第一篇:中國人民大學附中特級教師梁麗平 高考數學綜合能力題30講第15講 立體幾何中的有關證明
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數學高考綜合能力題選講1
5立體幾何中的有關證明
100080北京中國人民大學附中梁麗平
題型預測
立體幾何中的證明往往與計算結合在一起考查。三垂線定理及其逆定理是重點考查的內容。
范例選講
例1. 已知斜三棱柱ABC-A’B’C’的底面是C'
直角三角形,∠C=90°,側棱與底面所成的角
為α(0°<α<90°),B’在底面上的射影D落
在BC上。
(1)求證:AC⊥面BB’C’C。
(2)當α為何值時,AB’⊥BC’,且使得D
恰為BC的中點。
講解:(1)∵B’D⊥面ABC,AC?面ABC,∴B’D⊥AC,又AC⊥BC,BC∩B’D=D,∴AC⊥面BB’C’C。
(2)由三垂線定理知道:要使AB’⊥BC’,需且只需AB’在面BB’C’C內的射影B’C⊥BC’。即四邊形BB’C’C為菱形。此時,BC=BB’。
因為B’D⊥面ABC,所以,?B'BD就是側棱B’B與底面ABC所成的角。由D恰好落在BC上,且為BC的中點,所以,此時?B'BD=60?。即當α=60?時,AB’⊥BC’,且使得D恰為BC的中點。
例2. 如圖:已知四棱錐P?ABCD中,底面四邊形為正方形,側面PDC為正三角
形,且平面PDC⊥底面ABCD,E為PC中
點。
(1)求證:平面EDB⊥平面PBC;
(2)求二面角B?DE?C的平面角的正切值。C
講解:(1)要證兩個平面互相垂直,A
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常規的想法是:證明其中一個平面過另一個平面的一條垂線。
首先觀察圖中已有的直線,不難發現,由于側面PDC為正三角形,所以,DE?PC,那么我們自然想到:是否有DE?面PBC?這樣的想法一經產生,證
明它并不是一件困難的事情?!?面PDC⊥底面ABCD,交線為DC,∴ DE在平面ABCD內的射影就是DC。在正方形ABCD中,DC⊥CB,∴ DE⊥CB。
又PC?BC?C,PC,BC?面PBC,∴ DE⊥面PBC。又DE?面EDB,∴平面EDB⊥平面PBC。
(2)由(1)的證明可知:DE⊥面PBC。所以,?BEC就是二面角B?DE?C的平面角?!?面PDC⊥底面ABCD,交線為DC,又平面ABCD內的直線CB⊥ DC?!?CB⊥面PDC。又PC?面PDC,∴ CB⊥PC。
在Rt?ECB中,tan?BEC?
BCCE
?
2。
點評:求二面角的平面角,實際上是找到棱的一個垂面,事實上,這個垂面同時垂直于二面角的兩個半平面。
例3.如圖:在四棱錐S?ABCD中,SA⊥
D∠BAD??AD?C平面ABC,AB?AD?2a
?,CD?a,E為SB的中點。
(1)求證:CE//平面SAD;(2)當點E到平面SCD的距離為多少時,平面SBC與平面SAD所成的二面角為45??
講解:題目中涉及到平面SBC與平面SAD所成的二面角,所以,應作出這兩個平面的交線(即二面角的棱)。另一方面,要證CE//平面SAD,應該設法證明CE平行于面SAD內的一條直線,充分利用中點(中位線)的性質,不難發現,剛剛做出的二面角的棱正好符合要求。
(1)延長BC、AD交于點F。在?FAB中,∠BAD??ADC?
?,所以,AB、CD都與AF垂直,所以,CD//AB,所以,?CDF∽?BAF。又AB?2a,CD?a,所以,點D、C分別為線段AF、BF的中點。又因為E為SB的中點,所以,EC為?SBC的中位線,所以,EC//SF。
又EC?面SAD,SF?面SAD,所
以,CE//平面SAD。
SA⊥平面ABCD,(2)因為:AB?平面ABCD,所以,AB?SA。又AB?AF,AF?SA?A,所以,AB?面SAF。過A作AH?SF于H,連BH,則BH?SF,所以,?BHA就是平面SBC與平面SAD所成的二面角的平面角。在Rt?BHA中,要使?BHA=45?,需且只需AH=AB=2a。
此時,在?SAF中,SA?
SF?AHAF
?
SA
??4a??2a
4a,所以,SA?
3a。
在三棱錐S-ACD中,設點A到面SCD的距離為h,則
AD?DC
h=
S?ACD?SAS?SCD
?
SD?CD
?SA
?
AD?SASD
?
AD?SASA
?AD
?
a
因為AB//DC,所以,AB//面SCD。所以,點A、B到面SCD的距離相等。又因為E為SB中點,所以,點E到平面SCD的距離就等于點B到面SCD距離的一半,即
h2?
8。
點評:探索性的問題,有些采用先猜后證的方法,有些則是將問題進行等價轉化,在轉化的過程中不斷探求結論。
高考真題
1.(2002年北京高考)如圖:在多面體ABCD?A1B1C1D1中,上、下底面平行且均為矩形,相對的側面與同一底面所成的二面角大小相等,側棱延長后相交于E、F兩點,上下底面矩形的長、寬分別為c、d與a、b,且a?c,b?d,兩底面間的距離為h。
(1)求側面ABB1A1與底面ABCD所成二面角的大??;
(2)證明:EF//面ABCD
(3)在估測該多面體的體積時,經常
運用近似公式V估?S中截面?h來計算。已知它
V?
h6的體積公式是
?S
上底面
?4S中截面?S下底面
?。
試判斷V估與V的大小關系,并加以證
a
AB
明。
(注:與兩個底面平行,且到兩個底面距離相等的截面稱為該多面體的中截面)
2.(1997年全國高考)如圖,在正方體
ABCD?A1B1C1D1中,E,F分別是BB1,CD的中
DA1
C1
點.Ⅰ.證明AD⊥D1F;Ⅱ.求AE與D1F所成的角;Ⅲ.證明面AED⊥面A1FD1;
Ⅳ.設AA1=2,求三棱錐F?A1ED1的體積
A
VF?A1ED1
arctan[答案與提示:1.(1)
2hb?d
VF?AED=1。V估?V。;(3)2.(2)90o;(4)]
第二篇:【北京市特級教師二輪精講】2014屆高考英語二輪復習專題精講:第30講 高考英語二輪復習綜合驗收精講(三)(最終版)
第30講 高考英語二輪復習綜合驗收精講(三)
單項選擇
題一:
Theater fans love New York, _____ offers a variety of Broadway plays.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.who
題二:
From our window we have a good view of the open fields, _______ into the distance.A.to reachB.having reachedC.reachingD.reached
題三:
Sorry about the mess.The house _____ at the moment.A.has paintedB.had paintedC.is being paintedD.will be painted 題四:
Egg prices usually_____ in the spring when they are most plentiful.A.are droppingB.dropC.have droppedD.will drop
題五:
— George, good luck with your English exam!
— Gosh, I wish I _______ for it last night!
A.have studiedB.studiedC.had studiedD.would study 題六:
— Did you like Mr.Green’s lecture?
—Yes, _______ any description.I will come again with my classmates.A.overB.inC.beyondD.for
題七:
I am sure that if it came to that point, he would do _______ is expected of him.A.whatB.whenC.whichD.as
題八:
Look!How active the guys are!Never before ____ my students so enthusiastic.A.I seeB.I have seenC.do I seeD.have I seen 題九:
—Why wasn’t John hired for the job?
—I don’t know, but he ______.A.wasB.had beenC.should haveD.should have been 完形填空
第二節完形填空(共20小題;每小題1.5分,共30分)
閱讀下面短文,掌握其大意,從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中,選出最佳選項,并在答題卡上將該
項涂黑。
So tired as I was, I bothered myself to open up my cafe shop on the cold morning.With many consumers streaming in, I knew another long business day began.And I had to serve far into the night.if I could mind a child.I was quite
wanted his son to stay and wait for him, he had to something in the shop.was dressed.It looked as if he had tried to come in his old and worn outhe had often worn them, just to make himself look best.Looking down I could see his were also a bit torn and the heels were in a terrible state.I thought he was going for a job infor his little son and seated him down in the corner.I could tell the boy was feeling down and only could cheering up.Seeing that the kid sat there for quite a while, I was a bit the poor little kid was sitting his own.People watched him and some kids even came over to pick on him.I wasto see one of them even knocked his cookies off the table.He quickly went and got them back without saying a word.I was hoping his father wouldup and come back for his son’s
At closing time, the only person left was the little boy.After a while, the father finally came in with a tiresome look.I he didn’t get any job.As they were leaving,I offered the kid a little cake,but the man rejected it.I mean to.But I could understand why he felt like that.I only wished them goodwhatever happened.The man opened the door to leave-father and son hand in hand.36.A.voiceB.soundC.noiseD.tune
37.A.pleasedB.frightenedC.annoyedD.Interested
38.A.dealB.decisionC.promiseD.date
39.A.leaveB.buyC.doD.eat
40.A.easyB.naturalC.hardD.possible
41.A.explainB.proveC.thinkD.tell
42.A.mannerB.meansC.methodD.way
43.A.poorestB.bestC.prettiestD.oldest
44.A.even thoughB.so thatC.as ifD.now that
45.A.socksB.glovesC.pantsD.shoes
46.A.sweetsB.cigarettesC.cookiesD.cakes
47.A.laughB.speakC.doD.help
53.A.hopedB.imaginedC.doubtedD.guessed
54.A.clarifiedB.assumedC.confusedD.ignored
55.A.luckB.progressC.supperD.night
第30講 高考英語二輪復習綜合驗收精講(三)單項選擇
題一: A
題六:C題二:C題七:A題三:C題八:D題四:B題九:D 題五:C
完形填空
36-40 A C A B C41-45 D D B C D46-50 C C D A C51-55 A B D B A