫克弓箭傳說始于1824年，當時夏威夷國王卡莫哈莫哈在彌留之際將弓箭賜給了庫克妻子的親戚，一名倫敦外科醫生威廉正當斯，并告訴他弓箭是在那次致命毆打后用庫克的遺骨做成的。

在19世紀90年代，弓箭被交給澳大理亞博物館。這個傳說直到與科學直接接觸才停止。據菲利普說，澳大利亞和新西蘭的試驗室的DNA測試證實弓箭并非取材于庫克的遺骨，而更可能來自動物的骨頭。

但是，庫克迷們卻不肯放棄希望。他們期待庫克傳說之一將會被證明是正確，并且他人部分遺骨還會被發現。正如他們所說，有證據表明庫克的遺骨并不是在1779年全都葬身大海了。庫克船長協會的會長克利夫托馬森在一個來自英國的聲明中說：“在這個問題上，科技取得了勝利。我堅信某一天庫克傳說之一將會被證明是真的。”

這聽起來完全不對——在一塊木頭里面鉆些洞讓它更耐敲打。但是這確實有效，因為擊打產生的能量分散到了整塊木頭上，而不是集中于一個薄弱點。這個發展應該導致更有效和更輕的包裝材料的產生。

木匠們幾個世紀以來都知道一些木頭比另一些更結實。例如山胡桃木被用做斧柄和輪輻，因為它可以承受振擊而不會斷裂。列如白橡木容易損壞得多，盡管它的質地一樣細密。巴斯大學的Julian Vincent和他的研究小組都認為木頭的內部結構能夠解釋這些不同。

許多樹都有導管，這些導管通向樹干上方，把水輸到葉子。在橡木里，這些管道很大，而且是呈窄帶狀，但是在山胡桃木中這些管道小得多，而且分布得更平均。研究者們認為這個布局能夠分散打擊的能量到整塊木頭止，以此吸收較重的打擊。為了測試這個理論，他們在一塊沒有管道的云杉木上鉆了一些0.65毫米的洞，發現它能夠承受重大的打擊。只有當每平方厘米超過30個孔時，木頭抵御敲打的表現才會減弱。均勻的物質不太好抵御敲打，因為受到影響的只有一小部分物質，來自打擊的所有能量在折斷材料時都集中在一兩個地方，留下的散片常常沒有受到破壞。

Vincent說，這些洞可以提供很多薄弱點，當它們破裂時一起吸收能量，而不是使能量聚在一個地方。“你可以控制木頭斷裂的地方，它還可以吸收更多的能量，更安全。” 研究人員相信，這個原則可用于任何一種材料，例如可用于制造更輕、保護力更強的包裝物。斯圖加特的Max Plank金屬研究學院的Ulrike Wegst說，這一原則還可用在汽車的減震器、保護杠和軍事車輛的裝甲板等東西上。但是她強調說你需要設計材料時考慮力的方向。她說：“負荷的方向是很關鍵的。”

第二篇Avalanche and Its Safety

An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside.Avalanches are____1____ the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope____2____ supports it.Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is____3____ cause an avalanche, ____4____ acomplex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.Terrain slopes flatter than25degrees or steeper than60degrees typically have a low

____5____ of avalanche.Snow does not____6____ significantly on steep slopes;also, snow does not ____7____ easily on flat slopes.Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow’s angle of rest1 is____8____ 35 and45 degrees;the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is38degrees.The rule of thumb2 is: A slope that is____9____ enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle.Additionally3, avalanche risk increases with ____10____;that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, die more lijkely it is that an avalanche will occur.Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry4 is never 100% safe.Good avalanche safety is a continuous____11____， including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather____12____ and human factors.Several well-known good habits can also____13____ the risk.If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid ____14____ to.Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations;snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made.Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are____15____ or damaged.Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.詞匯：

avalanche n.雪崩 snowpack n.積雪場 terrain n.地形，地勢

steep adj.險峻的，陸峭的 trigger v.引起，激發 incidence n.發生(率)ski v.滑雪

complexity n.復雜性 注釋：

1.angle of rest：這里指積雪保持靜止的角度。

2.rule of thumb：指“a broadly accurate principle, based on experience or practice rather than theory”，即“通用法則，經驗法則' 3.Additionally：是一個副詞，用來引人新的事實或論點，意為“此外”。4.backcountry：人煙稀少的地區 練習：

1.A among

B of

C to

D in 2.A when B that

C who

D whose 3.A mostly

B likely

C clearly

D surely 4.A are

B will be

C is

D was 5.A weight

B form

C risk

D work 6.A fall

B flow

C roll

D gather 7.A fall

B flow

C roll

D gather 8.A among

B between

C with

D for 9.A thick

B thin

C flat

D rocky 10.A use

B time

C snow

D rain 11.A journey

B trip

C fact

D process

12.A conditions

B reports

C forecast

D event 13.A increase

B reduce

C improve

D remove

14.A price

B effort

C attention

D money 15.A missing

B grown

C big

D fresh 答案與題解：

1.A 表“雪崩是山上可能發生的最大危險之一”的意思，因此應該選擇among(在……之中)。

2.B 從該句的語法結構上來看，此處需要一個關系代詞，代替slope，所以that是最佳選擇。選項A、C、D均不符合語法。

3.B 選項A不合語法，C和D符合語法，但不符合常識：過度的雪的積壓可能導致雪崩，而不是必定導致雪崩。所以，B是最佳答案。

4.C 該句的主語是Determining the critical load，從上下文來看應該使用一般現在時，所以C是正確答案。

5.C 要確定本題答案的一個有效的方法是排除法。a low weight/form work of avalanche都不合邏輯，只有a low risk of avalanche符合上下文的意思。下面的句子解釋了low risk of avalanche的道理，更證實了選risk是正確的。

6.D 第6題和第7題可以一起考慮。整個句子的意思是：在較陡峭的坡面上，雪不會大量堆積。在較為平坦的坡面，雪不會輕易滑動。

7.B 見注釋6。

8.B 理解了句子的意思就不難判斷選項：雪在靜止狀態下，角度在35° ~45°之間，最可能發生人為觸發的雪崩。between：在……之間。

9.C 這個句子說明的是什么樣的山坡最易發生雪崩，即A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski。flat在此作“平坦”解，與后面的steep形成反義。

10.A 句中的that is表明，后半部分是對前半部分的進一步說明。所以，這里的選擇要根據下文的意思判斷。use是最佳選擇,整個句子的意思是：山坡被滑雪者使用得越多，雪崩就越有可能發生。

11.D 盡管選項A、B和D都能和continuous搭配，從全段的內容判斷，只有process是最佳選擇，因為該段描寫的是如何防備雪崩以及如何做好安全措施等一系列問題。

12.A 選項A、B、C都可以與weather搭配，但是根據上下文，只有A最為符合文章的內容。

13.B 選項A不符合句子的意思;C不能和risk搭配;D也不符合句子的意思，因為不可能完全消除雪崩的隱患。

14.C 該句主句使用的是被動語態，第二個動詞是pay attention to的被動形式。選項A、B、D均不符合句子的意思。

15.A 該句是作者給出的一系列忠告之一，即認真觀察地形，注意明顯的雪崩路徑：沒有植物或植物被毀壞的地方。選項B、C、D均不符合句意。

譯文：雪崩和安全問題

雪崩是雪摻雜著空氣和水沿著山體突然迅猛地滑動造成的。雪崩是造成山區人們生命和財產安全的最大危險之一。

所有雪崩都是由于物質的過渡負荷造成，通常是積雪堆積過厚，很不穩固，超出了山坡面的承載能力。要確定山坡的臨界承載量，可能造成突然雪崩的負荷量是一項很復雜的任務，需要衡量多個因素。

通常傾斜度小于25度，大于60度的山坡發生雪崩的危險要小一些。積雪不會在陡峭的山坡上大量堆積，同樣也不會在平緩的山坡上快速滑動。當雪在靜止狀態下的角度在35_45度之間，最可能發生人為觸發的雪崩。人為引發雪崩的臨界角度是38度，是最易人為引發雪崩的角度。常規經驗是：一個平緩的足以堆積積雪，同時陡峭的適合人們滑雪的山坡，無論角度如何，都有可能產生雪崩。此外，雪崩的危險隨著使用的增加而增加，換言之，滑雪者活動得越頻繁，雪崩的可能性越大。由于雪崩研究的復雜性，冬天在人煙稀少的地區旅行從來不是百分之百的安全。很好地躲避雪崩，保持安全是一個連續的過程，包括選擇路線、檢查積雪、了解天氣狀況及其他人為因素。以下幾個廣為人知的好習慣也可以降低風險：如果當地權威部門發布了雪崩警報，你應當予以考慮，加以注意。絕不要不加審度，就立刻接受他人意見。積雪自形成的那時就幾乎注定要發生變化。認真觀察地形，注意明顯的雪崩路徑：沒有植物或植物被毀壞的地方。不要在那些可能引發雪崩的人或事物下面行走。

第四篇Animal’s “Sixth Sense”

A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean in December, 2004.It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa.Wild animals,____1____, seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami.This phenomenon adds weight to notions that1 they possess a “sixth sense” for____2____, experts said.Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people along the Indian Ocean island’s coast clearly____3____ wild beasts, with no dead animals found.“No elephants are dead, not____4____ a dead rabbit.I think animals can____5____ disaster.They have a sixth sense.They know when things are happening,” H.D.Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lanka’s Wildlife Department, said about one month after the tsunami attack.The____6____ washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka’s biggest wildlife____7____ and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards.“There has been a lot of____8____ evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes.But it has not been proven,” said Matthew van Lierop, an animal behavior____9____ at Johannesburg Zoo.“There have been no____10____ studies because you can’t really test it in a lab or field setting2，” he told Reuters.Other authorities concurred with this____11____ ·

“Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain____12____ especially birds...there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters/’ said Clive Walker, who has written several books on African wildlife.Animals____13____ rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger such as predators.The notion of an animal “sixth sense” — or____14____ other mythical power — is an enduring one3 which the evidence on Sri Larika’s ravaged coast is likely to add to.The Romans saw owls____15____ omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special powers or attributes.詞匯：

tsunami n.海嘯

trigger v.引發，觸發 ravaged adj.被毀壞的 leopard n.豹 eruption n.噴發 migrate v.遷移

volcanic adj.火山的

concur v.(with)同意，贊成 impending adj.迫近的 predator n.食肉動物 mythical adj.神話般的 owl n.貓頭鷹

omen n.預兆，征兆 endow v.賦予 注釋：

1.adds weight to notions that：更加相信

2.field setting：field意為“實地，野外”，setting意為“環境”。field setting可譯為“野外環境”。3.enduring one：由來已久的信念。one指代在句首出現的notion。enduring意為“持久的，永久的”。練習：

1.A therefore

B however

C although

D whatever 2.A shelters

B foods

C disasters

D water 3.A missed

B protected

C raised

D caught 4.A such

B too

C so

D even 5.A feel

B see

C hear

D sense

6.A waves

B tides

C winds

D rivers 7.A birthplaces

B playground

C reserve

D storage 8.A experimental

B apparent

C scientific

D chemical 9.A specialist

B assistant

C supporter

D sponsor 10.A additional

B specific

C especial

D exceptional 11.A modification

B detection

C assessment

D value 12.A route

B behavior

C principle

D phenomenon 13.A unwillingly

B occasionally

C doubtfully

Dcertainly 14.A some

B much

C many

D few 15.A on

B as

C for

D in 答案與題解：

1.B 第一句說的是海嘯造成了巨大的人員傷亡，第二句說的是動物能逃脫海嘯的襲擊。兩

句意思相反，所以要用however承接上文。

2.C 上文說的是：海嘯是一種自然災害，所以“sixth sense”范圍只能是disasters，不能是shelters，foods或water。

3.A 本句繼續在對比海嘯造成的人員傷亡和動物能逃脫海嘯這一現象。答案應該是選項A(missed)。其他三個選項的詞義與上下文都不相配。

4.D 從上下文判斷，本句的意思應該是：沒有大象死亡，甚至連一只野兔或兔子也沒有死亡。“甚至”的英語是even。

5.D 全文說的是動物的第六感覺，而feel(觸覺)，see，hear都屬于前五個感覺，所以不是正確答案。

6.A 本說的是海的巨浪將洪水帶到離海岸遠達2英里的地方。正確答案應該是waves。

7.C 從上下文判斷，本句的意思應該是：Yala國家公園是斯里蘭卡野生動物最大的保護區，而birthplaces(出生地)、playground(操場)和storage(儲存)都與上下文表達的意思接不上，因此不是答案。reserve的意思是“保護區”，不是“儲備”或“保留”。因此，選項C是答案。

8.B 下一句說，這些跡象(evidence)并沒有被證實。因此，這些跡象不可能是scientific的。而experimental和chemical的詞義與上下文不配合，因此也不是答案。只有apparent(明顯的)與上下文的意思相配。apparent的跡象還需得到科學的驗證。

9.A 在動物園里工作并發表對動物行為的專業性見解的人一定是專家學者(specialist)。其他三個選項都不合適。

10.B 本段第一句是說明為什么evidence沒有得到科學驗證。原因是科學家無法在實驗室或野外進行特定的實驗，以驗證動物預見災難的第六感覺。理解了上下文的意思，就知道選specific是最合適的。其他三個選項的詞義與上下文不符，additional，especial和exceptional分別是“額外的”、“特別的”和“例外的”意思。

11.C concurred with(同意)支配的賓語應該是view，opinion，judgment這一類詞。前面句子說的是某位科學家指出無法驗證動物預見災難的第六感覺的困難所在，其他專家也同意這一看法，所以選assessment是正確的。

12.D 本句說的是動物特別是鳥有捕捉災難來臨前某些征兆的能力。route(路線)、behavior(行為)和principle(原則)與上述意思相去甚遠，只有phenomenon是答案。

13.D 根據常識判斷，動物是要依賴味覺、聽覺等逃避食肉動物的攻擊。unwillingly(不情愿地)occasionally(偶爾)和doubtfully(懷疑地)與上述意思有俘，只有certainly是合適的選項。

14.A 從本句的意思判斷，應該是“某種神奇的能力”,所以要選some。

15.B 本句的意思是“將……看成”，而英語的用詞是see...as，所以要選as。

譯文：動物的“第六感”

2004年12月由印度洋海域地震引發的海嘯造成亞洲和東非數萬人死亡。但野生動物們似乎躲過了可怕的海嘯的襲擊。有專家表示，這進一步證實了動物對自然災難有“第六感”的觀點。斯里蘭卡負責野生動物的官員表示，巨浪席卷印度洋海島沿岸，淹死了兩萬四千多人，但野生動物似乎都幸免于難，目前尚未發現一具動物的尸體。

斯里蘭卡野生動物部門的副部長H.D.拉特納亞克在海嘯襲擊過后一個月說道：“沒有一頭大象死亡，甚至沒有一只野兔死亡。我認為動物能夠感知災難。它們有‘第六感’，它們知道災難何時發生。”海洪沖向離岸二英里遠的亞拉國家公園，這里是斯里蘭卡最大的野生動物保護區，生活著幾百頭野生大象和一些美洲豹，海嘯引發的洪水使亞拉國家公園所在的東南部地區變得一片狼藉。

“每當火山爆發或地震發生前，動物們的行為就會發生許多異常，比如犬吠或鳥類遷徙，但這些現象尚未得到科學證明。”南非約翰內斯堡動物園的動物行為專家馬修·范·利羅普說。他對路透社記者說：“目前還沒有這方面的專門研究，因為你無法在實驗室或實際環境中進行真正的試驗。”其他專家也同意這一看法。

“野生動物似乎能夠感知某些特殊現象，尤其是鳥類。很多報告顯示鳥類能察覺即將來臨的災難。”克萊夫?沃克這樣說，他曾經寫過數本關于非洲野生動物的書。

一些動物確實是依靠嗅覺或聽覺等人類已知的官能來躲避危險的，比如食肉動物。

關于動物“第六感”(或者其他神秘力量)的說法已有很長時間，斯里蘭卡被摧殘的海灘可能會為這一說法再添一筆證據。

羅馬人把貓頭鷹視為迫近兇險的征兆，很多古代文明都將大象看做擁有特殊能力或特征的“圣獸”。

第五篇Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind

If you cannot see, you may not be able to1 find your way out of a burning building — and that could be fatal.A company in Leeds could change all that2____1____ directional sound alarms capable of guiding you to the exit.Sound Alert, a company____2____ the University of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for____3____ people in Sommerset and a resource centre for the blind in Cumbria.____4____ produce a wide range of frequencies that enable the brain to determine where the____5____ is coining from.Deborah Withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be____6____ by humans.“It is a burst of white noise____7____ people say sounds like static on the radio，” she says.“Its life-saving potential is great.”

She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of3 a large____8____ room.It____9____ them nearly four minutes to find the door____10____ a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one.Withington studies how the brain____11____ sounds at the university.She says that the____12____ of a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointed more easily than the source of a narrow band.Alarms____13____ the same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles.The alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up____14____ down stairs.They were____15____ with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels.詞匯：

directional adj.定向的 exit n.出口 install v.安裝

residential adj.居住的 static n.靜電噪聲 potential n.潛力

thermal-imaging熱效應成像 pinpoint v.精確地確定 concept n.概念，觀念 emergency n.緊急情況 grant n.授予物，準許 注釋：

1.在謂語動詞中，不能并列使用兩個情態動詞，如may和can就不能并列使用。如果由于表達需要，要同時用“可能”和“能夠”，就得說(寫)成may be able to。如： I may be able to come tomorrow, but I cannot promise.我可能明天來，但我不可能作出承諾。2.that指第一句所表達的意思。

3....find their way out of...：意為“找到從出去的路”。練習：

1.A without

B with

C having

D selling 2.A run by

B changed by

C decorated by

D criticized by 3.A slow

B deaf

C blind

D lame 4.A Alarms

B Alarm

C The alarm

D The alarms 5.A noise

B sound

C music

D bell 6.A watched

B produced

C learnt

D heard 7.A where

B what

C that

D how 8.A smoked

B smoke-filled

C filled with smoke

D smoke-filling 9.A has taken

B takes

C took

D will take 10.A on

B near

C without

D from 11.A processes

B produces

C possesses

D proceeds 12.A feature

B quality

C diagram

D source

13.A basis on

B base on

C basing on

D based on 14.A or

B and

C but

D otherwise 15.A developed

B determined

C discovered

D delivered 答案與題解：

1.B 空格后是一種裝置，用它來改變火災時找不到出口的危險境況。表達“用……裝置”這層意思就要用介詞with。其他幾項均不符合句子的意思。

2.A Sound Alert是一家公司的名字，a company是Sound Alert的同位語，根據句意判斷，應選擇run by，意為“由……經營的”。其他選項雖然語法正確，但都與句意不符。

3.C 從文章標題以及文章內容和本句后面部分resource center for the blind，可以推斷這里最好的選擇就是C。

4.D 因為這種警告裝置已在上文中提到：第一段中的directional sound alarms，第二段中的installing the alarms in a residential home...，所以這里的alarms是特指，要用定冠詞。選項C是錯誤的，因為它是單數形式。

5.B 句子的前半句有a wide range of frequencies,發出來的應該是sound，而不是令人煩躁的noise。用music或bell都有些突然，與上下文的意思不連貫。

6.D 文章一直在討論警報器、聲音和波長，所以首先排除選項A;從上下文的意思看，不可能是選項B和C，因為警報器的制造，就是為了讓失明的人聽到。

7.C 選擇A、B、D均不能構成語義連貫的句子，而且語法上也有問題。選項C能使句子結構成為“It is...that”的強調句型。

8.B 從所給的選項可以看出，這里要表達的意思是“煙火彌漫的房間”。有了這個理解，現在要做的就是選擇正確的表達形式。A是“煙熏的”，D是“使……煙火彌漫的”，所以意思不對，C填入后就出現filled with smoke room，不符合語法。只有B是正確選項。

9.C 這里顯然是“It takes somebody+time+動詞不定式”的句型，但選擇什么時態是關鍵。從上句看，應選擇一般過去時，因為整個段落是對一次實驗的描寫，而且上面一句也使用了一般過去時。

10.C 后半句的one指上半句中的a sound alarm。該句上半句和下半句由but連接，表示相反的意思，從后半句的with可以看出，兩個相對比的事物是:the door without a sound alarm和the door with a sound alarm，所以選擇C。

11.A 選項B、C和D顯然是錯誤的，因為詞義不符。只有選項A是答案。句子的意思是，Withington在她的大學里研究大腦如何處理聲音。

12.D 句子中的more...than表示該句是對兩樣事物的對比。than后面是the source of a narrow band,這里的narrow和前半句的wide形成反比，從上下文中可以看出，the source of a narrow band of(frequencies)是和the source of a wide band of frequencies形成對比。

13.D 這個句子有主語alarms，有謂語have been installed，這里應填入動詞的分詞形式。be based on是常用的搭配，所以應選擇動詞的過去分詞形式。選項A的basis是名詞，明顯是錯的。

14.A 根據上半句中的rising or falling frequencies，這里應填入or，與上半句表達的意思相一致。音頻升高表示上樓，音頻降低表示下樓。

15.A首先確定主語They指的是第一句中的主語The alarms，后半句說這種設備得到大筆

資助。根據上文內容，我們知道資助的目的是開發這種alarms，所以應該選擇developed。

譯文：警報器救盲人

如果看不見，那你可能會因找不到路而逃不出一幢失火樓房，那將是致命的。英國利茲市的一家公司發明的一種可指方向的警報器可能會把你引向出口。聲音警報是一家由利茲大學設立的公司。該公司現在正在為位于薩莫塞特的一家盲人收容所和位于卡姆布雷亞的一家盲人資源中心安裝此種裝置。這種警報器發出的頻率范圍廣，使人腦可以判斷出聲音的來源。

該公司的戴博拉?威星頓稱此種警報器使人類可以聽到大部分音頻。她說：“它們是一種突發的頻譜連續而均勻的聲音。人們感覺它們聽上去就像是收音機發出的靜電噪聲，其在救人方面潛力巨大。”

她進行了一次試驗。她讓人們在一所充滿濃煙的大屋子里設法找到出路，同時她用熱效應成像攝像機進行拍攝。在沒有警報器時，這些人用了近4分鐘才找到門，而在警報器的指引下，只用了15秒。

她在大學里對人腦如何處理聲音進行研究，并提出與波段窄的頻率相比，人們更易發現波段寬的音響源。基于此理論的警報器已被應用于急救車上。這種警報器也容納了音頻的升降，以指示人們上下樓。這種設備是得到英國核燃料組織的大筆資助才開發成功的。

第五篇：[補全短文和完型填空]2012年職稱英語 考前培訓班重點資料

第五部分補全短文：

1）出題特點：①所有A級一樣，B級一樣，C級一樣。難度較大

②核心是理順空格前后句連貫一致。方法：放進去試試前后是否連貫

2）解題思路和解題步驟：①猜段落主旨（段落結構：A.每段一個意思，句首講主旨，中間用例子和細節展開，后面總結；B先述通常情況做為鋪墊，接下來通過對比轉折到作者真正意圖。特征是有轉折詞）依此理論排除根本不可能的選項，留下可能選項。

②先看短文后A-F 6個句子。

③后看短文，重點盯住每個填空處的前句和后句。空格句連通前后句，從而猜空格大致是什么，據此連貫理論排除根本不可能的選項，留下可能選項。

3）解題方法和技巧

①當先看A-F六個句子時，一定要劃出“特定詞”或“關聯詞”

特定詞和關聯詞主要有：1.“連同、一起”，2.表時間的介詞 3.代詞，4.定冠詞5.“the+名詞” 6.復數人稱代詞7.單數人稱代詞 8.固定搭配：neither?nor,either?or, not only?but also等。

9、other, another ? 關聯詞為the+名詞，前一句會出現the 后的名詞。? 關聯詞為the second，前一句會出現the first。? 關聯詞為they, 上一句會出現復數名詞。

? 關聯詞為人名，依據男性人名或者女性人名，下一句將出現he或者she。

②當盯住每個填空處的前句或者后句時，要重點尋找與“特定詞”或“關鍵詞”相關的詞，以便確定選項。

? 重點詞意思是”連同、一起”，說明重點詞后的單詞會在橫線前一句出現。? 重點詞是表時間的介詞，說明重點詞后的單詞會在橫線前一句出現

? 重點詞是代詞，說明橫線前會出現與重點詞相應單復數的人稱代詞或名詞 4.重點詞是定冠詞，說明橫線前會出現重點詞后的詞

? “the +名詞”作主語，說明上一句有此名詞，或下一句會出現it(單數)或they（復數）

? 如果是復數人稱代詞，表示其指代復數名詞，之前出現過復數名詞或相應人稱代詞。? 如果是單數人稱代詞，表示其指代單數名詞，之前出現過單數名詞或相應人稱代詞。? 固定搭配：neither?nor,either?or, not only?but also等。? 重點詞是other, another等，說明橫線前有與之相對應的情況。

③如無法確定，就要看懂填空處的前句或后句，以便從A-F6句中找出合乎邏輯，又相通相順的一項。

4)提示：

a)細節句可能是答案尤其是涉及到數字的選項是答案 b)涉及到篇章邏輯連詞副詞可能是答案； c)最長項必是選項，EF常是選項； d)細節句常接連出現。

5）爭取做正確一個，蒙正確一個。

第六部分：完型填空 1）出題特點：

a)各自獨立，絕大多數出現在劃定篇幅中，偶有從閱讀理解中出題的可能性。b)文章有改變，特別是空格移位現象多見。選項變化時宜查詞典與原來答案同意詞就是答案。完形填空的換空率接近50% c)個別級別，特別是閱讀押兩道題者，有做為完型填空的可能性。2．要求：①以押題為重點。

②補全答案研習該篇，英漢對照閱讀，搞懂每句話，熟悉空格處詞義 ③出現空格移位時，空格內的詞和原文的詞義是同義替換（查詞典）