第一篇：Notice and Poster 寫作

Notices and Posters 海報(bào)時(shí)人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪凶顬槌Ｒ姷囊环N招貼形式，多用于電影、戲曲、文藝演出等活動。海報(bào)通常寫明活動的形式，活動的主辦單位、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等活動。（講座、球類比賽、戲曲、演奏會、文藝晚會、匯報(bào)演出、電影消息、畫展、演講比賽、報(bào)告會、參觀游覽活商品大拍賣）

海報(bào)的格式，通常有三部分組成，即標(biāo)題、正文與落款

標(biāo)題是一則海報(bào)的宣傳“窗戶”。因此標(biāo)題的撰寫盡量做到簡潔明了，新穎醒目，抓住讀者的興趣和注意力，使人看了“一讀鐘情”。海報(bào)的標(biāo)題形式通常有兩種：一是直接使用“海報(bào)”（poster）一詞；另一種則是海報(bào)的內(nèi)容，撰寫標(biāo)題。正文

海報(bào)正文是海報(bào)的核心部分，它是對海報(bào)標(biāo)題的具體描述。語言要求形象生動，簡明扼要。落款

海報(bào)的落款要寫明主辦單位名稱以及撰寫日期。海報(bào)的落款通常寫在海報(bào)正文的左下角，日期位于主辦單位名稱的下方，即可寫在左下角，也可寫在右下角。

No News Invited by the Trade Union of Anhui University, Anhui Provincial Huangmei Opera Troupe will come to give the performance of a newly-composed Huangmei Opera at 7:30 p.m., Saturday, April 8, 1990 in the university auditorium.The famous actors and actresses such as Ma Lan, Huang Xinde will make you a good time.The Trade Union Anhui University April 4, 1990

English Speech Contest Hosted by the Student Union of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature, the 2nd English Speech Contest will be held in the classroom No.410 of Wenxilou Building at 7:00 p.m., Thursday, October 30, 1988.All are cordially welcome!

The Student Union The Dept.of FLD Anhui University October 28, 1992

Notice 啟事是為公開聲明某事而見于報(bào)端或張貼于公共場所的應(yīng)用文，多用于失物招領(lǐng)、尋人、征稿等事項(xiàng)。(尋人、遺失、招領(lǐng)、更名、更正、征稿、征詢、遷址、換房、租房、活動延期、開業(yè)、授權(quán)、人事變更、鳴謝等)啟事的寫作格式

啟事的格式除了具備海報(bào)所含的三部分（標(biāo)題、正文、署名）外，通常還需要上聯(lián)系地址或聯(lián)系人及電話號碼等。

啟事的正文之后，或在署名的下方注明聯(lián)系地址、聯(lián)系人或聯(lián)系電話，以便于有意者能對啟事中聲明之事給予及時(shí)的聯(lián)系。

A Boy Missing My smart son, named Wang Wei, aged 7, in blue coat, got lost at yesterday noon of October 25, 1994 when he went home from school.He is 1.09 metres tall, with black hair, a moon face, rosy cheeks, big eyes, and a very small scar on chin.He can speak daily Chinese fluently.Whoever meets him or knows him whereabouts or has any information about his location is begged to advise him family or ring them up.A thousand thank from，Wang Long And his family Add: 142 Jinzhai Road Tel: 3634563

第二篇：6級寫作

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Long Holidays.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.長假給大學(xué)生帶來的好處

2.長假可能給大學(xué)生帶來的問題

3.我應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣利用好長假

【范文】

Long Holidays

Generally speaking, long holidays are good for us college students.On the one hand, we have a lot of time to study by ourselves and thus improve weaknesses and further develop strengths.On the other hand, we can take part-time jobs, which can make us realize responsibility and make ourselves better prepared for social life.But every coin has two sides.Some students fail to make good use of their time and they are addicted to various computer games.I am afraid that they are likely to ruin themselves in this way.As far as I am concerned, I will try to make the best use of my precious time.I will spend most of my holidays studying English for that I am very poor at it.In addition, I will take a part-time job as private teacher.By this means, I can earn some money and put my knowledge into practice as well.五、議論文的框架

（1）不同觀點(diǎn)列舉型（選擇型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文題目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 觀點(diǎn)一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___觀點(diǎn)一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___觀點(diǎn)二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一_______.On the other hand, ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___觀點(diǎn)二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __觀點(diǎn)一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.首先，一個(gè)段落必須有一個(gè)中心即主題思想，該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來表達(dá)。整個(gè)段落必須緊扣這個(gè)主題（stick or hold to the topic），這就是段落的統(tǒng)一性（unity）。其次，一個(gè)段落必須有若干推展句，使主題思想得到充分展開，從而給讀者一個(gè)完整的感覺，這就是完整性（completeness or adequateness）。再者，一個(gè)段落不是雜亂無章的，而是有機(jī)的組合，句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯，從一個(gè)句子到另一個(gè)句子的過渡必須流暢（smooth），這就是連貫性（coherence）。下面我們就對這三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別加以說明。

1、統(tǒng)一性

一個(gè)段落內(nèi)的各個(gè)句子必須從屬于一個(gè)中心，任何游離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請看下例：

Joe and I decided to take the long trip we’d always wanted across the country.We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life.Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie.We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country.We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park.Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner.To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.本段的主題句是段首句，controlling idea（中心思想）是take the long trip across the country。文中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)irrelevant sentences，一個(gè)是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，這一段是講的是Joe and I，中間出現(xiàn)一個(gè)Bella是不合適的。還有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關(guān)。再看一個(gè)例子：

My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit.I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program.In one year I lost eighty pounds.I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again.I bought two new suitcases last week.Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour.My mother was a premature baby.本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有兩個(gè)irrelevant sentences，一個(gè)是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一個(gè)是My mother was a premature baby。

從上面兩個(gè)例子可以看出，native speakers同樣會造出來irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果這種句子多了，造成偏題或離題，那問題就更嚴(yán)重了。

2、完整性

正像我們前面說得那樣，一個(gè)段落的主題思想靠推展句來實(shí)現(xiàn)，如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進(jìn)一步交待和充實(shí)，就不能構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的段落。同樣，雖然有推展句，但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待，給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如：

Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil.Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task.Besides, it is more useful to work----you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個(gè)推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什么是“a mind in turmoil”（心境不平靜）Physical work又如何能改變這種情況？為什么它能起therapy的作用？讀者得不到明確的答案。由于四級統(tǒng)考的作文部分只要求寫一篇100～120個(gè)詞的三段式短文，每一段只有大約40個(gè)詞左右，因此，要達(dá)到完整就必須盡可能地簡明。例如：

It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words.Often writing is much clearer than a picture.It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.段首句所表達(dá)的主題思想是一種看法，必須有具體事例加以驗(yàn)證。上述兩個(gè)推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋，整個(gè)段落內(nèi)容空洞，簡而不明。如果用一兩個(gè)具體的例子的話，就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段：

It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words.Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things.If you can’t swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming “Help”?

3、連貫性（coherence）

連貫性包括意連和形連兩個(gè)方面，前者指的是內(nèi)在的邏輯性，后者指的是使用轉(zhuǎn)換詞語。當(dāng)然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒有意連，句子之間就沒有內(nèi)在的有機(jī)的聯(lián)系；反之，只有意連而沒有形連，有時(shí)行文就不夠流暢。

1）、意連

段落中句子的排列應(yīng)遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就寫什么。如果在下筆之前沒有構(gòu)思，邊寫邊想，寫寫停停，那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來。下面介紹幾種常見的排列方式。

A.按時(shí)間先后排列（chronological arrangement）

We had a number of close calls that day.When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast;we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o’clock.Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours-----it must have been close to noon----the heat nearly hid us in;the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down.By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o’clock and we were exhausted.Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert.Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him.By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.本段從“rose”（起床）寫起，然后是吃早餐（“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o’clock”），然后是“close to noon”，一直寫到這一天結(jié)束（“By nine--”）。

真題網(wǎng)提供
四六級作文預(yù)測1：志愿者活動

Part I Writing(30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Volunteering activities.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

1.越來越多的人從事志愿者工作

2.志愿者工作的社會意義

3.作為大學(xué)生，應(yīng)該怎么做

范文：

In recent years, the volunteering spirit has spread among the Chinese people, especially among youngsters.According to a survey, in 2008, there were about 1,700,000 volunteers who offered service for Olympic Games.Actually, an increasing number of people become volunteers every year in China。

Volunteering actions are of tremendous benefits to both those in need and the society.Olympic Games are a good example.As is known to all, volunteers played an active role in Beijing Olympic Games.Without them, it would be a tough task to hold this un-precedent Olympic Games.Therefore, we can say that it was those volunteers who ensured the success of these games。

As modern college students, we should get actively involved in volunteering activities.By participating, we can learn how to work well in a team, how to improve our interpersonal skills and organizational ability.Undoubtedly, all of these are critical for our person growth.So, we should take this chance to learn and to grow.(161words)

四六級作文預(yù)測2 書信：畢業(yè)時(shí)就業(yè)還是上研究生

Part I Writing(30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friend’s inquiry about Plan after graduation.You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:

假如你是李明，你的朋友石頭來信咨詢你的畢業(yè)之后的計(jì)劃，考研還是就業(yè)，請根據(jù)自己的情況寫封回信告知石頭你的態(tài)度，并說明理由。

范文：

Dear Shitou，So great to recieve your letter on May 1st, in which you inquired about my plan after graduation.Now, I am writing to illustrate it and my accounts。

As is known to all, so many graduates are eager to set feet on their work-life roads.According to a survey by National Department of Education, more than six million college students will leave the so called “Ivory Tower” this year.It is clear that the competition of job-hunting will be extremely furious.On the contrary, it seems advisable for me to further my study and get a master’s degree.What makes me convinced is that a higher degree and better educational background will, undoubtedly, enable me to make full preparation for entering the society.Besides, if possible, I will get involved in social and practical activities in my spare time。

Taking all aspects into account, I choose to study as a postgraduate。

Many thanks for your concern.Best wishes!(160)

四六級作文預(yù)測3：大城市就業(yè)還是小城鎮(zhèn)

Direction:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Starting Career in a Big City or Small Town？ You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.很多的大學(xué)生畢業(yè)后留在大城市工作；

2.也有人選擇到小城鎮(zhèn)開始自己的職業(yè)生涯；

3.結(jié)合自己的實(shí)際情況談?wù)勛约旱南敕ā?/p>

范文：

Want to be a small fish in a big pond or the other way round? Every graduate faces this question when starting his career.A large number of college graduates prefer to stay in big cities,which mean more experiences, more opportunities to see the big world and more space for career development.At the same time, higher salary is another temptation。

But some other graduates intend to start in small towns.Even though there may not be many big companies, they can have a quieter and less competitive life.Another reason is that they can be a big fish in a small pond.They can easily get the management’s attention and may win promotion earlier。

As far as I am concerned, I prefer to start in a metropolis like Shanghai.A good begin is half the battle, and in Shanghai I can find a job in a big company where I can meet people from different places and cultures.I will learn from them what I can not get from textbooks.真題網(wǎng)提供

真題網(wǎng)提供

（一）作文題目： “Women in the Modern World” 提綱：

1.Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.____________ 2.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.___________________ 3.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.___________________________ 例1．（2分段）

Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.Long age, women only did something in the kitchen or at home.Now many of them have serious jobs to serve for people.What men can do so can women.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.Today in the family, the wife often lots her husband to do something at home bat ago, only women did something.Men are foned of doing something at home.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.Sometimes, the matter, the husband hitting has welf, often happened.In the factory the wonmen to as much as the men, but they are paid less than the men.Some people have not completely realized the liberation of women.東方教育點(diǎn)評：條理不清，思路紊亂，大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，有的甚至影響理解。

具體問題剖析：(1)缺乏邏輯，東一句西一句，沒有圍繞中心論述，如第一段就沒有展開論述婦女社會角色的轉(zhuǎn)變，說得太籠統(tǒng)而缺乏說服力。

（2）用漢語思維，句子有明顯的漢語痕跡，如“What men can do so can women.”，應(yīng)改為“Women can do what men can do”。（3）銜接不自然，沒有用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞，如“Sometimes, the matter, the husband hitting has welf, often happened”，應(yīng)改為“The case that husband hits his wife often happens.”（4）拼寫錯(cuò)誤很多，大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤。例2．（5分段）

Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.In today, many women have a work.They worked as well as men playing an important part in factories.There are many women in government also.They lead other people country, and make out plans.There are many scientist slso.They event new things to improve our life.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.In ancient, women’s position in family is pity.They had to looks after their children, did every how husband ordered her to do.But now it is changed.They are equal to her husband.They have the right of speaking of idea, discussion thing with her husband, do what she wants to do.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.We also should realize, women’ likerty are limited.For example, many factories want men become its workers but the chance of women is less than men.Everyone should do their best to change this condition.I’m sure, the liberation of women would be increased.東方教育點(diǎn)評：基本切題。但表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語言錯(cuò)誤。具體問題剖析：（1）各段圍繞中心句論述不深入，沒有說服力。（2）銜接不自然，沒有用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞，如第一段幾個(gè)句子之間可以用一些“besides”、“on the other hand”、“furthermore”、“in addition”等。（3）語言錯(cuò)誤較多，很多句子不通順，如“In today, many women have a work.”應(yīng)改為“Today, many women get a job.”(濫用介詞)；“In ancient, women’s position in family is pity”中pity應(yīng)改為pitiful（詞形誤用）；“They had to looks after their children, did every how husband ordered her to do.”中every 改為everything，how改為what（代詞錯(cuò)誤）；“They have the right of speaking of idea, discussion thing with her husband, do what she wants to do.”應(yīng)改為“They have the right to express ideas, discuss things with their respective husband, and do what they want to.”(人稱代詞前后不一致)。例3．（8分段）

Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.Many Women today are playing an important part at works that was thought only could be done by the men before.For an example.Some women are not secrtary in the office, instead, they become manager of a company.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.In the world today, more and more women have their own job.They get their own salary, and become more independent from their husband.With the economic situation improved, their family position is improving.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.Many husbands only want his wife to stay at home, and do house works or do some shopping.They only want their wife to be a housewife, but not a manager of a company.東方教育點(diǎn)評：基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫；語言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。具體問題剖析：（1）論證不夠深入，缺少事例，缺少說服力。

（2）文字缺連貫、且顯累贅，如第二段可以把各句再改得簡練一點(diǎn)并且有適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)承詞。（3）語言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，如“For an example”，“Some women are not secrtary in the office, instead, they become manager of a company.”應(yīng)改為“Some women are on longer secretaries in the office, instead, they become managers of the companies.”（單復(fù)數(shù)）例4．（11分段）

Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.More and more women go to work to earn money instead of keeping the house or looking after the children.Women have entered many fields of society including scientific field.As we know, many women sports teams have won the world’s champions such as Chinese women’s Volleyball Team.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.Husbands are not the masters of wives in many places.Husbands and wives are equal now.They join together to overcome difficulties and share happiness.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.Also in some places.Women are considered being “thing” belong to men.They have little chance to find jobs.They don’t get equal pay for equal job.This is a problem must be solved not only by society but also by women themselves.東方教育點(diǎn)評：切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，用詞比較準(zhǔn)確，但有少量語言錯(cuò)誤，如“Also in some places.Women are considered being “thing” belong to men”，應(yīng)改為“Also in some places，women are considered being the “things”that belong to men” 例5．（14分段）

Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.In Many countries, more and more women are acting as workers, farmers, scientists and even leaders.We can say that almost all jobs which men can do are done perfectly by women.Women are no longer looked down upon by society.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.Husband and wife are now equal in the family.They cope with problems of daily life together, and share happiness with each ther.Also, you can hardly find out that in today’s families, women are being busy with dinners, whereas men comfortably sitting in armchairs, reading newspapers.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.A number of men still jealously guard their rights, and regard women as incapable creature.Few women are allowed to attend important international meetings dominated by men.That’s really the problems we should solve immediately.東方教育點(diǎn)評：切題。論證充分，有說服力，論證手段豐富（舉例、正反）表達(dá)思想清楚，語言流暢，詞匯豐富，連貫性好。用詞準(zhǔn)確，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)誤。

p.s.由于一些例文錯(cuò)誤較多，點(diǎn)評中只是列舉了部分的典型錯(cuò)誤，而且為了保持原文面貌，編輯沒有做過多的改動，所以歡迎大家一起來挑錯(cuò)，有問題和小水一起討論。

（二）2003年9月考試四級作文題：The Day My Classmate Fell Ill(or Got Injured)提綱：

1.簡單敘述一下這位同學(xué)生病（或受傷）的情況 2.同學(xué)、老師和我是如何幫助他/她的

3.人與人之間的這種相互關(guān)愛給我的感受是?? 例1．（2分段）

One day, we are all in classroom.Wang fang said, “Oh!” We all see her and found that she was crying!Teacher turned to ask her what was wrong.She said, “I do got a fever, my head is very hot!” Feng Gang sent she to hospital, we all followed they.In the hospital, doctor Wang give a inject to her, she gradually calm and not hot as before.We all thanked the doctor.東方教育點(diǎn)評：未能按照題目要求寫，沒有著重寫“同學(xué)、老師和我是如何幫助他/她的” “人與人之間的這種相互關(guān)愛給我的感受是??”。條理不清，思路紊亂，大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，有的甚至影響理解。原文修改后：

One day, when we were all in classroom., Wang fang Suddenly cried， “Oh!” We all looked at her and found that she was groaning.Teacher turned to ask her what was wrong.She said, “I have got a fever, my head is very hot!”

Immediately, our teacher sent her to hospital, and we all followed them.In the hospital, we asked doctor Wang to give an injection to her, and she gradually became calm and not as hot as before.We all thanked the doctor.The day has passed, but it is clearly in my mind.I think if we can do things like that in the incident, the society will be better, and the relationship between people will be better as well!

例2．（5分段）

Last week, li ning and I studied in classroom.Suddenly, lining said to me that he had a headache.I asked he to see doctor.he said it was not bad.After 5 miniuts, lining sai to me his headache very serious.So I helped him go to hosptial.Students and teacher heard lining went to hosptial, all of them went to the hosptial.Some teacher asked lining dont worry, it will be good.Some students asked lining take care of himself.lining said that he was very moved.Thought this things, I think a lot.The world is beautiful, because the love filled in it.people can help each other when who are in trouble.東方教育點(diǎn)評：本文基本切題。語句銜接不自然，簡單句使用得太多，有些表達(dá)不太準(zhǔn)確，有明顯的中文痕跡。要加強(qiáng)銜接詞的運(yùn)用，單復(fù)句的轉(zhuǎn)換，句式的多樣化，還有語言基本功的訓(xùn)練。原文修改后：

Last week, Li ning and I studied in classroom.Suddenly, lining told me that he had a headache.I asked him to see the doctor.he said it was not so serious.After 5 minutes, Lining told me that his headache became worse.So I helped him go to hospital.When Students and teachers heard that Lining had gone to hospital, all of them went to the hospital.Some teachers asked Lining not to worry and to take care of himself.Lining said that he was very moved.Throught this, I think a lot.The world is beautiful because it was filled in love--people help each other in trouble.例3．（8分段）

One day there is a student who was isolated for infectious disease.We and our teachers are concerting about his situation.But he must be isolated from us for relivesing measure.In this important period, we telephoned to him, we also told him that he had a good rest time.we suggested that he call up his friends who were not kept in touch because of burden study and read some books which he enjoys but have no time to read.At last we told him that he must get over this fell.I think we should love each other.when somebody needs help we should lend our one hand to him.東方教育點(diǎn)評：本文基本切題，也有必要的細(xì)節(jié)描述。但有的地方表達(dá)不清楚。有比較多的語言錯(cuò)誤。要注意連接詞的使用和句式多樣化，長短句可以間隔使用，使用長句時(shí)注意語法、力求表達(dá)清楚。

具體問題剖析：(1)全文時(shí)態(tài)不統(tǒng)一（舉例略）。

（2）第二段語句銜接不自然，句式重復(fù)，且長句組織起來顯得有點(diǎn)凌亂，語法錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多。在原文基礎(chǔ)上修改如下：“In this important period, we telephoned him, and told him to have a good rest.Besides, we advised him to call up his friends who were not kept in touch because of burdensome study ,on the other hand, to read some books which he enjoyed but had no time to read.At last we told him that he must overcome this ill.”

例4．（11分段）

In 1 April 2003, one of my classmates was get serious cold.First day when he came to school, we found that his eyes were red and his sound was rough.The second day, his cold was too bad that he couldn't go to school.At that time, there was a serious ill called SARS in our country.It's just like badly cold and can infected others easily.But our classmates didn't go away from him.They seemed more close to him.Our classmates helped him to take back breakfast.Our teacher came to see him with his notes book.He helped him to study in order that he didn't drop behind my classmates' For he was my best friend, I just sat on his bed and do my best to comfort him.Althought there was SARS around us, but I felt very warm from this thing.It told me that the love from true heart can help come across any difficult.We are so lucky that we live in a big warmth family.And not very long, my classmate was getting healthy and could come to school again.How happy we were!

東方教育點(diǎn)評：本文切題，表達(dá)思想清楚，文字比較連貫, 但有一些語法錯(cuò)誤。

具體問題剖析：全文有一些語法、語言錯(cuò)誤，如“In 1 April 2003, one of my classmates was get serious cold.”應(yīng)改為“In 1 April 2003,one of my classmates got serious cold.”（時(shí)態(tài)）；“First day when he came to school,”應(yīng)改為“The first day when he came to school,”（介詞遺漏）；“his sound was rough.”應(yīng)改為“his voice was rough.”（用詞）；“Althought there was SARS around us, I felt very warm from this thing.”應(yīng)把but去掉（連詞）； “It told me that the love from true heart can help come across any difficult.”應(yīng)改為“It told me that the love from true heart could help come across any difficulties.”（時(shí)態(tài)、詞性錯(cuò)誤）；“We are so lucky that we live in a big warmth family.”應(yīng)改為“We are so lucky that we live in a big warm family.”（詞性）。

例5．（14分段）

During the SARS period in this spring, the year of 2003, one of my classmates, Li ming, was struck down by the virus and was immediately sent to hospital.The news spread quickly on campus.At first, we were terrified and wondered if we were infected too.However, through our government's publicity on mass media, we gradually conquered the fear and set out to try out best to help her.Some teachers provided darly necessities while some students recorded the English class contents for him so that Li ming could not be left behind.With our care and concern, Li ming recovered quickly.Such an incident teaches us a good moral.Our society is full of love, warm and peaceful, in which people-from man to woman, from individual to individual-lend others a hand.Just like a famous song goes, “the world will turn itto heaven only if everyone contributes a little.” and I do believe that it's my great honor to live in this love-filled paradise!東方教育點(diǎn)評：本文切題，論證豐富生動，表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好。基本上無大的語言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)誤。

p.s.由于一些例文錯(cuò)誤較多，點(diǎn)評中只是列舉了部分的典型錯(cuò)誤，而且為了保持原文面貌，編輯沒有做過多的改動，所以歡迎大家一起來挑錯(cuò)，有問題和小水一起討論。

（三）2003年9月六級考試作文題： 圖表作文，關(guān)于一個(gè)美國大學(xué)圖書館的圖書流動量（pop fiction, general nonfiction, science, art等），給出他們的流動比例對比，說明原因，并說明你自己喜歡閱讀什么樣的書。例1．（2分段）

此分段標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為條理不清，思路紊亂，大部分句子均有嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。（為了不影響市容，給大家造成負(fù)面影響，故此處略去100字??）例2．（5分段）

From the novel, we can see that the students like read(reading)novel, at the same time, only(a)small part of students like read(reading)science and art.The reason to(for)this is novel is intereting(interesting), students like reading it.Most of the students read too much(many)major books when they have classes, so they want to read some(something)interesting(when)they have time.Novel can let them relax(relaxed).So they choose novel.I like read(reading)novel, by reading it I know a lot of things, I also relax my brains.So I choose the novel.東方教育點(diǎn)評：(1)基本切題。(2)表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差。(3)有較多的嚴(yán)重語言錯(cuò)誤。（4）字?jǐn)?shù)不夠，要酌情扣分。例3．（8分段）

We can know from the picture that most of students like reading popular novel instead of reading science, poetry.From this we can know different people have different addiction to(preferences for)books.Different people have different addiction to(preferences for)books.They read different books just to meet their different needs.Because different people have different meets to read the different kinds of books.From this we can also see that different people have different intentions and notions.So they choose the different things to meet their needs in every facet in life.I like reading poetry because I think poetry can make me calm, pleased, comfort(comforted),(and)I can see many beautiful thing(things)in the poetry.東方教育點(diǎn)評：(1)基本切題。(2)第二段表達(dá)有點(diǎn)亂。

（3）語言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。例4．（11分段）

Book is the source of life.When we read a book, we should not only linger on the surface of a book, but also we should(刪掉)master its intrinsic.As is charted in the blank, we can see clearly that a majority of the university students in America are addictet(addicted)to the popular fiction, and a minority of student like reading the science, poetry.Why do they like reading popular novels? In my opinion, popular novel books are usually interesting, earthly, close to our lives.In contrast, science, poetry books are usually serious, dull and difficult.Therefore, most of the students prefer the popular novels.I like reading the since book（science books）.For one thing, it can make me enhance my speciality knoweledy(specialized knowledge);In addition, it can help me know the frontier about my speciality and master the newest things in since(science);thirdly, it can give a good chance to know a lot and can help me to study the useful subject when I graduate from the university.東方教育點(diǎn)評：（1）本文基本切題，表達(dá)思想清楚。（2）文字連貫，語言通順。（3）有一些語言錯(cuò)誤。例5．（14分段）

It can be discerned

that the American students prefer to read the popular novel rather than other kind of books, such as the nonpopular(unpopular)novel, the books of technology, poem and so on.The percentage of the popular novel current(currently)is about 68.2%.Other kind of novels' current(currently)is, reletively(relatively), about 16.8%, 8.3%, and 5.2%.It is not hard to think out why the popular novels can attract so many students.The popular novel is interesting, and not so abstract as books that full of the mathmatic formulate(mathematic formulae).However, as university students, study is the first task for us to do.So we should pay more attention to the books about our major.Fictions may color our life, but it can not be the key part of our studying life.Personally, I would like to spend my free time in reading books about my major, such as technology digests, computer newspaper...Because I want do to(刪掉)a good job in my subjects.Fortunately, my dreams come true, meanwhile, I 've gained other things--I found（have founded）a solid basic knowledge about my major(加破折號)make me feel easy to contrive the electronic circuit which have to be done during our bachelor years.Thanks to those books!東方教育點(diǎn)評：（1）切題。

（2）論證比較有力，表達(dá)思想清楚。

（3）文字通順，連貫性較好，但有個(gè)別語言錯(cuò)誤。

注： 文中劃線部分為原文的一些明顯語言錯(cuò)誤，括號里的為修改建議，為保持原文面貌，對于結(jié)構(gòu)沒有做過多改動。

（四）2003年6月考試四級作文題：An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident 假設(shè)你在某日某時(shí)某地目擊一起車禍，就此寫一份見證書。見證書須包括以下幾點(diǎn)：

1、車禍發(fā)生的時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)；

2、你所見到的車禍情況；

3、你對車禍原因的分析。例1．（2分段）

At 9:00, Jan.20, 2003, I eye-witness a traffic accident in Dongfang Street.I see that a（an）old people is hitted(hit)by a car.In my opinion, the rapid driver is the main reason, but the old people also has his error.東方教育點(diǎn)評：（1）字?jǐn)?shù)明顯不夠，盡管都點(diǎn)題了，但只有三句話。（2）有語法錯(cuò)誤。例2．（5分段）

In my opinion, the driver of Benz auto should be blamed on(for)the traffic accident.It was his drunk driving that resulted in this accident.It is not(no)doubt that the traffic accident is a high(hot)topic in the modern(modern)society, different people have different attitude(attitudes)to this.When it come(comes)to the accident, people think it responsible for the driver.But last Sunday I see(saw)a(an)accident.A woman crossed a street when a car turn(turned at)the crossing.it is too late to stop the car ,The women was bad(badly)hurt.The people who was walking along the street took the woman to hospital,(and)the driver came with them.As far as（I am）concerned, the both sides have responsibility for this, begin（at the beginning）, the woman shouldnot cross the street.Forthemore, the driver should pay more attention.Last.we should take proper measure.Only(when)we take the measure and we（become）more careful can we have a colorful（life）tomorrow.東方教育點(diǎn)評：(1)本文基本切題。

（2）但有的地方表達(dá)思想不清楚，層次不夠清楚。如第二段把描述車禍情況和發(fā)生原因混為一談，而最后一段的總結(jié)又很牽強(qiáng)。

（3）全文有比較多的語言錯(cuò)誤，而且有些是嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。例3．（8分段）

At 9:00am October 25st(25th)2003, I saw a traffic accident on Daxue Road.At that time, I was on my way to school.When I turned right on the corner, a motorbike knocked into a small car.The motorbike was red, and there are(were)two persons on the motorbike.The car was yellow.The motorbike fell down, and the two persons on the motorbike were slight injured.The(car)driver came out of the car at once, and asked about the two persons.As soon as I saw that, I made a telephone call to 110.The traffic police arrived in a short time.According to what I saw, I thought there may be one reason leading to the accident.That was the motorbike kept too short（a）distant from the car.When the car slowed down, the motorbike couldn't slow down in time.So the accident took place.東方教育點(diǎn)評：（1）基本切題。

（2）文字連貫性不強(qiáng)，尤其是第二段，缺少一些必要的銜接詞。（3）簡單句太多，可以考慮把一些合并成復(fù)合句。（4）有些地方人稱指代不明（如司機(jī)），容易引起誤解（5）有一些基本的時(shí)態(tài)、語法錯(cuò)誤。例4．（11分段）

Last Friday afternoon, when I was on my way home, a traffic accident took place at the crossing of Shanghai Road.A pupil was knocked down by a black car when he was walking across the street.His legs were badly hurt.Sever(Several)minutes later an ambulance came, and the driver of the black car sent the pupil to the hospital immediately.In my eyes, this accident was due to that the pupil broke the traffic rules.That is to say, the pupil walked across the street when the traffic lights were red.As soon as the driver saw the pupil, he stopped the car, however, it was too late.In my opinion, it was necessary to advocate people to confirm to the traffic rules.If the pupil hadn't broken the traffic rules, the accident might not have happened.東方教育點(diǎn)評：(1)本文比較切題，表達(dá)思想清楚。（2）語句比較通順，但有少量語言錯(cuò)誤。例5．（14分段）

My name is Liming.I am studying at college.A week ago I saw a traffic accident , which is still vivid in my mind.It was at about 9:00 on Saturday morning, June 15th, when I went out of the university to visit a friend of mine at another university.I was walking leisurely on the sidewalk when I heard a loud crash of two vehicles just at the T-junction about 10 meters away.Two taxis crashed together.It was a traffic accident.

I went up and found that the two taxis were badly damaged.Both hoofs were out of shape.One door of a car was knocked off and lying on the road.One driver was blooding and another was shut in the taxi.Some people were trying to help the driver get out of the damaged car.One man was calling to the traffic policeman station.A lot of cars were jammed on the road.

From the stopping track on the road, it is clear that the two taxis were driving too fast.But it is just one of the reasons.In my opinion, the taxi drivers are eager to take more passengers and make a little more money.On the other hand, both drivers don't show concern for one another.Both of them wanted to run in front of another.Therefore, the accident is inevitable.So far, we should let the drivers keep it in their mind that a little slower, a little safer.Taking care of other's lives means taking care of your own life.東方教育點(diǎn)評：（1）切題。

（2）表達(dá)清楚，描述詳細(xì)生動。（3）文字通順，連貫性較好。

（4）基本上無大的語言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)誤。

注： 文中劃線部分為原文的一些明顯語言錯(cuò)誤，括號里的為修改建議，為保持原文面貌，對于結(jié)構(gòu)沒有做過多改動。

（五）2003年6月考試六級作文題：Changes of Ownership of Houses in China 圖表作文，圖表內(nèi)容是1990，1995，2000的公房和私房變化柱狀表，趨勢是公房越來越少，私房越來越多。

提綱：1.簡單描述一下圖表內(nèi)容 2.變化原因

3.這個(gè)變化對個(gè)人和社會的影響 例1．（2分段）

此分段標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為條理不清，思路紊亂，大部分句子均有嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。為了不影響市容，給大家造成負(fù)面影響，故此處略去100字?? 例2．（5分段）

It is descerned that（刪掉）the number of pirate（private）

houses had been on a（an）increase from 1990 to 2000.In 1990, it was about 20 percent;In 1995 it was 40 percent;In 2000, it was 80 percent.There were some reasons for this fact.One of them was the improvement of people's living conditions（condition）, all people wanted to own pirate houses.On the other hand, people's income was on a（an）

increase, they could afford to buy pirate houses!

Obviously, there were some good things resulted from this fact.Such as it could improve Chinese economy.But there were also some bad things, such as it took much time to go to work!

東方教育點(diǎn)評：（1）本文基本切題。（2）字?jǐn)?shù)不夠，要酌情扣分。

（2）第一段描述圖表不應(yīng)該單列舉出數(shù)字，而是應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)描寫變化趨勢 ；第二段說明理由不夠充分；第三段說明影響有點(diǎn)牽強(qiáng)。（4）全文語言錯(cuò)誤較多。例3．（8分段）

From the graph it is clear that the percentage of the state owned house in china in a city has decreased greatly from 75% in 1990 to 20% in 2000, while the private house has increased sharply.what has caused these changes?

There are, I think, at least two main reasons for these changes.to begin with, with the development of the technology and science, people"s living standard has improved greatly and they can afford to buy high-graded things such as TV, computer and even house.Secondly it is due to the mind people hold and the ecomonic policy.As is known to all, the price of house is often very high, and people must(used to)save their money(for)many years,（however,）as their minds changed, they went to the bank to borrow money and the ecomonic policy also encouraged them to do so.There may be some other reasons, but the above mentiond are commonly acceptable.To conclude, the ownership of houses reflect the development of our country and people are enjoying a better life, I am firmly sure that the productivity of the society will keep improving and people will enjoy a more affluent life in the near future.東方教育點(diǎn)評：（1）本文基本切題，語句基本通順

（2）第一段描述圖表太簡單，第二段有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，第三段太簡單。（3）不少語言錯(cuò)誤。例4．（11分段）

As is shown by the bar chart, we can see that great changes have been taken place in a big city in China during the year from 1990 to 2000.The number of stated-owned houses is on the decline, while the private houses are（is）on the rise.To get the sourse(source)of this changes, it is nature for us to come up with the following reasons.In the first place, owning to the advance in people's living standard ,people are better off today, and they have more money to buy a house.In the second place , with the development of society and economy, some achievements have been maken(made)in housing construction.Last but not least, thanks to the increasing consciousness of confortable(comfortable)life, people are in favor of buying a house.All this results in the boom of private housing.Benefits of this(these)changes are obvious.It is advantage to both people and society.For one thing, with house, people can enjoy their confortable(comfortable)life.For another, this(these)changes can stimulate our nation's economic development.東方教育點(diǎn)評：(1)切題。

（2）表達(dá)思想清楚，語句通順。（3）但有少量語言錯(cuò)誤。例5．（14分段）

It can be obviously seen from the chart above that our modern society has experienced a great change, and in the last decade, from 1990 to 2000, more and more people prefer private houses to state-owned ones.There are a lot of reasons for it.First of all, state-owned houses lack the individualized characteristics, which are highly advocated in the modern society today.In addition, The declining prices of the private houses, with the skyrocketing income of people in recent years, contribute to the increase of purchases of private houses because, after all, economy is the most basic factor each family or individual can decide on.At last, the purchases of private houses can entitle consumers to a more flexible selection in terms of location, house type and even the relevant service than that of its state-owned counterpart.This phenomenon, in my opinion, has not only upgraded the quality and standard of life of people , but also improved the value of consumption of our modern society.And it is more significant that the phenomenon has formed a social atmosphere in our life in which everyone strives harder and harder for the sake of his life and future.東方教育點(diǎn)評：（1）切題。

（2）表達(dá)思想清楚，論證比較有力。

（3）文字通順，連貫性好，但有少量語言錯(cuò)誤。

注： 文中劃線部分為原文的一些明顯語言錯(cuò)誤，括號里的為修改建議，為保持原文面貌，對于結(jié)構(gòu)沒有做過多改動。

真題網(wǎng)提供

第三篇：應(yīng)用文寫作

應(yīng)用寫作思考與練習(xí)

思考與練習(xí)一：應(yīng)用寫作概述

一、判斷題 原始社會氏族后期時(shí)我國應(yīng)用寫作的萌生時(shí)期。（√）“公文”這一稱謂出現(xiàn)于唐代。（×）3 “應(yīng)用文”最早出現(xiàn)于秦代。（×）迄今所知有據(jù)可查的我國最早的應(yīng)用文為甲骨刻辭（√）5 我國應(yīng)用文發(fā)展與自覺時(shí)期為魏晉南北朝。（√）6 我國最早的應(yīng)用文總集為《尚書》。（√）

7、應(yīng)用文最本質(zhì)的屬性是模式性。（×）

8、在應(yīng)用文的發(fā)展過程中，魏晉南北朝時(shí)期是應(yīng)用寫作理論的構(gòu)建時(shí)期。（√）二、選擇題 我國第一部文體學(xué)專論是（C）

A曹丕《典論 論文 》 B 陸機(jī)《文賦》

C摯虞《文章流別論 》 D 劉勰《文心雕龍》 2 應(yīng)用寫作常用的表達(dá)方式敘述、議論與（A）A說明

B 抒情

C疑問

D 描寫 3 應(yīng)用文最根本的特點(diǎn)是（B）

A審美性

B實(shí)用性

C文學(xué)性

D 政治性應(yīng)用文語言的基本要求是簡潔、樸實(shí)、得體和（D）A生動

B幽默

C流暢

D準(zhǔn)確

5.應(yīng)用寫作的蔭生時(shí)期是（原始社會氏族公社后期）

A 商周時(shí)期

B 魏晉南北朝時(shí)期 C 秦漢時(shí)期

D 唐宋時(shí)期

三、修改 那個(gè)公司每天的營業(yè)額大約500萬元左右。改為：該公司日營業(yè)額約500萬元。公司團(tuán)委國慶長假期間決定組織團(tuán)員游玩觀看三峽。改為：公司團(tuán)委決定國慶長假期間組織團(tuán)員游覽三峽。現(xiàn)在把我市受災(zāi)情況寫在下面的報(bào)告中。改為：現(xiàn)將我市災(zāi)情報(bào)告如下。請告訴那公司把他們的招工計(jì)劃直接送到市勞動局。改為：請告知該公司將其招工計(jì)劃徑送市勞動局。對王廠長的講話，開會代表發(fā)出如雷似潮的掌聲。改為：與會代表對王廠長的講話報(bào)以熱烈的掌聲。6 X 大學(xué)的X 月X日的來信收到了，并知道內(nèi)容了。改為：X 大學(xué)的X 月X日來信收悉。

思考與練習(xí)二：公文概述

一、判斷題 黨政機(jī)關(guān)公文共有15種公文。（√）2 公文都應(yīng)標(biāo)注份號。（×）3 公文都必須標(biāo)識簽發(fā)人姓名。（×）

4上行文主要有請示、報(bào)告和部分意見（√）5平行文主要有函、議案、部分通知和部分意見。（√）6黨的機(jī)關(guān)不使用的文種有通告、議案。

（×）

二、選擇題

1行政機(jī)關(guān)中的數(shù)字使用漢字表述的有（ACD）

A 詞組

B成文日期

C 慣用語

D 部分結(jié)構(gòu)層次序數(shù)

2、下列四組機(jī)關(guān)中，可聯(lián)合行文的是（D）

A 省人民政府、省公安廳

B市人民政府、省人民政府

C省公安廳、市公安局

D 市公安局、市工商行政管理局 19、關(guān)于抄送機(jī)關(guān)正確的說法為（A）

A 請示不可抄送給下級機(jī)關(guān)

B必須用全稱

C 包含主送機(jī)關(guān)

D 只可抄送給平級機(jī)關(guān)

5、下列標(biāo)題正確的有（BD）。

A X市人民政府批轉(zhuǎn)國務(wù)院關(guān)于2000國家科學(xué)技術(shù)獎勵的決定的通知 B XX大學(xué)關(guān)于印發(fā)《學(xué)生宿舍管理規(guī)定》的通知 C XX廠關(guān)于印發(fā)財(cái)務(wù)管理辦法的通知

D X市人民政府轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)X省人民政府關(guān)于建立愛國主義教育基地的通知的通知 X大學(xué)禁止在學(xué)生宿舍內(nèi)飼養(yǎng)寵物，應(yīng)選用（B）行文。A 通報(bào)

B 通告

C 通知

D 公告

18、某林場遭遇森林大火，需向上級行文反映情況，應(yīng)使用（A）。A 報(bào)告

B請示

C通報(bào)

D意見

三、修改 湖南省人民政府發(fā)（06）第009號

改為：湘府發(fā)[2006]9號。

注：前面的中括號應(yīng)該是六角括符 2 四川省財(cái)政廳函[02] 03號

改為：川財(cái)函[2002]3號。

注：前面的中括號應(yīng)該是六角括符

四、根據(jù)下列各要素，按照公文文面格式要求制成一份規(guī)范的公文

1.標(biāo)題：宏遠(yuǎn)集團(tuán)公司關(guān)于表彰先進(jìn)集體和先進(jìn)個(gè)人的決定 主送機(jī)關(guān)：各分公司、各部門 3 抄送：公司黨委，黨委宣傳部 4 正文：…………（略）成文日期：2012年10月22日 6 發(fā)文字號：宏司發(fā)〔2012〕56號 7 印發(fā)機(jī)關(guān)與印發(fā)日期：宏遠(yuǎn)集團(tuán)公司總經(jīng)理辦公室，2012年10月22日印發(fā) 8 附件：先進(jìn)集體與先進(jìn)個(gè)人名單

宏遠(yuǎn)集團(tuán)公司文件

宏司發(fā)〔2012〕56號

宏遠(yuǎn)集團(tuán)公司關(guān)于表彰先進(jìn)集體和先進(jìn)個(gè)人的決定

各分公司、各部門：

……………………………………………………………………………。

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………。

…………………………………………………………。

附件：先進(jìn)集體與先進(jìn)個(gè)人名單

2012年10月22日

抄送：公司黨委，黨委宣傳部。

宏遠(yuǎn)集團(tuán)公司總經(jīng)理辦公室

2012年10月22日印發(fā)

第四篇：議論文寫作

確立層次 構(gòu)建章法

——議論文寫作指導(dǎo)

一、鳳頭

■柳宗元在《永之氓》中敘述了這樣一個(gè)故事：永州的一個(gè)小伙子擅長游泳，可有一日落入水中，他卻顯得身手笨拙。岸上的人問他為什么，他說因?yàn)檠纤┲腻X太沉重了。人們勸他扔掉金錢，他就是不聽，結(jié)果葬身于滔滔江水之中。｜｜細(xì)細(xì)想來，媽媽的“脫掉外衣和鞋襪，就甩掉了多余的顧慮”一句話可謂精辟！人生不可能沒有羈絆和束縛。天晴時(shí)，我們就應(yīng)該脫去蓑衣，享受明媚的陽光，擁抱人生的精彩。（根據(jù)“2012年高考全國大綱卷”優(yōu)秀作文修改，題目擬為《天晴了，我們應(yīng)該脫去蓑衣》）■在《愛麗絲夢游仙境》中，那只西裝革履的小兔子，一邊飛奔一邊看表，大喊著：“我沒有時(shí)間了，來不及了。”這個(gè)鏡頭映射出現(xiàn)代人的處境。我們的生命被統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃為運(yùn)動場的跑道，路程被定死了，只需關(guān)注時(shí)間的毫厘之差。然而人生如逆旅，重要的并非時(shí)間的一分一秒，而是生命的縱橫廣遠(yuǎn)。（2012年福建卷高考優(yōu)秀作文開頭，題為《生如逆旅，一葦以航》）■鐵凝作品被“咬文嚼字”，她誠懇感謝；莫言被“咬”，道出“請人挑錯(cuò)，可能是消除謬誤的好辦法。”｜｜艾匹克蒂塔說：“人生是一場戰(zhàn)役，是一場多災(zāi)多難的戰(zhàn)役。”在這多舛的戰(zhàn)役中，人難免有錯(cuò)。正如再明凈的月夜也逃不脫陰影的追蹤，亦如再清澈的水面也避不了風(fēng)浪的攪動，人生不完美，因而批評的聲音恒在。但惟有感謝慘淡的挑錯(cuò)，正視淋漓的錯(cuò)誤，人生才是一片晴天。（根據(jù)“2013年高考山東卷”優(yōu)秀作文修改，題目擬為《感謝挑錯(cuò)，便是晴天》）

二、虎肚

■2012年高考遼寧卷作文試題及滿分作文：

閱讀下面的材料，根據(jù)要求寫一篇不少于800字的文章。（60分）

臺后一簾深色幕布，臺上一架鋼琴，柔和的燈光灑在黑白鍵上，人們屏息等待。女鋼琴家悄然出現(xiàn)，衣著簡樸。演奏家上臺，誰不身著華美的演出服，光彩奪目？人們就此問她，她的回答是：“人，要隱于音樂背后。”

女鋼琴家的話耐人尋味。

有人感佩不已，有人不以為然，有人感到了缺憾，有人聯(lián)想到人生的諸多方面??

要求選好角度，確寫立意，明確文體，自擬題目，不要脫離材料內(nèi)容及含意的范圍作文，不要套作，不得抄襲。

在浮華中隱沒自我

①莎士比亞曾說：“人生如癡人說夢，充滿著喧嘩與躁動，卻沒有任何意義。”的確，華美的衣衫固然吸引眼球，但卻隱藏了音樂的美感；簡樸的衣著雖然樸素平淡，但卻彰顯了音樂的悠揚(yáng)。“人，要隱于音樂背后”，敢于隱沒自我，樂于低調(diào)做人，方能讓黑白的樸素襯托人生的炫美。

②敢于隱沒自我，是讓自己退居前臺之后，不搏出位,不嘩眾取寵，內(nèi)斂隱忍地提升自我；敢于隱沒自我，是行走于眾生之間，選擇沉淀，不喧賓奪主，棄別喧囂，獨(dú)守一份平和。

③隱沒是為了更好的凸顯，正如自薦的毛遂，亦如臥薪的勾踐，還如忍辱的韓信。敢于隱沒自我，導(dǎo)演李安退隱家中，十年磨一劍，從一位無業(yè)游民苦練內(nèi)功一步步堅(jiān)實(shí)地邁向了奧斯卡領(lǐng)獎臺；敢于隱沒自我，季羨林隱于燕園之中，潛心靜述，展示了一代大師的傲人風(fēng)范。

④但轉(zhuǎn)觀眼下，“搏出位”、“炫富”、“曝丑聞”等輿論大潮正一次次襲卷著我們的視聽。人們似乎已再信奉“沉默是金”這一信條，前仆后繼地涌向前臺，不再隱沒。君不見，網(wǎng)絡(luò)上，郭美美高調(diào)炫富；撞人后，李啟銘肆言“我爸是李剛”？ 君不見，娛樂圈的明星不惜以曝丑聞來博取關(guān)注點(diǎn)擊率；而所謂的“大師”也輪番轉(zhuǎn)戰(zhàn)于熒屏之前，侃侃而談，喧囂四起??

⑤可惜,這是一個(gè)“大師”看似繁盛，實(shí)則荒蕪的年代；這是一個(gè)看似熱鬧喧囂，實(shí)則空虛慘白的年代。我看見了郭、李之流神氣十足中暴露出的骯臟齷齪，我看見了明星們看似瀟灑的行為中流露出的粗鄙不堪；我看見了所謂專家們口若懸河中影射出的學(xué)術(shù)素養(yǎng)的淺薄與名利欲望的蔓延！可笑可嘆！⑥不敢于隱沒自我，爭先恐后地奔赴前臺，產(chǎn)生的后果還不值得我們反思么？！于個(gè)人，只會一次次失去積淀凝煉的機(jī)會，進(jìn)而難以驚艷一現(xiàn)，一鳴驚人，只能永遠(yuǎn)混跡眾生，隨波逐流；于社會，只會讓我們更加浮躁難耐，輿論格調(diào)、公民素養(yǎng)每況愈下，文明之邦的美譽(yù)一次次黯然失色！

⑦“水善利萬物而不爭。”甘于隱沒自我，并非一蹶不振，隨欲而安；抑非看破紅塵，放任自流。⑧波斯的諺語說得真好：天空越黑暗的時(shí)候，便越能看見星辰。正如女鋼琴家身著樸素退離前臺，它是從樸素中尋得永恒，于灰暗中察覺光明。

■2013年高考福建卷作文試題及滿分作文： 閱讀下面的材料，根據(jù)要求作文。（70分）

我仰望著夜空，感到一陣驚恐； 如果地球失去引力，我就會變成流星，無依無附在天宇飄行。哦，不能！

為了拒絕這種“自由”，我愿變成一段樹根，深深地扎進(jìn)地層。

上面的材料，引發(fā)你怎樣的感悟與聯(lián)想？請就此寫一篇不少于800字的議論文或記敘文。

要求：（1）必須符合文體要求；（2）角度自選；（3）立意自定；（4）標(biāo)題自擬；（5）不得抄襲，不得套作。

守望千年的美麗

①“如果地球失去引力，我就會變成流星，無依無附在天宇飄行。”顧城的詩句令我深思：如果傳統(tǒng)文化失去引力，我們豈不成了無根之草，只能漫無目的隨風(fēng)飛舞？

②霍爾頓曾說：“我只想當(dāng)個(gè)麥田里的守望者。”是啊，中華兒女理應(yīng)守望千年的文化。

③想我泱泱華夏，上下五千年，留下了太多的美麗。單就文學(xué)一脈而言，從《詩經(jīng)》到《楚辭》，從先秦散文到漢賦，從唐詩宋詞元曲到明清小說，便足以讓我們深深感受到中華宏闊的文化精神和有容乃大的文化氣派；更別說還有曲藝的優(yōu)美，國畫的空靈，茶文化的高雅，各種器具各種建筑的精致??

④追尋我們的文化之根，那種傳承千百年的美麗，常讓我們覺得它們美得令人無所適從，目不暇接；守望我們千年的美麗，那種數(shù)千年沉淀下的精華，常讓我們心有所依，魂有所屬。

⑤可惜，這種千百年來傳承下來的美麗似乎正在離我們越來越遠(yuǎn)。敢于破格、日新、造世界、思將來，常覺一切事無不可為的中國青少年正在為追尋思想上的“自由”而努力遠(yuǎn)離傳統(tǒng)帶來的“束縛”。于是，我們青少年的英文、韓語流暢無比卻看不懂一段文言文；我們會寫漂亮的英文花體字，卻不會拿中國的毛筆；我們喝著咖啡、可樂，卻忘記了曾是世界級奢侈品的中國茶；我們吃著肯德基、麥當(dāng)勞，卻忽視了營養(yǎng)豐富、色香味俱佳的中餐；我們過著西方的圣誕節(jié)，卻被韓國人拿著我們的端午節(jié)去申遺；我們看著美國大片、韓國電視劇、日本動漫，卻忘記了曾經(jīng)讓世界驚詫的中國水墨動畫；我們狂熱地學(xué)習(xí)外國文化禮儀，盼著孩子出國留洋，可外國人卻紛紛建立孔子學(xué)院要學(xué)習(xí)中國文化??

⑥正因?yàn)槿绱耍瑐鹘y(tǒng)文化的缺失日益嚴(yán)重。而這種缺失，并沒有給我們帶走發(fā)展中的束縛，并沒有給我們帶來真正的思想解放的自由。恰恰相反，這種無所依附的“自由”讓我們感到的是無所皈依的彷徨。倘若完全阻斷了民族文化的牽連，掙脫傳統(tǒng)文化的束縛，我們便成了短線的風(fēng)箏，隨風(fēng)漂泊，何以覓得心靈的歸宿？我們便成了無根的浮萍，隨波逐流，怎不陷入信仰的危機(jī)？

⑦哲學(xué)家維特根斯坦曾言：“我站在地面步行，不在云端舞蹈。”拒絕于云端跳舞的輕佻，我們尚可選擇帶著鐐銬于地面舞蹈。在功利之風(fēng)盛行、物質(zhì)欲膨脹的今天，唯有懷著孩子般的單純與執(zhí)著，方可增加自身的定力，為心靈尋覓歸屬；唯有扎根民族文化的厚土，方可提高我們思想的深度和廣度，讓我們知道如何做人做事，給自己一個(gè)寧靜踏實(shí)的精神家園。

⑧克里爾說：“靈魂沒有廟宇，雨水就會滴在心上。”守望那千年的美麗，心靈不會潮濕。

■2013年高考山東卷作文試題及滿分作文：

閱讀下面的材料，根據(jù)要求寫一篇不少于800字的文章。（60分）

近年來，素有“語林啄木鳥”之稱的《咬文嚼字》開設(shè)專欄，為當(dāng)代著名作家的作品挑錯(cuò)，發(fā)現(xiàn)其中確有一些語言文字和文史知識差錯(cuò)。對此，這些作家紛紛表示理解，并積極回應(yīng)。中國作協(xié)主席鐵凝誠懇地感謝讀者對她的作品“咬文嚼字”；莫言在被“咬”之后，也表達(dá)了自己的謝意，他表示，請別人挑錯(cuò)，可能 是消除謬誤的好辦法。

要求：（1）選準(zhǔn)角度，自定立意。（2）自擬題目。（3）除詩歌外，文體不限，文體特征鮮明。（4）不要脫離材料內(nèi)容及含意的范圍。

感謝挑錯(cuò)，便是晴天

①鐵凝作品被“咬文嚼字”，她誠懇感謝；莫言被“咬”，道出“請人挑錯(cuò)，可能是消除謬誤的好辦法。”

②艾匹克蒂塔說：“人生是一場戰(zhàn)役，是一場多災(zāi)多難的戰(zhàn)役。”在這多舛的戰(zhàn)役中，人難免有錯(cuò)。正如再明凈的月夜也逃不脫陰影的追蹤，亦如再清澈的水面也避不了風(fēng)浪的攪動，人生不完美，因而批評的聲音恒在。但惟有感謝慘淡的挑錯(cuò)，正視淋漓的錯(cuò)誤，人生才是一片晴天。

③大師們感謝挑錯(cuò)，所以他們在攀登之路上能越走越遠(yuǎn)。

④“護(hù)生即護(hù)心，護(hù)心則身在何處皆可為畫。”因聽取了師傅弘一法師的一句帶有委婉批評的勸勉，豐子愷先生便達(dá)到了“雪在枕邊猶可畫”的境界。“當(dāng)年的言論，多是因循時(shí)局，而非我內(nèi)心的聲音。”晚年馮友蘭面對梁漱溟的挑錯(cuò)如是回應(yīng)。當(dāng)二人都入耄耋之年，馮友蘭悔恨不已，寫信道歉，梁馮矛盾渙然冰釋。是什么讓馮友蘭敢于低下往日高傲的頭顱？又是什么讓兩位老人重歸于好？是當(dāng)時(shí)一顆感謝挑錯(cuò)的赤心。

⑤但反觀當(dāng)今社會，又有多少人能走進(jìn)感謝挑錯(cuò)的殿堂？閉目塞聽之人充斥著我們的視野，自以為是之舉考量著我們的耳力，捶胸頓足之果揪痛著我們的心房。曾幾何時(shí)，面對關(guān)于河流污染的批評，我們忽視，如今那渾濁的水流讓我們流淚；曾幾何時(shí)，面對關(guān)于熱捧洋節(jié)的批評，我們輕視，如今那傳統(tǒng)文化的缺失讓我們后悔；曾幾何時(shí)，面對關(guān)于道德缺失的批評，我們漠視，如今那無助的眼神讓我們刺痛；曾幾何時(shí)，面對關(guān)于大拆大建的批評，我們無視，如今那典雅的古鎮(zhèn)、優(yōu)美的民居再也不見??曾幾何時(shí)，還有多少個(gè)曾幾何時(shí)呵！

⑥探其根，究其本，師心自用，狂妄自大，死要面子，諱疾忌醫(yī)，的確是害人不淺啊！再回首已是百年身，慘痛的教訓(xùn)讓我們銘記了挑錯(cuò)者的可貴。

⑦于丹曾說：“對待批評，要三鞠躬，一握手。”蛙聲起，蟬聲近，透紗窗。繁華世界紅塵萬丈，我們會聽到很多聲音，每一種聲音都會為生命染上自己的顏色。在13億人民追尋“中國夢”的征途中，我們要有一種放低的姿態(tài)，一種清醒審視自我的態(tài)度，一顆誠懇開放的心，一雙扎實(shí)進(jìn)步的手，這才是唯一正確的選擇。

⑧“君子之過，如日月之食焉，過也，人皆見之；更也，人皆仰之。”圣人之言，善哉！感謝挑錯(cuò)，世界將含笑欣賞我們的背影。

三、豹尾

寫作顯然屬于一種創(chuàng)造性勞動，但也不能離開必要的借鑒。考場作文，時(shí)間限制很嚴(yán)格，加上思想壓力大，短時(shí)間要寫出一個(gè)好的作文結(jié)尾不是一件容易的事。如果事前積累了一些好的結(jié)尾，到時(shí)往往會產(chǎn)生奇效。現(xiàn)推薦部分結(jié)尾，供大家借鑒。■（??），世界將在你眼前徐徐展開。■（??），世界將含笑欣賞我們的背影。

■放下筆，悠悠地，我在想：即將接起重任的我們能否在（??）中去尋覓這份人性的升華？我想，會的！

■佛家講因果輪回，道家講天理循環(huán)。（??）

■王孫兮歸來，山中兮不可久留。漫漫人生路，勿忘與（??）同行。■驀然回首，陌上花已開。

■天晴了，脫去身上的蓑衣，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，陽光如此明媚，生命如此精彩！

■我希望，在不久的將來，每一個(gè)中國人 都能在面對一些從未發(fā)生的事情，追問“為什么不能之樣？”而不是悲哀地反問自己：“中國人失掉（??）了嗎？”

四、語言

■學(xué)會引用名人名言

①正如喬布斯所說｜或如紀(jì)伯倫之言｜宋代大儒張載有云｜臺灣畫家?guī)酌撞『筢θ恍盐?/p>

②林清玄在《心的菩提》中說｜周國平在《人與永恒》中有言｜想起林語堂先生在《風(fēng)聲鶴唳》中的一句話 ③徐志摩寫給陸小曼的信｜傅雷寫給兒子的家書｜毛澤東寄給徐特立的賀卡 ④我想到了圣·埃克絮佩里（法國）的童話《小王子》｜ 克里斯蒂娜·涅斯特林格(奧地利)的《新木偶奇遇記》｜伊麗莎白·恩賴特（美國）《銀頂針的夏天》

⑤《來自星星的你》在韓國乃至中國全面發(fā)燒（編劇樸智恩，女一號韓國國民女神全智賢，男一號最年輕視帝金秀賢）（如今的韓劇，早已告別了“癌癥、車禍、死不了”的時(shí)代，憑借“長腿、養(yǎng)眼、真土豪”的新三寶，又一次成功搶占了觀眾們的眼球。人靚衣美畫面好，固然是這些劇爆紅的因素，不過也少不了這些劇背后的編劇們的功勞）｜電影《咱們結(jié)婚吧》里有一段經(jīng)典的獨(dú)白｜在電影《愛麗絲夢游仙境》中，那只西裝革履的小兔子，一邊飛奔一邊看表，大喊著：“我沒有時(shí)間了，來不及了。”這個(gè)鏡頭映射出現(xiàn)代人的處境。■學(xué)會積累散文化語言

第五篇：寫作道場

寫作道場(一)審題立意

名 師 授 道

在高考作文寫作中,審題或者根據(jù)試題進(jìn)行有效立意是寫好高考作文最為重要的一環(huán)?當(dāng)試題確定以后,如何審好題?立好意至關(guān)重要,審題不準(zhǔn)會導(dǎo)致全盤皆輸?能否準(zhǔn)確地把握命題者的正確意圖和話題本身的意義指向,又能否在文章中準(zhǔn)確地呈現(xiàn)出來,將大體決定全文的成敗?要審準(zhǔn)題?立好意,須熟練兩種技能,掌握四種方法?

一?熟練兩種技能

1.抓“三主要”?“三主要”包括主要對象?主要關(guān)系和主要意向?主要對象即材料或命題的核心對象(詞素),主要關(guān)系即對象之間的相互關(guān)系,主要意向即材料或命題的主要內(nèi)容及其情感傾向?怎樣抓“三主要”進(jìn)而形成判斷,下面分成兩類來講:(1)有明確指向的作文——話題作文?命題作文?這一類作文,關(guān)鍵在于抓住話題或命題中的核心詞素,具體操作如下: ①操作原則?抽象命題具體還原,具體概念抽象提升;大話題小處著手,小話題大處引申?2008年山東卷話題“春來草自青”中“春”是關(guān)鍵詞,比喻還原,大而言之,可以是盛世祖國的春天?和諧社會的春天?素質(zhì)教育的春天等;小而言之,可以是個(gè)人成長需要的各種條件,如父母之愛?老師之愛?同學(xué)友誼或家庭的溫暖?學(xué)校的關(guān)懷?班級的團(tuán)結(jié)等? 2009年北京卷“隱形的翅膀”具有比喻義,含義廣泛,如夢想?信念?特長?能力等等?翅膀幫助人飛翔?幫助人成功?幫助人實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的理想,那么信心?堅(jiān)強(qiáng)?樂觀等積極向上的意志品質(zhì)都可以作為寫作的對象?2009年北京卷“隱形的翅膀”具有比喻義,含義廣泛,如夢想?信念?特長?能力等等?翅膀幫助人飛翔?幫助人成功?幫助人實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的理想,那么信心?堅(jiān)強(qiáng)?樂觀等積極向上的意志品質(zhì)都可以作為寫作的對象?2009年湖北卷“踮起腳尖”,最具彈性的詞語是“踮起”?踮起腳尖,即是一個(gè)引體向上提升的動作?小而言之,即是站得高才能望得遠(yuǎn),所以踮起腳尖;大而言之只有踮起腳尖,提升我們的眼光,我們才能看到前方要行進(jìn)的“路”?2009年山東卷題目“見證”,“見”是看見或經(jīng)歷,“證”是證明?既可寫現(xiàn)實(shí)人生,也可追溯歷史人物或事件?如寫記敘文,考生宜選取現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的人或事?切入點(diǎn)要小;既要有“見”的詳細(xì)敘述,又要有“證”的發(fā)人深省?寫議論文,宜從大處著眼,選取有積極意義的人物或事件,突出具體的感悟和啟發(fā)?

②操作方向:也就是朝哪些方向去具體化?抽象化,朝哪些方向小處入手或大處引申?譬如可從自然?人生?精神?生活?社會?歷史等層面去思考和挖掘?③操作方法:圍繞核心詞素進(jìn)行遣詞造句?即以該詞或標(biāo)題中的核心語素為中心詞,組合成短語或造出表意明確的語句,而這短語和句子本身有可能構(gòu)成這篇文章的命意判斷?如“望”這一話題,通過組句的方法可直接得出判斷?如:望是一種追求,一種向往,是人生向前的動力;望,觀望,冷靜地觀望,它是大是大非前的冷靜,是大風(fēng)大浪前的睿智;望,奢望,它是一種不切實(shí)際的追逐,最終,在望中一切都可能變成虛無;望,望鄉(xiāng),望月,它是一種情思,是天上人間又一縹緲的情思?這里需特別提醒的就是主要意向即情感傾向,這是文章之根?乍看,高考作文題似乎沒有情感傾向,其實(shí)它早就被命題人埋藏其中了,只是要你淘盡沙礫而已?如2009年浙江卷“綠葉對根的情意”,意在針對現(xiàn)在的學(xué)生過于浮躁?熱衷于國外的精彩,使過去那份沉淀在國人心目中亙古不變的鄉(xiāng)土情結(jié)越來越顯尷尬的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況,其間潛藏著脈脈含情的溫馨提示:熱愛你的家鄉(xiāng),熱愛你的生活,熱愛你腳下的那方熱土吧?如果審題時(shí)悟出了題中蘊(yùn)涵的這種特殊情愫,行文時(shí)就會用飽滿的激情?流暢的語句書寫出濃情淋漓的文字,文章也定是上乘之作了?

(2)無明確指向的作文——材料作文?

對于沒有提供話題的作文(主要是材料作文,包括看圖作文),更要抓住材料中的“三主要”,確保不偏離?譬如下面一則材料:《於陵子·人間》中講了這樣一則故事:中州有一只蝸牛,想振奮起來干一番事業(yè),卻又時(shí)時(shí)責(zé)備自己軟弱無能?想向東去攀登泰山,計(jì)算一下卻要走三千多年;又想向南去涉長江和漢水,計(jì)算一下也要走三千多年?再想想自己的壽命,不過朝暮之間就要死去?于是不勝悲憤,枯死在蓬蒿稈上,而被螞蟻嘲笑?此材料的主要對象是蝸牛(抓螞蟻就不妥),主要關(guān)系是蝸牛與其夢想等,主要傾向是對蝸牛行為的質(zhì)疑或否定?在此基礎(chǔ)上去命意就不會有任何偏離?

2.做“三追問”?“三追問”,即三層哲學(xué)追問:是什么?為什么?怎么樣?譬如“修身”這一話題,我們便可從是什么?為什么?怎么樣三個(gè)角度進(jìn)行分解?①是什么:談修身的內(nèi)涵,如煉人格?修骨氣?養(yǎng)靜心?育意志?修正氣等?②為什么:談修身的價(jià)值,如修身與人生?修身與社會等?③怎么樣:談修身的方法,如讀書?藝術(shù)?親近自然?走進(jìn)古跡等?有了如上的分解,準(zhǔn)確判斷就顯得輕松易得了?

譬如“修身貴在養(yǎng)氣”“修身是人生的必修課”“讀書以修身”等?又如2009年湖北卷“站在的門口”,考生需要考慮“站在誰的門口”“這是一扇通向哪里的門”“站在門口做什么”“誰站在這個(gè)門口”“為什么要站在這樣的門口”,這樣思考,選擇的角度比較豐富,可以開掘出比較廣闊的空間?

再看剛才《於陵子·人間》那則材料?分析時(shí)可圍繞蝸牛的結(jié)局問“蝸牛這種行為的本質(zhì)是什么”“為什么蝸牛最后郁郁而終”“為什么蝸牛沒能實(shí)現(xiàn)其夢想”或“蝸牛怎樣才不會這樣”等,最終可以正確地命意,如“凡事要量力而行”(認(rèn)清自我?找準(zhǔn)自己的位置)“從實(shí)際出發(fā)”“心在當(dāng)下”“夢想要靠行動去實(shí)現(xiàn)”“千里之行,始于足下”等等?以上角度,取其一即可?

二?掌握四種方法

1.發(fā)散思維分析?

任何事物都有不同的側(cè)面?同時(shí),任何事物都處于客觀世界的“關(guān)系網(wǎng)”中,從不同角度聯(lián)系周圍事物去觀察思考會得到不同結(jié)論?另外,事物的發(fā)展趨勢一般都存在多種可能性,比較明顯的可能性是常規(guī)角度,那些不明顯的可能性往往會出新意?作文審題立意也是如此,不同的著力點(diǎn),有可能獲取到不同的價(jià)值取向?用發(fā)散思維審題立意,就是將對象放在一個(gè)廣闊的背景中充分發(fā)揮想象力,從一點(diǎn)向四面八方想開去,力求考慮到對象中的各要素和對象發(fā)展的各種可能性結(jié)果,多角度地聯(lián)系和思考?

例如下面一則材料:一位哲學(xué)家想把一頭牛趕進(jìn)牛欄?無論是他在前面使勁地拉,還是在后面狠狠地鞭打?牛就是死活不進(jìn)欄?一位路過的農(nóng)夫見了,笑著從地上扯了一把青草,放在牛的嘴前?想不到,牛跟著農(nóng)夫乖乖地走進(jìn)了牛欄?分析材料,首先要迅速找到合理的思維要素(材料中的對象?對象間的關(guān)系?事件的走向和目的等),然后通過聯(lián)想找到正確的有價(jià)值的立意點(diǎn)?本則材料圍繞趕牛?引出了幾組思維要素——哲學(xué)家與農(nóng)夫?鞭打與青草?死活不進(jìn)欄與乖乖進(jìn)欄等?聯(lián)系社會,可迅速找到如下幾個(gè)價(jià)值點(diǎn):(1)正確看待自己?人人都有自己的長處,也有自己的短處?每個(gè)人都有自己的生活區(qū)域,在如何對待牛的問題上?一個(gè)哲學(xué)家就不如一個(gè)農(nóng)夫?(2)蠻干與巧干?做事得法,事半功倍;做事不得法,事倍功半?這位農(nóng)夫抓住了牛的心理需求,便成功地把牛牽進(jìn)欄中了?(3)將欲取之,必先予之?要別人做一件事,強(qiáng)逼是不行的,哪怕你使出渾身解數(shù),也難以奏效?其實(shí)我們要做的,僅是舉手之勞,拿出一點(diǎn)生活的“青草”,給別人一點(diǎn)甜頭和希望?

2.聚合思維分析?

以某個(gè)思考對象為中心,對來自不同角度的復(fù)雜信息進(jìn)行收斂?聚合,為信息的歸屬樹立一個(gè)明確的“靶子”,是一種由面到點(diǎn)的內(nèi)聚式思維狀態(tài),又可稱為內(nèi)斂思維?集中思維?對作文命題進(jìn)行發(fā)散思維分析所形成的價(jià)值點(diǎn),并不都是合理或最佳的,而且在運(yùn)用時(shí)也不可能全部涉及,因此需要進(jìn)行篩選“聚焦”,盡可能從關(guān)鍵要素或隱含要素進(jìn)行分析,找到最佳或最新的方案?譬如,2007年福建卷以“季節(jié)”為題的兩篇文章:(甲)春,是父親的季節(jié),他在春天播下種子……夏,是我的季節(jié),我正面臨高考與人生的選擇……秋,是母親的季節(jié),她在田地里采摘果實(shí)……冬,是爺爺?shù)募竟?jié),他在火爐旁沉思……一年四季,豐富著我平凡一家的生活?感受四季,讓我們感受生活的美好?(2007年福建一考生《季節(jié)》)(乙)一年有四季,有春天的溫暖,有夏日的炎熱,有秋天的蕭瑟,有冬日的寒冷?但母親心中沒有季節(jié),沒有四季,有的是永恒的對子女對父親的愛?春日融融,她卻披著厚厚的蓑衣彎著腰脫秧插秧鋤草施肥;夏日炎炎,人們都躲在陰涼一隅搖著蒲扇,她卻頂著烈日在田間收割稻子收割魚草;秋日,天氣涼爽,人們加了外衣,而她穿的單衣卻總是濕透黏身,她總是在山 間果園疾走,采摘果子,汗?jié)褚律?冬日,她總是穿著厚厚的衣服出門,回來時(shí),總是抱著一捆脫下的衣服?她說:呵呵,做起活來就熱了?可總聽到她的咳嗽聲?父親總是罵母親沒一點(diǎn)季節(jié)概念?母親常常只是看父親一眼,不吭一聲,又轉(zhuǎn)身來到廚房?看到她那單薄而瘦弱的身子,看到她那看著我們的微笑的眼神,我知道母親心中模糊了季節(jié),但清楚的是對兒女對家庭對生活執(zhí)著而堅(jiān)定的愛?(2007年福建一考生《季節(jié)》)甲文從四個(gè)方面審題立意,寫出了四人各自的季節(jié),如此立意,用力發(fā)散,就難以集中筆墨論證,也就缺失清晰透亮的思想,文章也流于淺俗?而乙文從母親季節(jié)的模糊入手,聚焦于母親對兒女對父親清晰而執(zhí)著的愛,如此審題立意,角度集中,文章才顯得厚實(shí)透亮?對于材料類作文,我們也要學(xué)會運(yùn)用聚合思維審題立意,抓住主要信息,明確相關(guān)要素間的關(guān)系,最后聚合成一點(diǎn)?如下面兩則材料:(1)《元史》載,宋元之際,世道紛亂?學(xué)者許衡外出,天氣炎熱,口渴難忍?路邊正好有棵梨樹,行人都去摘梨止渴,唯有許衡不為所動?有人問:“你何不摘梨止渴?”許衡道:“不是自己的梨,豈能亂摘?”那人笑其迂腐,道:“世道如此亂,管他是誰的梨呢,它已沒有主人了?”許衡說:“梨雖無主,但我心有主?”(2)一位木匠做桌子,正面背面做得都很光滑?別人問他:“背面別人又看不到,為什么也做得這樣光滑?”他說:“別人看不到,我看得到!”上述兩則材料中的關(guān)鍵人物及其言行,共同指向“良知”“誠實(shí)”這一美德?

3.逆向思維分析?

事物關(guān)系中的正與反?倒與順都是相對的;事物間可互相轉(zhuǎn)化,在相反條件下會產(chǎn)生同樣的結(jié)果?對一則作文命題?有時(shí)反彈琵琶,從相反或相對的角度去思考,關(guān)注其微小?潛在甚至相反的可能性,從而引起新的思索,產(chǎn)生超常的構(gòu)思和不同凡響的新觀念,這種思維即逆向思維?

曾經(jīng)有這樣一個(gè)故事:在晚清時(shí)期?有個(gè)叫李竹禪的畫家?有一年,他云游北京,被召到宮里作畫?一天,宦官向畫家們宣布:“這里有一張五尺長的宣紙,老佛爺要畫一幅九尺高的觀世音站像,誰來接旨?”那些畫家按常規(guī)思維,認(rèn)為在五尺宣紙上畫九尺高的觀音菩薩是根本不可能的,因此沒有一個(gè)敢站出來接旨,而李竹禪想了想說:“我來接!”只見他磨墨展紙,一揮而就?大家一看,無不驚嘆,心悅誠服?原來,他畫的觀音和大家常畫的并無多大差異,只是把觀音畫成了彎腰在拾凈瓶中的柳枝,如果觀音直起腰來,則正合九尺?這里李竹禪采用的就是反面立意?按照人們常規(guī)思維,一個(gè)人的站像,應(yīng)該是筆直的挺立的,這樣想,五尺長的宣紙當(dāng)然不能畫九尺高的觀音像?而李竹禪卻不這樣想,他認(rèn)為彎著腰也是站著的,也應(yīng)該算是站像?這樣便完成了觀音站像的創(chuàng)作?我們在作文審題時(shí),可運(yùn)用逆向思維,從多方面立意,思考可寫的角度,選取最新穎的角度來寫?例如人們常把“能說會道”看做是“詭辯”“油嘴滑舌”的代名詞,有的學(xué)生卻反其 道而行之,他認(rèn)為藺相如的能說會道,能安邦定國,退敵保民;魯迅的能說會道,成為革命的戰(zhàn)斗工具;周總理的能說會道,維護(hù)了泱泱大國的尊嚴(yán),架起了與世界人民友誼的橋梁? 又如“名師出高徒”,似乎已成為天經(jīng)地義的道理?但名師未必出高徒,宰予雖然也在孔子的門下學(xué)習(xí),但并沒有學(xué)到孔子的學(xué)識,相反,仍然渾渾噩噩,不思進(jìn)取,最終一事無成,名師教出的不一定是高徒?這種反彈琵琶法的逆向思維,打破了思維定式,做到了人未嘗言之,而我始言之,寫出了“人人心中所有,人人筆下所無”的獨(dú)特之感,常可達(dá)到“化腐朽為新奇”的藝術(shù)效果?

再如《曲高和寡》這一材料:有人在楚國郢都唱歌,他開始唱《下里巴人》時(shí),都城里聚在一起跟著唱的有好幾千人,接著唱《陽阿》時(shí),跟著唱的還不下幾百人,隨后唱《陽春白雪》時(shí),跟著唱的不過幾十人?等他唱起音調(diào)多變?悠揚(yáng)流轉(zhuǎn)的高深歌曲時(shí),跟唱的就僅幾個(gè)人了?總之,曲調(diào)越高,能和他一起唱的人就越少?(宋玉《對楚王問》)曲高,其功在作曲家和演唱者;和寡,在于和者能力有限?相應(yīng)的,人的志向?品格?才情越高,能理解他的人就越少?宋玉借此抱怨世俗不理解他,深感知音難覓?我們今天認(rèn)識“曲高和寡”現(xiàn)象,是否也該讓歌者反躬自省一下?如果“曲高”確為事實(shí),那么尋覓知音之路也該繼續(xù)探求;如果只是故作高深,那么知音難覓也就不足為怪了?

逆向思維的核心在“逆”,在“異”,但絕不是刻意獵奇,標(biāo)新立異?求異要講究科學(xué)態(tài)度,防止陳舊觀念?貶義成語等的隨意翻“新”?反對故意編造怪異荒誕的情節(jié);求異要理由充分,言之有理,使否定與創(chuàng)新都符合客觀規(guī)律?

4.辯證思維分析?

實(shí)現(xiàn)對作文命題內(nèi)在?本質(zhì)?全面的分析離不開辯證思維?辯證分析就是要求運(yùn)用聯(lián)系的觀點(diǎn)?發(fā)展的觀點(diǎn)?對立統(tǒng)一和一分為二的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行解析?(1)聯(lián)系的觀點(diǎn)?莊子說:“颶風(fēng)起于萍末?”看似毫無關(guān)聯(lián)的颶風(fēng)與萍末經(jīng)過一系列的轉(zhuǎn)化,最后緊密地聯(lián)系了起來?一顆小小的馬掌釘,可以顛覆一個(gè)國家(“馬掌釘效應(yīng)”);大洋彼岸的蝴蝶輕輕扇動翅膀,可以引起大洋此岸一場風(fēng)暴(“蝴蝶效應(yīng)”)……事物總是普遍聯(lián)系的?任何一則 作文命題都可以聯(lián)系到相關(guān)的個(gè)人經(jīng)歷?歷史事件和社會現(xiàn)象等,這樣,我們的思路便能拓展到無限的領(lǐng)域?例如下面一則材料: 農(nóng)民種高粱,有一道程序叫“曬根”,就是把高粱兩邊的根鋤斷,曬在日頭下?過些時(shí)候來培上土,高粱就開始瘋長,拼命地朝下扎根?夏天即使再風(fēng)大雨大,高粱有了結(jié)實(shí)的根,照樣能站住?不光是高粱,小蔥秧也要擺在地上曬幾天,曬得蔫蔫的再栽,一沾水土,立馬就活了過來,越發(fā)精神?這是一則生活現(xiàn)象類材料?從常規(guī)思維的角度看,植物的根是不能隨便動的,可農(nóng)民偏要故意鋤斷高粱的根,曬在日頭下,從而促使它拼命地朝下扎根,以便日后經(jīng)得起風(fēng)吹雨打?這種看似反常的舉動實(shí)際上是符合常理的:久在水土中的根易生惰性,而曬蔫的斷根,一沾水土,就會爆發(fā)出生命的潛能,這是求生的本能使然?聯(lián)系人生?教育等方面,我們自然可得出諸如“生于憂患,死于安樂”等感悟?

(2)發(fā)展的觀點(diǎn)?辯證法告訴我們,事物是不斷發(fā)展變化的?有的作文命題,其本身蘊(yùn)涵著發(fā)展性的道理,如“水滴石穿”這一典故;有的作文命題,如從歷史?現(xiàn)實(shí)和未來的角度分析,會得出具有發(fā)展性的觀點(diǎn),如“孟母三遷”這一典故,從現(xiàn)代教育的角度分析,除了要求我們加強(qiáng)營造良好的教育環(huán)境外,還需重視對環(huán)境能動性適應(yīng)的教育培養(yǎng),進(jìn)而可提出“適應(yīng)性教育”“挫折教育”等話題?

(3)全面的觀點(diǎn)?認(rèn)識事物的過程中,我們常常陷入單一?片面的誤區(qū),如觀冰山,只略見一角?為此,我們要反省自己的思維方式,讓自己的思維多元化?立體化,學(xué)會用對立統(tǒng)一和一分為二的觀點(diǎn)去分析一則素材?

譬如:據(jù)《新京報(bào)》報(bào)道,2007年9月4日,瘋狂英語創(chuàng)始人李陽的博客中,貼出了一張3 000名學(xué)生集體下跪向老師們磕頭的照片?李陽稱:“下跪的照片是真的,我已經(jīng)習(xí)以為常了,學(xué)生下跪是對老師的尊重?”誠然,下跪包含著對知識和師道的尊重,但從“集體下跪”的背后不難看到,我們學(xué)生本來就缺失骨氣教育?文明教育?開化教育,作為光桿司令的應(yīng)試教育,早已將他們折磨得心靈死氣沉沉?思想奄奄一息了?從某種層面上說,教育的奴性與奴性的教育是在反復(fù)戕害孩子們的心靈?

又如2009年上海卷作文中有《切不要管中窺豹》這樣一篇文章,彰顯的也是作者的一種辯證思維:理查德·施特勞斯是一名著名的音樂家,在音樂上取得了巨大的成就,然而“二戰(zhàn)”中在納粹政府的要求下,他竟然愿意邁著顫顫巍巍的步子去接任音樂局局長的職務(wù),在人生的選擇上有失偏頗?對于這樣的一個(gè)人,有人或是只關(guān)注他的音樂成就而對他那一瞬間的惶惑避而不談,有人卻只是揪住這一個(gè)問題不放而忽視他在音樂上作出的貢獻(xiàn)?誠然,這個(gè)污點(diǎn)是他永遠(yuǎn)都無法抹去的,可是我們也要看到他晚年的自省——躲在山間別墅不見外客,直至終老,他在一遍遍痛苦地進(jìn)行著心靈拷問?因此,我們不能管中窺豹,而應(yīng)當(dāng)全面地看待?去探索他那曲折的心路歷程,有失足,也有奮力救贖的掙扎?這樣,當(dāng)我們結(jié)合他的音樂來評價(jià)他時(shí),才顯得更公正,更符合歷史的本來面目?而這樣真實(shí)的人生才更有韻味?

品 文 悟 道 讀書養(yǎng)氣

李建永

轉(zhuǎn)眼年屆不惑?日月逝于上,體貌衰于下,但是“野孩子”的脾氣未改,只喜歡讀書的“積習(xí)”亦未改——恐怕今生今世也改不掉了?只是在讀書之余,腦子里時(shí)不時(shí)地冒出“讀書究竟有什么作用”之類的問題?

說讀書是為了升學(xué),為了獲取知識,為了提高修養(yǎng),為了改變命運(yùn),為了做官,為了就業(yè),為了成名成家,為了報(bào)效祖國,等等,均無不可?但我覺得,最根本的一條是——讀書可以養(yǎng)氣?

人有三寶精氣神,腹有詩書氣自華?讀不同的書,可以養(yǎng)不同的氣?豪氣?靈氣?平和之氣?浩然正氣,可以養(yǎng)也;邪氣?戾氣?酸腐之氣?陰陽怪氣,亦可養(yǎng)也?讀書于人,就像吃飯喝水一樣不可或缺?我們可以從書中汲取無盡的精神力量——不!是汲取氣,汲取一種激蕩在我們的

血管?充盈于我們的周身,又從我們的每一個(gè)毛孔里散發(fā)出來的氣?同時(shí),讀書也要像吃飯那樣,吃各種蔬果和五谷雜糧,攝取多種營養(yǎng)——閱讀各式各樣的書,汲取各種各樣的氣,以避免先天不足,后天失調(diào)?不過,血?dú)夥絼偟纳倌猩倥?不僅要雜學(xué)旁收,大量讀書,還要有目標(biāo)?有選擇地讀書,吸取精華,剔除糟粕,讀天下好書,養(yǎng)人間正氣?就像孟夫子說的那樣:我善養(yǎng)吾浩然之氣?

如果說讀書是養(yǎng)氣,是輸入,那么寫作則是釋放,是輸出?作者把氣注入文章,讀者又通過讀書,感受到文章的氣,吸收了文章的氣?你我常說的“回腸蕩氣”,不正是說一種讀書的經(jīng)驗(yàn),說文氣在我們的胸腹之間流轉(zhuǎn)激蕩嗎?是什么樣的人,讀了什么樣的書,便會寫出什么樣的文章來?氣不同,文章的味道就不同,形成的風(fēng)格也就大不相同?所謂韓如潮?柳如泉?歐如瀾?蘇如海,便是韓柳歐蘇四大文豪的稟賦?氣質(zhì)?學(xué)養(yǎng)之差異,貫透于文章中的具體表現(xiàn)?

曹丕說“文以氣為主”?韓愈也強(qiáng)調(diào)“氣盛言宜”?就是說,寫文章的人,只要?dú)庾懔?想怎么寫就怎么寫?所謂“氣”者,分為兩個(gè)層面,先天為稟賦(本氣),后天為學(xué)養(yǎng)(養(yǎng)氣)?自身氣弱的人,器小力薄,容易被書拿住,故世上多有食書不化的“兩腳書櫥”?而自身氣足的人,不僅讀書可以養(yǎng)氣,而且善于融會,善于吐納,作文時(shí)自然就會“天機(jī)云錦用在我,剪裁妙處非刀尺”也?正因如此,“野孩子”們的身上雖有俠氣?野氣和不馴之氣,可是經(jīng)過書卷氣的浸染,其筆下之文,便多有殺氣?霸氣和蓬勃之氣,別有手眼,異光燦爛?

人雖有先天的稟賦?氣質(zhì)上的差異,然而讀書可以養(yǎng)氣,則是共同的,也是共通的?莊子在《逍遙游》中說過,“水之積也不厚,則其負(fù)大舟也無力……風(fēng)之積也不厚,則其負(fù)大翼也無力”?讀

書不足,養(yǎng)氣不夠,寫起文章來只有出的氣,沒有入的氣,就像游泳的人不會換氣,用不了半個(gè)時(shí)辰,便三魂蕩蕩,七魄悠悠?真正的文章好手,必然讀書多,養(yǎng)氣厚,厚積而薄發(fā)?那手筆,真叫個(gè):斯須九重真龍出,一洗萬古凡馬空!簡評:這是一篇極好的勸世之作,是對功利社會下浮華的生存狀態(tài)的一次提醒和矯正?文章從生活經(jīng)歷切入,高調(diào)亮出“讀書可以養(yǎng)氣”的觀念,立意響亮,給人以明確的態(tài)度傾向,讓人讀之很是暢快?

品味時(shí)尚 江蘇一考生 時(shí)尚如水,如酒,如茶?略一品味,滋味各異,冷暖自知?

有些時(shí)尚像水,初見時(shí)波光瀲滟透明純凈,美不勝收?可只要略微嘗一小口就會知道:再美的表面都彌補(bǔ)不了那貧乏的無滋無味?所以,只要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)看著便已足夠?T臺上的靚麗模特,舞臺上的絢麗燈光,街頭女郎的時(shí)髦裝束,追根到底也是本質(zhì)乏善可陳而呈現(xiàn)出來的美好假象?這些會被模仿,流行,風(fēng)靡一時(shí),像白開水一般存在于普通人家,但又說不出到底是哪里好? 有些時(shí)尚像酒,名貴,香濃,醇厚?乍一眼看去,感覺美妙極了,可入口滋味卻大相徑庭?先是被濃烈灼了嗓子,繼而渾身發(fā)熱,興奮無比?可最終暈暈乎乎地只有倒下,頹然不起?名貴的寶馬香車?奢華的鉆戒水晶,頂級的品牌服裝?這樣的時(shí)尚沖昏了人的頭腦,讓人沉醉在奢侈品與被人尊重的豪華美夢中,最終黃粱夢斷,后悔莫及?拿自由?生命去換取這看似美妙,卻沒有什么

大作用的時(shí)尚的人須當(dāng)謹(jǐn)記,美酒雖好,卻非人人可得?

最精彩的是像茶一樣的時(shí)尚,恬淡清雅,陶醉人心?茶可雅可俗,可熱可冷,可名貴也可價(jià)廉?茶可包含雅之精義,人之心靈?初入口有淡淡苦味,細(xì)品來才滿口甘甜,留有余香?儒家學(xué)說的千古流芳,傳統(tǒng)文化的熏陶漸染,先進(jìn)科技的發(fā)展創(chuàng)新,都如茶一般,雖初始有些深奧難解,但品久了便可知其沁人心脾?日飲一茶,日讀一書,日索一技,才是文化流行的時(shí)尚,才是恬淡人生的必要元素?

時(shí)尚不應(yīng)是食之無味,棄之可惜的白開水;時(shí)尚不該是名貴奢華,使人混沌的白酒?時(shí)尚應(yīng)該是雅致美好內(nèi)涵豐富的香茶?茶,有人喜,有人厭,但包蘊(yùn)著一種深沉的美感,是可以恒久流傳的時(shí)尚?像茶一樣的時(shí)尚更是千百年來始終存在的經(jīng)典?是現(xiàn)代快節(jié)奏生活的一種調(diào)節(jié)劑,是人類審美的最終棲息地?

簡評:本文是一篇以“品味時(shí)尚”為題的高考優(yōu)秀作文?對于時(shí)尚,作者開頭就形象地將其比做水?酒?茶,此三者均是飲品,但“滋味各異”;然后分別論及如水?如酒?如茶的時(shí)尚,在多方類比中相互比照,在相互比照中鋪墊蓄勢;最后一段水到渠成地得出“時(shí)尚應(yīng)該是雅致美好內(nèi)涵豐富的香茶”的觀點(diǎn)?文章命意開放?準(zhǔn)確而有深度,可以看出,這位考生在材料意義的挖掘上,顯示了較好的發(fā)現(xiàn)能力?選擇能力和探究能力?

1.閱讀下面一則材料,做審題立意設(shè)計(jì)?

狼與羊在長達(dá)千年的爭斗之后,終于握手言和了?這對雙方來說都是求之不得的事?為了顯示誠意,雙方交換了人質(zhì):羊交出了牧羊狗,而狼則交出了狼崽?儀式進(jìn)行得十分隆重,并且有公證人大象出席?轉(zhuǎn)眼間,小狼已經(jīng)長大,它們個(gè)個(gè)嗜血成性,咬死了許多羊羔,并叼著羊羔跑回了森林之中?而作為抵押物的牧羊狗因?yàn)橄嘈帕死堑幕ㄑ郧烧Z,在睡夢中遭到狼的襲擊,被狼撕成碎片,變成了冤魂?

提示:運(yùn)用“三追問”,可以自問:是什么?(羊和狼握手言和,羊最終落得被吃的下場)為什么?(羊認(rèn)錯(cuò)了對象,被狼所謂誠意的假象所迷惑?錯(cuò)把敵人當(dāng)朋友)怎么辦?(不要輕信美麗的謊言,面對紛繁復(fù)雜的事物,要擦亮眼睛,不要被表象所蒙蔽,要透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì);和平固然值得珍視,但對言而無信的人只能針鋒相對,決不妥協(xié))這里的“怎么辦”,應(yīng)是立意的最佳角度?

2.閱讀下面一首小詩,做審題立意設(shè)計(jì)?

老樹的影子 是一堵墻黑色的墻 小樹的脖子 伸了又伸

也望不到春天 它站在墻下等待歲月 老樹走了的時(shí)候 小樹也長成了墻 有更小的樹

在墻下

提示:材料中的主要對象是老樹與小樹,其關(guān)系聚焦在“黑色的墻”上,“黑色的墻”是許多無形的墻,它建筑在我們的心里,這些“黑色的墻”阻止了我們?nèi)ネ按禾臁?隔絕了人與人之間心靈的交流溝通?因此,我們只有撞開思想的城墻,走出思想的“樊籬”,才能擁抱萬紫千紅的“春天”?

3.請以“播種”為題寫一篇不少于800字的文章?要求:①角度自選;②立意自定;③除詩歌外,文體自選?提示:在農(nóng)田里播撒種子,那么,在人生的“田野”中該播種些什么呢?人們正在播種什么?播種有何意義?播種與收獲是什么關(guān)系?怎樣播種才會有收獲?沒有收獲