第一篇：作家畢淑敏在一所很有名的大學(xué)演講時(shí)

作家畢淑敏在一所很有名的大學(xué)演講時(shí)，開口一句“活著是沒有意義的”，臺(tái)下一片嘩然；繼而她話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，“但你要為你的人生規(guī)定一個(gè)意義！”頓時(shí)掌聲雷動(dòng)。“人活著的最大的目的不是為了死，而最大的人生意義卻在由生到死的過程。”

無論人生本身是否有意義，我們都要努力讓它有一點(diǎn)意義、情趣和價(jià)值。美麗的人生不僅僅是達(dá)到某一目標(biāo)的那一刻，更在于努力追求的過程之中。享受生命的過程，感受人生的意義，活著才有價(jià)值。尼采在《浪人和他的影子》中曾說過：旅游求樂的人——他們就像動(dòng)物，愚蠢笨拙，大汗淋漓，攀登群山，人們忘了告訴他們，路上就有美麗的風(fēng)光。旅游是件很開心的事情，但總有人眼睛只盯緊目的地，身心疲憊。“無限風(fēng)光在險(xiǎn)峰”固然是至理名言，但你也別忽視沿途的風(fēng)景，分享那份輕松與從容。

學(xué)習(xí)似乎從來就是苦差事，“十年寒窗，頭懸梁，錐刺骨??”總是夢(mèng)想著一朝成名天下聞，不斷地逼迫自己向著所謂的“成功”沖刺。但你是否想到過，你最后的成功在哪里，是考上理想的學(xué)校，還是尋求到合適的工作？隨著目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，你進(jìn)步了，就會(huì)推動(dòng)著自己向更高遠(yuǎn)的目標(biāo)進(jìn)發(fā)，然后你又有進(jìn)步??循環(huán)不已。如此說來豈不是無所謂“成功了”？如果你將奮斗的目標(biāo)作為唯一的成功，那么你將永遠(yuǎn)是失敗的。只有將努力的過程作為財(cái)富，即使失敗了也是成功！

多年以后，驀然回首——原來自己努力追求的成功不像夢(mèng)想中那般絢麗，也根本沒有想象中的那般欣喜。成敗其實(shí)都只是生命中一個(gè)站點(diǎn)，而讓人口味萬千的卻是為目標(biāo)奮斗的過程，是那每一次遭遇的挫折，是那每一滴流淌的汗水。人生正像那場(chǎng)足球賽，每一分鐘都可能發(fā)生巨大的變化，其結(jié)果的不可預(yù)料性令人充滿了憧憬，構(gòu)成多彩的人生。享受著吧，這屢敗屢戰(zhàn)、愈戰(zhàn)愈勇、戰(zhàn)斗到底的驚心動(dòng)魄的生命歷程。我們需要為自己設(shè)定一個(gè)目標(biāo)，但若忽略了過程，生命就會(huì)喪失應(yīng)有的浪漫與多情。大自然的美妙在我們視線所及的每一事物中，小如白居易的“草”，大至蘇軾的“清風(fēng)”、“明月”，一切都奇妙無比，享受不盡，人生的美妙在于我們能享受生命的整個(gè)歷程，童年時(shí)的天真、少年時(shí)的懵懂、青年時(shí)的輕狂、中年時(shí)的穩(wěn)重、老年時(shí)的豁達(dá)，不同的時(shí)期都有著不同的快樂與幸福。

人生同旅行一樣，其中妙味皆過程，那些所謂的目的地，只不過是我們?cè)陂_啟下一段人生旅程前的驛站罷了。放慢腳步，細(xì)細(xì)品味，享受人生的每一段過程，才會(huì)找到生命的價(jià)值和意義。

當(dāng)我聽說又有大學(xué)生跳樓時(shí),我的心很難過.我很難理解為什么一定要選擇死亡來結(jié)束生活.咎其原因,在我看來無非有兩個(gè):一個(gè)是學(xué)習(xí)壓力;一個(gè)是感情問題.而大多都是因?yàn)楦星榈脑?其實(shí),人生除了感情還有許多值得珍惜的東西.你的親人,你的朋友,你的生活,你的事業(yè)等等,都是你為之生存的動(dòng)力.愛情的力量的確偉大,它可以改變你的整個(gè)生活.它可以讓你走向天堂,但同樣可以使你跌入地獄.當(dāng)你受到傷害那一刻,當(dāng)你跌入地獄那一刻,一切都無法挽回.但要知道你所留下的不僅是傷痕,還有最寶貴、最美好的回憶。不要把它看成一種傷害，而是你生命的一部分。正是因?yàn)榘鍪艿膫Γ旁杏苏渲榈膶氋F與美麗。當(dāng)你傷口愈合，留下傷疤后，你就會(huì)懂得它的意義。不要老是將自己困在感情的陰影中，即使很難接受事實(shí)的殘酷。

你要試著去珍惜生活中美麗的東西，包括你所受到的傷害，把它看成一種美麗，讓自己好好的生活，好好的為自己的將來努力，多想想含辛茹苦把你養(yǎng)大的父母。你就會(huì)知道你的人生除了感情之外還有許多你值得去奮斗、去拼搏、去為之努力的東西。只有這樣，感情才不會(huì)占據(jù)你的全部生活，你才不會(huì)輕生，才能走出地獄，找回屬于自己的天堂。只是多了一些成長中的美麗，而那美麗早已不再使你心痛，即使你對(duì)他還存有依戀，存有希望。

朋友，如果它不值得你去珍惜，那么，請(qǐng)別讓感情成為你生命的全部。學(xué)會(huì)保護(hù)自己，學(xué)會(huì)忘記不屬于你的東西。尊重生命，無論遇到什么樣的困難，都要好好的活著。有生命，才有希望；有希望，人活著才有意義

第二篇：馬云在首爾大學(xué)演講時(shí)

馬云在首爾大學(xué)演講時(shí)，詳細(xì)闡述了當(dāng)今創(chuàng)業(yè)的機(jī)會(huì)點(diǎn)、如何成為一個(gè)偉大的公司。創(chuàng)造就業(yè)，幫助貧窮地區(qū)富起來，改變中國的環(huán)境。這是三項(xiàng)抱怨，也是三個(gè)機(jī)遇，任何人能解決這些問題，便可以長久活下來。在創(chuàng)業(yè)邦看來，馬云成功的秘訣就是：相信未來。

以下是馬云演講實(shí)錄摘選： 機(jī)會(huì)在有人抱怨的地方

阿里巴巴為什么發(fā)展到現(xiàn)在這種規(guī)模?因?yàn)槲覀兿嘈盼磥怼?0年前，我告訴人家我堅(jiān)信互聯(lián)網(wǎng)就是未來。即使成功的不是我們，也會(huì)有其他人成功，所以我們必須要努力。直到今天，我仍然相信未來。

在中國，有淘寶、百度和騰訊，我們已經(jīng)沒有機(jī)會(huì)了? 10年前，我對(duì)比爾.蓋茨也有同樣想法，因?yàn)槲④洠覜]有機(jī)會(huì)了;因?yàn)镚oogle，我沒有機(jī)會(huì)了。不是，機(jī)遇無處不在。因?yàn)榛ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)，因?yàn)樵朴?jì)算，因?yàn)榇髷?shù)據(jù)，這個(gè)世界上每個(gè)人都有機(jī)會(huì)。

機(jī)會(huì)在哪里?機(jī)會(huì)就在有人抱怨的地方。當(dāng)有人抱怨時(shí)，機(jī)遇也同時(shí)存在。尤其是在中國，每個(gè)人都在表達(dá)不滿。當(dāng)每個(gè)人都在抱怨的時(shí)候，機(jī)會(huì)就出現(xiàn)了。處理不滿，解決存在的問題，所以當(dāng)我聽到別人埋怨時(shí)，我就會(huì)覺得很興奮，因?yàn)槲铱吹搅藱C(jī)會(huì)，會(huì)想我可以為這做些什么。

我們時(shí)常問自己一個(gè)問題，如何跟未來競爭?我們成長到如今的規(guī)模，我覺得最好的時(shí)候不是今天，今天的阿里巴巴集團(tuán)、支付寶和菜鳥都太大了，如今的規(guī)模，每天都會(huì)出現(xiàn)許多讓人頭疼的問題。

生活不容易，但我們要去面對(duì)它。當(dāng)人不多的時(shí)候，你知道自己的定位;當(dāng)規(guī)模變大的時(shí)候，如果察覺到有什么不妥的地方，你需要提前六個(gè)月做變動(dòng)。因?yàn)楫?dāng)你意識(shí)到要改變的時(shí)候，通常都遲了，就像泰坦尼克號(hào)撞冰山那樣，會(huì)很快沉掉。我時(shí)常問自己，如何才能讓這艘船安全航行?。

所以我們問自己，我們應(yīng)該往哪走?上個(gè)世紀(jì)，如果想成為一個(gè)偉大的公司，通常需要抓住1、2或3個(gè)機(jī)遇;而這個(gè)世紀(jì)，如果想成為偉大的公司，必須要解決社會(huì)問題。中國的社會(huì)問題很多，我相信像我們這樣的公司可以解決的社會(huì)問題，首先就是創(chuàng)造就業(yè);其次就是擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需，讓農(nóng)村和農(nóng)民都富裕起來;第三，讓中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)更好。

最初的愛往往是最美麗的愛

有人說，創(chuàng)造就業(yè)不是你的問題，是政府的問題。我認(rèn)為這就是我的問題，1999年成立公司的那天，我們有自己的使命，我對(duì)我們18個(gè)創(chuàng)始人說，我們?cè)谶@里是因?yàn)槲覀兿胍獛椭∑髽I(yè)成長。小企業(yè)是創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的主要群體，他們有無限的創(chuàng)造力，這是我們的使命。雖然我們今天壯大了，但是我們不能忘記第一天就開始的使命，就像初戀通常是最美好的。

最初的愛往往是最美麗的愛。我對(duì)自己說，我們?cè)谶@14年來走過的艱苦日子，我們常常記著我們服務(wù)的是誰? 是小企業(yè)。即使后來我們做淘寶，仍是在幫助小企業(yè)的，因?yàn)樘詫毶嫌?00萬小賣家。所以，這是我們要記住最初的愛，并要持續(xù)下去，直到今日，我們都還在創(chuàng)造就業(yè)。

第二是內(nèi)需。在中國，上海、北京、廣東，這些沿海城市很富裕，從富人身上賺錢容易，每個(gè)人都想從有錢人身上賺錢。但如何從窮人身上賺錢? 就是令窮人先富起來，然后才賺錢。

在廣州，若公交車上有21個(gè)人在上面，通常其中20個(gè)人都是銷售員，每人都想跟你推銷東西。若你是其中一個(gè)銷售員，你會(huì)怎樣做? 我的工作是幫助其他人致富，如果你看到別人口袋中有5元，一個(gè)成功的銷售員會(huì)想如何把那5元弄到自己口袋，但若是一個(gè)好的企業(yè)家，他會(huì)想如何將那人的5元變成50元，然后取得2元，這是最好的辦法。

我想未來在中國，有很多人想致富，幫助他人致富，然后你可以從中分到一杯羹。為何淘寶、阿里巴巴增長得那么快? 我們的理念之一是，永遠(yuǎn)不要嘗試改變及說服一個(gè)成功的人，嘗試改變及說服那些希望以更容易的方式成功的人。

10年前開始做淘寶時(shí)，我們?nèi)フ伊撕芏喑晒Φ娜耍麄冋f﹕“不不不，忘記它吧，我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)網(wǎng)上購物，這太愚蠢了。”因?yàn)樗麄兪浅晒Φ娜耍ジ淖兂晒Φ娜耸遣豢赡艿模淖兛释晒Φ娜藚s很有趣。所以，我們相信，中國的潛力不在廣東、北京、上海，而是在中西部，這些地區(qū)的人想要致富，想成功，有上億的農(nóng)民希望能獲得成功，若我們能幫助他們成功，我們便有了機(jī)遇。

如何讓中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)更好?

如何讓中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)更好? 我們看到今日的環(huán)境，有霧霾、水、食品的問題，我們都很沮喪，我們?cè)鯓涌梢宰龅酶? 我相信互聯(lián)網(wǎng)不是一個(gè)賺錢的工具，而是改善社會(huì)的工具，改變?nèi)藗兊乃伎挤绞健Ｎ矣幸粋€(gè)很大的愿望，而我相信它會(huì)成真，就是中國會(huì)因互聯(lián)網(wǎng)而改變。未來永遠(yuǎn)比今日更好，人類經(jīng)歷了很多艱辛的日子，戰(zhàn)爭、災(zāi)難、饑荒，而我們今天也面對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)，這些挑戰(zhàn)并非最困難的，我們將會(huì)生存下來，中國將會(huì)生存下來。為何中國可以生存下來? 因?yàn)槲覀冞@代人是在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)下成長的，我們開放、透明，我們學(xué)習(xí)如何享受自由，我們知道全世界各地發(fā)生什么事。

我相信，我們年輕的一代，肯定比我們更聰明。你們勤奮、有更好的機(jī)遇，怎會(huì)解決不了這些問題?5年前在中國，人們說﹕“JACK，你是生意人，為何談水、空氣和樹?” 我說﹕“水、空氣和樹，如果我們什么也不做，中國將會(huì)有麻煩。”今日，每個(gè)人都在抱怨水、空氣、環(huán)境。停止抱怨吧，已經(jīng)太遲了，這是給你們和我們這一代的機(jī)遇，這是我的感受。人們說中國這里有這問題、那里有問題。那些只會(huì)抱怨的人永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)成功，那些在抱怨中抓緊機(jī)會(huì)的人才會(huì)在未來20年有機(jī)遇。

我親兄弟，他常抱怨，我不抱怨。他30年來沒有多大改變，而我一直在變。所以我想和在場(chǎng)的年輕人說，永遠(yuǎn)對(duì)未來保持高的期望，每天嘗試改變自己一點(diǎn)，只要一點(diǎn)。人們問我，“jack，你10年前已有這樣遠(yuǎn)大的目光嗎? 你知道自己會(huì)有今天嗎?有淘寶、支付寶?” 不。我告訴你實(shí)情，我從來沒有想過自己會(huì)這么成功。10年前我只想能夠生存下來，我只想可以有錢付工資給員工，有足夠錢付工資給我自己。14年前我的月薪只是92塊人民幣，即15美元一個(gè)月，而我希望拿到30美元。

但我對(duì)未來有期望，我知道終有一天，若我不努力工作，我不會(huì)有機(jī)會(huì)。過去14年給我一個(gè)深刻的感觸，我希望與所有認(rèn)識(shí)的年輕人分享，今日很艱辛，明天會(huì)更困難，但后天會(huì)很美好，但是大部分人會(huì)在明天的晚上死去。所以你今日要努力，明天才能活下來。明天往往只會(huì)比今天更艱辛，但后天一定是美好的，無論有那么多人抱怨，無論你喜歡與否，我告訴你們，20年后，在這世上會(huì)有比今天更多更富有的人、更成功的人、更大的公司，這是肯定的。你喜歡與否，這是現(xiàn)實(shí)。但這會(huì)否是你，抑或其他人，則視乎你有多勤奮、做事有多聰明、怎么不計(jì)較去幫助別人。

今天，當(dāng)你還是“小”時(shí)，想法要“大”，做事要“細(xì)微”。當(dāng)你變得“大”時(shí)，要想到“小”的，多做點(diǎn)事。我們的規(guī)模，阿里巴巴這么大，要想到創(chuàng)造就業(yè)，幫助貧窮地區(qū)富起來，改變中國的環(huán)境。這是三項(xiàng)抱怨，也是三個(gè)機(jī)遇，就是在這里，任何人能解決這些問題，便可以長久活下來，簡單又容易。但這些問題不可能一日解決，問題和機(jī)遇一樣長期存在。

第三篇：丁東：中國大學(xué)精神的演變——在一所大學(xué)的演講

丁東：中國大學(xué)精神的演變——在一所大學(xué)的演講

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2011-11-10 11:46 作者:丁東

很高興有機(jī)會(huì)和大家談?wù)劥髮W(xué)精神的演變。

中國產(chǎn)生現(xiàn)代大學(xué)已經(jīng)100多年了。清末洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)和戊戌變法，出現(xiàn)了第一批新式學(xué)堂，新政中廢除科舉，建立現(xiàn)代學(xué)制，中國興辦了更多的大學(xué)。一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，中國的大學(xué)精神發(fā)生過怎樣的變化？也是一個(gè)很有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義的問題。

一

這一個(gè)世紀(jì)，可以分為兩部分，前一部分是民國，到1949年為止，后一部分是共和國，從50年代到現(xiàn)在。

前一部分，又可分為兩小段，北洋時(shí)期是中國現(xiàn)代大學(xué)教育的草創(chuàng)期，大學(xué)精神的形成期，大學(xué)數(shù)量不多，規(guī)模不大，但起點(diǎn)很高。當(dāng)時(shí)的基本格局是公立、私立、教會(huì)三足鼎立。把中國大學(xué)帶到高起點(diǎn)上第一個(gè)教育家，就是蔡元培。

蔡元培擔(dān)任北京大學(xué)校長時(shí)間不到三年，但一直影響到今天。他主張的兼容并包，網(wǎng)羅百家，大學(xué)獨(dú)立，學(xué)術(shù)自由，教授治校，學(xué)生自治，到現(xiàn)在還是我們的愿 景。他對(duì)大學(xué)的定位是：“大學(xué)者，研究高深學(xué)問者也。”“大學(xué)為純粹研究學(xué)問之機(jī)關(guān)，不可視為養(yǎng)成資格之所，亦不可視為販賣知識(shí)之所。學(xué)者當(dāng)有研究學(xué)問之 興趣，尤當(dāng)養(yǎng)成學(xué)問家之人格。”今天也不過時(shí)。他是這么說的，也是這么做的。他不但網(wǎng)羅了陳獨(dú)秀、胡適這樣的新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)袖，也網(wǎng)羅了辜鴻銘這樣的文化 保守主義的高人。梁漱溟沒有大學(xué)學(xué)歷，只有中學(xué)學(xué)歷，但他發(fā)表了一篇論文《究元決疑論》顯示了學(xué)術(shù)水平，蔡校長就請(qǐng)北大教印度哲學(xué)。

蔡先生為什么能夠站得高，成為開中國大學(xué)風(fēng)氣之先的人物？他有四個(gè)條件，第一，他是清末進(jìn)士，是深通傳統(tǒng)文化的學(xué)者。第二，他是革命元?jiǎng)祝鈴?fù)會(huì)創(chuàng)始 人，同盟會(huì)上海分會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)人。第三，他是先當(dāng)教育總長，后當(dāng)北大校長。第四，他留學(xué)德國法國。留學(xué)德國很重要。當(dāng)時(shí)世界高等教育最先進(jìn)的不是美國，而是德 國。19世紀(jì)，德國不但產(chǎn)生洪堡這樣偉大的教育家，同時(shí)也出現(xiàn)威廉三世這樣的君主，他提出了這樣的理念：“大學(xué)是科學(xué)工作者無所不包的廣闊天地，科學(xué)無禁 區(qū)，科學(xué)無權(quán)威，科學(xué)自由。”帝政時(shí)代的德給大學(xué)充分的財(cái)政經(jīng)費(fèi)，保證教授有很好的生活待遇，但絕不干預(yù)大學(xué)的自我管理和學(xué)術(shù)自由。直到希特勒上臺(tái)以前，德國的大學(xué)水平是最高的，諾貝爾獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)呤亲疃嗟摹ＯＬ乩丈吓_(tái)以后，迫害猶太人，猶太知識(shí)精英大批流亡，流亡到七十多個(gè)國家，美國的民間社會(huì)很發(fā)達(dá)，收留其 中的四分之一，美國給他們提供了大顯身手的天地，使他們有機(jī)會(huì)成為原子彈之父、氫彈之父、電子計(jì)算機(jī)之父，把美國的大學(xué)推上了世界領(lǐng)先水平，從而保持國家 的領(lǐng)先地位。所以，李工真說，德國模式是國興科教，美國模式是科教興國。

北洋時(shí)期是武夫當(dāng)國，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人像走馬燈一樣，你上我下，政局很不穩(wěn)定，民生無保障。但主政者對(duì)教育、對(duì)思想文化基本上不控制，不干預(yù)。蔡元培怎么辦學(xué)，不需要請(qǐng)示誰。

1926年北京發(fā)生的三一八慘案，本來是國共兩黨發(fā)動(dòng)的政治抗議活動(dòng)，但政府衛(wèi)隊(duì)打死了請(qǐng)?jiān)傅膶W(xué)生，段祺瑞還是趕到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，面對(duì)死者長跪不起，之后又處罰了兇手，從此終生食素，表示懺悔。

1928年以后，進(jìn)入國民黨統(tǒng)治時(shí)代。蔣介石比北洋軍閥強(qiáng)勢(shì)，他主張以黨治國，國民黨政府主張黨化教育。但是在國民黨統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，對(duì)大學(xué)的控制是有限 的。要求大學(xué)開設(shè)黨義課，講三民主義，大學(xué)并不認(rèn)真對(duì)待。當(dāng)時(shí)大學(xué)具有相當(dāng)?shù)莫?dú)立性，大學(xué)的校長、教授在政府面前，沒有失去尊嚴(yán)，放棄獨(dú)立。蔣介石派羅家 倫當(dāng)清華大學(xué)校長。羅家倫是五四運(yùn)動(dòng)的學(xué)生領(lǐng)袖，留學(xué)歸來，比較強(qiáng)勢(shì)，要在學(xué)校實(shí)行軍訓(xùn)，遭到抵制，只好走人。后來的清華大學(xué)校長梅貽琦是教育家，他對(duì)大 學(xué)有一個(gè)著名的概括，大學(xué)者，有大師之謂也，非大樓之謂也。他尊重教授。清華大學(xué)他主政時(shí)間最長，成就最高。

西南聯(lián)大時(shí)期，馮友蘭曾代表西南聯(lián)大校方致教育部陳立夫部長一封信，很能說明當(dāng)時(shí)大學(xué)和政府的關(guān)系：

敬悉部中對(duì)于大學(xué)應(yīng)設(shè)課程及考核學(xué)生成績方法均有詳細(xì)規(guī)定、其各課程亦 須呈部核示。部中重視高等教育，故指示不厭其詳，但準(zhǔn)此以往則大學(xué)將直等于教育部高等教育司中一科，同人不敏，竊有未喻。夫大學(xué)為最高學(xué)府，包羅萬象，要 當(dāng)同歸而殊途，一致而百慮，豈可刻板文章，勒令從同。世界各著名大學(xué)之課程表，未有千篇一律者；即同一課程，各大學(xué)所授之內(nèi)容亦未有一成不變者。唯其如 此，所以能推陳出新，而學(xué)術(shù)乃可日臻進(jìn)步也。如牛津、劍橋即在同一大學(xué)之中，其各學(xué)院之內(nèi)容亦大不相同，彼豈不能令其整齊劃一，知其不可亦不必也。今教部 對(duì)于各大學(xué)束縛馳驟，有見于齊無見于畸，此同人所未喻者一也。教部為最高教育行政機(jī)關(guān)，大學(xué)為最高教育學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)關(guān)，教部可視大學(xué)研究教學(xué)之成績，以為賞罰殿 最。但如何研究教學(xué)，則宜予大學(xué)以回旋之自由。律以孫中山先生權(quán)、能分立之說，則教育部為有權(quán)者，大學(xué)為有能者，權(quán)、能分職，事乃以治。今教育部之設(shè)施，將使權(quán)能不分，責(zé)任不明，此同人所未喻者二也。教育部為政府機(jī)關(guān)，當(dāng)局時(shí)有進(jìn)退；大學(xué)百年樹人，政策設(shè)施宜常不宜變。若大學(xué)內(nèi)部甚至一課程之興廢亦須聽命 教部，則必將受部中當(dāng)局進(jìn)退之影響，朝令夕改，其何以策研究之進(jìn)行，肅學(xué)生之視聽，而堅(jiān)其心志，此同人所未喻者三也。師嚴(yán)而后道尊，亦可謂道尊而后師嚴(yán)。今教授所授之課程，必經(jīng)教部之指定，其課程之內(nèi)容亦須經(jīng)教部之核準(zhǔn)，使教授在學(xué)生心目中為教育部之一科員不若。在教授固已不能自展其才，在學(xué)生尤啟輕視教 授之念，于部中提倡導(dǎo)師制之意適為相反。此同人所未喻者四也。教部今日之員司多為昨日之教授，在學(xué)校則一籌不準(zhǔn)其自展，在部中則忽然周智于萬物，人非至 圣，何能如此。此同人所未喻者五也。然全國公私立大學(xué)之程度不齊，教部訓(xùn)令或系專為比較落后之大學(xué)而發(fā)，欲為之樹一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以便策其上進(jìn)，別有苦心，亦可共 諒，若果如此，可否由校呈請(qǐng)將本校作為第某號(hào)等訓(xùn)令之例外。蓋本校承北大清華南開三校之舊，一切設(shè)施均有成規(guī)，行之多年，縱不敢謂為極有成績，亦可謂為當(dāng) 無流弊，似不必輕易更張。

馮友蘭的信寫得比較委婉，但獨(dú)立精神還是躍然紙上。

從1928年到1949年，雖然中國經(jīng)常處于戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)，大學(xué)的教學(xué)環(huán)境經(jīng)常受到?jīng)_擊，甚至放不下一張平靜的書桌，教授的待遇也沒有保障，像聞一多這樣 的名教授，為了養(yǎng)家糊口，還要刻圖章掙錢。但這一時(shí)期大學(xué)的精神是獨(dú)立的，向上的。一批大學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)水平是很高的，出現(xiàn)了一代真正的學(xué)術(shù)宗師，不論是自然科 學(xué)，還是社會(huì)人文科學(xué)，奠基人差不多都產(chǎn)生于民國時(shí)代。民國時(shí)代不但有高水平的國立大學(xué)，還有高水平的私立大學(xué)和教會(huì)大學(xué)。南開校長張伯苓，燕京校長司徒 雷登，都是當(dāng)之無愧的教育家。民國時(shí)代的大學(xué)精神至今令人向往。

二

后一部分是中華人民共和國。這六十多年，又可以分為三小段。

第一段是毛澤東執(zhí)政的二十七年。前一半學(xué)蘇聯(lián)，后一半毛澤東自行實(shí)驗(yàn)。

建國初期，就開始院系調(diào)整。按照蘇聯(lián)模式，把所有的大學(xué)打亂重組。蘇聯(lián)模式的特點(diǎn)是專業(yè)教育，目的是迅速培養(yǎng)國家需要的各類專業(yè)技術(shù)人才，而不是人的 全面發(fā)展。原來那些綜合大學(xué)被拆散，變成文理學(xué)院、工學(xué)院、農(nóng)學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院、財(cái)經(jīng)學(xué)院等各種專門學(xué)院，專門學(xué)校。清華大學(xué)的中文系、歷史系、外語系，本來 都是拔尖的，被并到其他院校，清華成了單一的工科大學(xué)。蔣南翔的指導(dǎo)思想是又紅又專，也有人歸納為聽話出活。最近，楊繼繩在資中筠自選集發(fā)布會(huì)上說，我和 資大姐是校友，但你上的是清華大學(xué)，我上的是五道口工學(xué)院。因?yàn)橘Y中筠在院系調(diào)整時(shí)畢業(yè)了，而楊繼繩1960年代才入學(xué)。讀了五年清華，沒聽說過陳寅恪，清華傳統(tǒng)都被割斷了。

院系調(diào)整使民國時(shí)代留下的一些一流大學(xué)大傷元?dú)狻Ｖ两癫荒芑謴?fù)。國立、私立、教會(huì)三足鼎立的格局，也變成公立學(xué)校的一統(tǒng)天下。

思想改造運(yùn)動(dòng)，從最有名望的高級(jí)知識(shí)分子，到一般的教師學(xué)生，都要從頭學(xué)習(xí)唯物史觀和唯物辯證法，放棄原來的世界觀、方法論。毛澤東不但要做秦始皇，而且要做孔夫子，集政治領(lǐng)袖和思想文化領(lǐng)袖于一身，實(shí)現(xiàn)意識(shí)形態(tài)領(lǐng)域的全面專政。中國的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)人文科學(xué)，不論文、史、哲、經(jīng)、政，都用毛澤東的觀點(diǎn)統(tǒng)帥 一切。有些學(xué)科，如社會(huì)學(xué)，干脆取消。經(jīng)過批判胡適、批判胡風(fēng)，特別是反右運(yùn)動(dòng)，一批有獨(dú)立見解的教師、學(xué)生被打入另冊(cè)，成為賤民，更多的人不敢再有獨(dú)立 的思想。治學(xué)的天地越來越窄。御用文人成為學(xué)者的成功之道。

毛澤東的教育思想自成一家。他的學(xué)歷是中等師范，到北大當(dāng)圖書館管理員受過氣。他對(duì)以往大學(xué)傳統(tǒng)有一種反抗情緒。他讀書很多，但瞧不起書本知識(shí)。在戰(zhàn)爭年代，許多科班出身的軍人，被他打敗了。他說，讀書越多越愚蠢。

中蘇分裂以后，中國大學(xué)不再學(xué)蘇聯(lián)，成了毛澤東教育思想的實(shí)驗(yàn)田。文革中，實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)一步升級(jí)，毛澤東號(hào)召學(xué)制要縮短，教育要革命，資產(chǎn)階級(jí)知識(shí)分子統(tǒng)治 我們學(xué)校的現(xiàn)象再也不能繼續(xù)下去了。大學(xué)在文革初期停課鬧革命。71、71年恢復(fù)招生。招收工農(nóng)兵學(xué)員，當(dāng)時(shí)的口號(hào)是上管改，工農(nóng)兵上大學(xué)、管大學(xué)、改造 大學(xué)。大學(xué)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層還有工宣隊(duì)、軍宣隊(duì)。學(xué)工、學(xué)農(nóng)、學(xué)軍在課程中占很大比重。階級(jí)斗爭是大學(xué)的主課，參加政治運(yùn)動(dòng)壓倒一切。

開始，招生時(shí)還想搞一點(diǎn)文化考試。張鐵生事件把有限的文化考試也沖掉了。大學(xué)招生全靠推薦。最初還選拔了一些工農(nóng)兵當(dāng)中的先進(jìn)模范人物，很快成為拉關(guān)系走后門的重災(zāi)區(qū)。

當(dāng)然，毛澤東時(shí)代沒有市場(chǎng)機(jī)制，沒有金錢對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)研究的腐蝕。所以人們的思想比較單純，不敢在學(xué)術(shù)研究上弄虛作假，在自然科學(xué)和工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，出了一些高水平的研究成果。合成牛胰島素，發(fā)現(xiàn)青蒿素，都達(dá)到世界一流水平。

當(dāng)時(shí)，所有的大中專學(xué)畢業(yè)生都由國家包分配，畢業(yè)都是國家干部。學(xué)生也沒有那么多后顧之憂，學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度比較認(rèn)真。老教授思想改造是真誠的，青年師生對(duì)于革命理想的信仰也是真誠的。

有一些校長保持傳統(tǒng)的風(fēng)骨和操守，舉兩個(gè)例子：

其一是馬寅初，他是北大校長，民國時(shí)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，五十年代提出新人口論，受到主流的批判，周恩來勸他檢討過關(guān)。他說：“我對(duì)我的理論有相當(dāng)把握，不 能不堅(jiān)持，學(xué)術(shù)的尊嚴(yán)不能不維護(hù)！”“我雖年近八十，明知寡不敵眾，自單身匹馬，出來應(yīng)戰(zhàn)，直止戰(zhàn)死為止，決不向?qū)Ｒ詨悍灰岳碚f服的那種批判者們投 降。”

其二是人大校長吳玉章，教師謝韜被打成胡風(fēng)反革命集團(tuán)成員，他把謝韜保到自己家院子里住了一年。后來不得已，謝韜才被關(guān)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。當(dāng)時(shí)周恩來對(duì)吳玉章很 尊重。吳玉章和黨委書記胡錫奎合不來，周恩來原來相中南京大學(xué)校長郭影秋接替習(xí)仲勛擔(dān)任國務(wù)院秘書長。周就把郭影秋調(diào)到人大任黨委書記接替胡錫奎。

毛澤東去世以后，他的教育思想實(shí)驗(yàn)難以為繼。這就進(jìn)入第二個(gè)階段，從70年代末，中國高等教育開始撥亂反正，到80年代，中國大學(xué)精神出現(xiàn)了一次中興。

中興始于恢復(fù)高考。當(dāng)時(shí)粉碎四人幫不到一年。１９７７年７月，中共十屆三中全會(huì)閉幕，鄧小平官復(fù)原職，８月初就召開了科學(xué)和教育工作座談會(huì)。武漢大學(xué) 副教授查全性８月６日放了一炮，他說：“招生是保證大學(xué)教育質(zhì)量的第一關(guān)鍵。目前這種招生辦法，使大學(xué)生的質(zhì)量得不到保證，原因有兩方面：一是中小學(xué)質(zhì)量 不高，二是招生制度有問題。主要還是招生制度。現(xiàn)行招生制度有四大嚴(yán)重弊病：一，埋沒人才。二，工農(nóng)子弟很難上大學(xué)。貧下中農(nóng)說：‘解放前上學(xué)靠錢，十七 年上學(xué)靠分，十一年上學(xué)靠權(quán)。’三，敗壞了社會(huì)風(fēng)氣，助長了不正之風(fēng)，而且越演越烈。據(jù)我所知，今年招生還沒有開始，但已經(jīng)有人在請(qǐng)客送禮，走后門。四，嚴(yán)重影響了中小學(xué)生和教師的積極性。現(xiàn)在，甚至連小學(xué)生都知道，上大學(xué)，不需文憑文化，只要有個(gè)好爸爸。現(xiàn)行招生制度必須大改，必須真正保證擇優(yōu)錄取，打 破現(xiàn)在的框框，不拘一格選人才。當(dāng)前正是關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻。聽說太原招生會(huì)，目前尚有可為，迫在眉睫。我呼吁，今年招生開始就要當(dāng)機(jī)立斷，下更大的決心，否則又是 一二十萬人的質(zhì)量問題。新生質(zhì)量無保證，77年教學(xué)改革，在很大程度上成為一句空話。今年至少要采取一些過渡措施，應(yīng)當(dāng)建立全國統(tǒng)一的報(bào)考招生制度，應(yīng)當(dāng) 體現(xiàn)以下精神：一，招生名額不要下到基層單位，至多分配到省市一級(jí)掌握。二，要按照高中文化程度，統(tǒng)一考試，并要嚴(yán)防泄露試題。考試要從實(shí)際出發(fā)，重點(diǎn)考 語文和數(shù)學(xué)，其次是物理，化學(xué)和外文可以暫時(shí)要求低一點(diǎn)。從語文和數(shù)學(xué)可以看出學(xué)生的文化程度和抽象思維能力。三，真正做到廣大青年有機(jī)會(huì)報(bào)考和自愿選擇 專業(yè)。只要我們采取果斷措施，大學(xué)新生質(zhì)量就會(huì)大為改觀，收到顯著效果。要當(dāng)機(jī)立斷，只爭朝夕，今年能辦的就不要拖到明年去辦。”教育部長劉西堯說：“原 來想今年文化程度要求達(dá)到高中畢業(yè)，名額分配到縣。自由報(bào)考問題，我贊成南翔同志的意見，但馬上要做，還要具體化。”鄧小平說：“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)批準(zhǔn)應(yīng)改為全國統(tǒng)一 的招生，委員會(huì)定，該委員會(huì)由教師組成。”科學(xué)院李昌說：“招生問題，只要下大決心，今年是來得及的。”沈克琦說：“完全同意查全性同志的意見，如今年不 解決，81年學(xué)生的質(zhì)量無法保證。”鄧小平說：“改嘛！既然今年還有時(shí)間改，就堅(jiān)決改嘛！把太原招生會(huì)議的報(bào)告收回來，根據(jù)大家的意見修改！這涉及到幾百 萬人的問題，要拿出一個(gè)辦法來，既可以把優(yōu)秀人才拿上來，又要不致引起波動(dòng)。你們研究一下，這個(gè)方法應(yīng)當(dāng)找出來，要求質(zhì)量。重點(diǎn)學(xué)校要統(tǒng)一招生。允許報(bào)三 個(gè)志愿，到校后再分專業(yè)。今年開始就改，不要等了。招生十六字方針可以改一改嘛！”溫元?jiǎng)P說：“十六字可否改為‘自愿報(bào)考，單位同意，統(tǒng)一考試，擇優(yōu)錄 取’？”鄧小平說：“你的十六字比較好，但你的第二句話有點(diǎn)問題，比如他很好，要報(bào)考，隊(duì)里不同意，或者脾氣怪些，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不同意怎么辦？我取你的四分之三，第二句不要。今年要下決心按要求招生，招的生要基本符合提高的要求。”

１９７７年恢復(fù)高考，有５７０萬人報(bào)考，只錄取了２７萬，２９人取１。中央音樂學(xué)院教師李春光、楊峻、儲(chǔ)望華、崔靜媛、潘一飛、左因看到考生中有大批 才俊，但招生名額太少，聯(lián)名上書鄧小平。鄧小平在12月11日批示：“看了這封信反映的情況，很高興，建議予以支持。華主席，先念，登奎，烏蘭夫同志閱后 交文化部黨組處理。”使中央音樂學(xué)院成倍擴(kuò)大招生。

１９７８年又有６１０萬人報(bào)考，原計(jì)劃招生２９.３萬人，實(shí)際招收４０.２萬人。擴(kuò)招的動(dòng)力不是來自教育部，而是來自社會(huì)和地方。特別是當(dāng)時(shí)擔(dān)任天津和北京市委第一書記的林乎加，起到了特殊的作用。

林乎加是1978年5月從上海市委書記調(diào)任天津市委第一書記的。上任后，很多人向他反映，高考中分?jǐn)?shù)及格的考生很多，但天津市的招生名額太少，這些人 進(jìn)不了大學(xué)。林乎加就專門召開了一次教育口會(huì)議，把南開大學(xué)、天津大學(xué)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)也請(qǐng)來，討論有沒有可能擴(kuò)大招生，把考試合格的學(xué)生都錄取下來。與會(huì)者說，主 要是校舍和宿舍容納不下。林乎加問，有沒有教師？他們說，有教師。林乎加說，可以招走讀生嘛！這樣就沒有宿舍問題了。這個(gè)想法得到了所有人的支持，大家態(tài) 度都很積極，提了很多建議，最后決定把一些中學(xué)拿出來做校舍，辦公經(jīng)費(fèi)和教師的工資，以及必要的試驗(yàn)設(shè)備，由市財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)。南開大學(xué)和天津大學(xué)屬于教育部直 接管理，需要向教育部請(qǐng)示。教育部當(dāng)時(shí)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不太贊成這個(gè)做法，怕不能保證教學(xué)質(zhì)量。林乎加認(rèn)為，這些學(xué)生是經(jīng)過考試超過及格線的，與文革中推薦工農(nóng)兵學(xué) 員的情況完全不同。當(dāng)時(shí)鄧小平和彭沖訪問朝鮮歸來，曾在天津住了兩天，對(duì)天津各項(xiàng)工作很支持。林乎加就給鄧小平寫了一封信，說明大學(xué)閑置教員很多，不能人 盡其才。市里有能力辦一些分校，讓更多的青年上大學(xué)，但教育部不太贊成。鄧小平很快批示：這是好事情，國家財(cái)政又不拿錢，可以讓他們?cè)囋嚶铮〉玫脚竞螅旖蚓头攀指善饋砹恕Ｒ劳幸延械拇髮W(xué)，天津自籌資金辦了10所分校，擴(kuò)招了8000名學(xué)生。

1978年10月，林乎加又調(diào)到北京任市委第一書記。當(dāng)時(shí)，1978級(jí)新生已經(jīng)入學(xué)。和天津相比，北京達(dá)到及格線而未能錄取的考生更多，社會(huì)反映更強(qiáng) 烈。于是，林乎加先在市委會(huì)議上介紹了天津辦分校的做法，所有的人都贊成。接著，以北京市委名義在人民大會(huì)堂召開首都所有大學(xué)校長參加的會(huì)議。林乎加說，有那么多考試合格的青年不能進(jìn)學(xué)校讀書，這對(duì)他們不公平。可能他們一生再也不會(huì)有機(jī)會(huì)上大學(xué)了。希望在座的校長能夠支持市委辦分校的決定。這個(gè)決定當(dāng)即得 到了所有大學(xué)校長的支持。會(huì)后都表示，要千方百計(jì)地克服困難，盡早把分校辦起來。北京市委與各高校協(xié)商的結(jié)果是，由各校派教師和教學(xué)管理人員到分校主管教 學(xué)，利用本校的教學(xué)設(shè)備來解決學(xué)生的實(shí)驗(yàn)和實(shí)習(xí)問題。辦學(xué)經(jīng)費(fèi)和校舍由北京市解決。市政府決定，每個(gè)城區(qū)至少騰出兩所中學(xué)給大學(xué)辦分校，有條件的局、辦和 大企業(yè)也要盡量提供校舍。教學(xué)經(jīng)費(fèi)需要好幾千萬，北京市壓縮了行政費(fèi)用，還擠占了基本建設(shè)經(jīng)費(fèi)。當(dāng)時(shí)基本建設(shè)方面的負(fù)責(zé)人曾表示為難，最后還是服從了市委 的決定。

從1978年的11月開始醞釀，到1979年2月開學(xué)，短短的三個(gè)月，北京就建起了３６所分校。１９７８年高考五門試卷的滿分是５００分，凡是達(dá)到300分的北京考生都可以錄取。１６８００多名青年，在１９７９年春天走進(jìn)了大學(xué)課堂。

北京市１９７８年擴(kuò)大招生的幅度大大超過百分之百。但歷史已經(jīng)證明，這次擴(kuò)招的效果完全是正面的。分校畢業(yè)生與本校畢業(yè)生相比并不遜色，大多數(shù)都成為 各行各業(yè)的專業(yè)骨干，還涌現(xiàn)一批杰出的人才。關(guān)鍵是主張擴(kuò)招的地方政府不但沒有逐利動(dòng)機(jī)，還要壓縮行政開支。學(xué)生當(dāng)時(shí)上學(xué)不收費(fèi)，80%學(xué)生還能享受助學(xué) 金。可惜，教育部對(duì)此并不欣賞。他們傾向于限制考生年齡，讓高校以招收應(yīng)屆高中畢業(yè)生為主，有社會(huì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的大齡考生則分流到廣播電視大學(xué)等成人教育機(jī)構(gòu)。這 樣做雖然減輕了高考的競爭壓力，但不利于營建學(xué)生之間互相學(xué)習(xí)的氛圍，使校園生態(tài)走向單調(diào)。

否定了文革，中國大學(xué)面臨兩種選擇，一種選擇是回到十七年，回到文革以前，一種是和世界接軌，從某種意義上也可以說是回到民國。教育部想回十七年，但 也有一些有追求的教育家，想和國際接軌，最突出的是武漢大學(xué)校長劉道玉、深圳大學(xué)校長羅征啟為代表的一些教育家的探索。那個(gè)時(shí)候校長的自主權(quán)比較大，比如 劉道玉在武漢大學(xué)實(shí)行學(xué)分制、主輔修制、雙學(xué)位制、導(dǎo)師制、學(xué)術(shù)假制、自由轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)制、取消政治輔導(dǎo)員，沒有請(qǐng)示任何領(lǐng)導(dǎo)部門，只有插班生制經(jīng)過國家計(jì)委批 準(zhǔn)。現(xiàn)在不行，南方科技大學(xué)想嘗試走新路，第一屆直接從高中二年級(jí)招生，差點(diǎn)在招生環(huán)節(jié)就被卡死。現(xiàn)在教育行政部門是自己不作為，但絕不讓別人作為。

八十年代的有理想有追求的教育家出任大學(xué)校長的還有一些，如中國政法大學(xué)校長江平。還有一批具有民國時(shí)代遺風(fēng)的老教授，留下了許多動(dòng)人的佳話。比如南 京大學(xué)陳白塵，李龍?jiān)瓶忌纤难芯可瑔挝徊煌猓蛔屗麕ЧべY，陳白塵說，你的工資我來發(fā)。用自己的工資給李龍?jiān)瓢l(fā)生活費(fèi)。蘭州大學(xué)趙儷生招研究生。秦 暉成績很好，體檢不合格，視力不行。趙儷生說，不讓招秦暉，我就不招生了。秦暉眼睛不好，陳寅恪眼睛也不好，誰敢說他將來不是陳寅恪？

當(dāng)時(shí)的學(xué)生，追求真理，崇尚創(chuàng)新，關(guān)注現(xiàn)實(shí)，勇于批判，學(xué)校的社團(tuán)特別活躍。學(xué)生關(guān)心國家的命運(yùn)，人類的前途，一批學(xué)生還沒有畢業(yè)，就發(fā)表了一流的學(xué) 術(shù)成果和藝術(shù)作品。整個(gè)八十年代，中國的學(xué)術(shù)努力向世界前沿接軌。老的學(xué)科出現(xiàn)了新的觀點(diǎn)，被取消的學(xué)科迅速恢復(fù)，涌現(xiàn)了新的學(xué)派。應(yīng)當(dāng)說，這是一個(gè)中國 大學(xué)精神中興的時(shí)代。大學(xué)站在了社會(huì)進(jìn)步的前沿。

第三個(gè)階段是90年代到現(xiàn)在，中國大學(xué)精神再度進(jìn)入誤區(qū)。有人說是大學(xué)失魂，有人說是中國大學(xué)之殤，總而言之，是出了問題。

表現(xiàn)之一，是以官治學(xué)，行政擴(kuò)張，權(quán)力本位。在大學(xué)面前，教育行政主管部門越來越強(qiáng)勢(shì)。從人事任免權(quán)、經(jīng)費(fèi)分配權(quán)、招生權(quán)、學(xué)位授予權(quán)，學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)費(fèi)的分 配權(quán)，學(xué)術(shù)榮譽(yù)和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)支配權(quán)，學(xué)術(shù)職稱的評(píng)審權(quán)，無不由行政部門牢牢掌握。校長的任命越來越不透明，不征求民意，教授沒有發(fā)言權(quán)，完全是上級(jí)幕后勾兌。有 人曾經(jīng)認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)在中國辦不出世界一流大學(xué)，主要是教育經(jīng)費(fèi)不足。我認(rèn)為這個(gè)看法有問題。經(jīng)費(fèi)也是雙刃劍。二十年前，社科院一些人曾經(jīng)擔(dān)心被解散。一般人也 是哭窮。高層說，讓大家放心，會(huì)以項(xiàng)目的形式給錢。人們還沒有意識(shí)到官方這條思路的作用。現(xiàn)在過去將近二十年了，這條思路的作用清楚了。政治權(quán)力對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)的 既保持了強(qiáng)力控制，同時(shí)形成了市場(chǎng)條件下的新特點(diǎn)。毛澤東時(shí)代是以殺威棒馴服知識(shí)分子，現(xiàn)在在不放棄殺威棒的前提下，以胡羅卜為主。不是由權(quán)力直接扼殺學(xué) 術(shù)，而是權(quán)力通過金錢的中介來馴化學(xué)術(shù)。是通過掌控學(xué)術(shù)經(jīng)費(fèi)、學(xué)術(shù)職務(wù)、學(xué)術(shù)頭銜、學(xué)術(shù)榮譽(yù)、學(xué)術(shù)傳播渠道等方式，來掌控和籠絡(luò)學(xué)術(shù)界。最終目的還是讓學(xué) 術(shù)服從于、依附于政治權(quán)力。中國形成了政治精英、經(jīng)濟(jì)精英、文化精英三大強(qiáng)勢(shì)集團(tuán)聯(lián)手分贓的局面。政府支配的錢袋子越來越鼓。大批知識(shí)人在經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的誘導(dǎo) 下，逐步放棄獨(dú)立性，已經(jīng)形成學(xué)界主流寵物化，獨(dú)立學(xué)者邊緣化的格局。現(xiàn)在財(cái)政經(jīng)費(fèi)多了，錢就變成了項(xiàng)目，變成了支配教師圍著行政力量團(tuán)團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)的“抓手”。現(xiàn)在“抓手”越來越多，什么211工程，985工程，什么國家級(jí)科研項(xiàng)目，一級(jí)學(xué)科、文科基地，什么長江學(xué)者，名堂越來越多，來頭越來越大。這些“抓手” 攥在官方手里，教師學(xué)生就必須跟著他的指揮棒轉(zhuǎn)，弄得大學(xué)的普通教師越來越郁悶，失去了教學(xué)和科研的樂趣。在這種體制下，教育行政部門手里掌握的錢越多，學(xué)風(fēng)越壞。大樓越蓋越豪華，但大師的背影離大學(xué)越來越遠(yuǎn)。圖書館越建越現(xiàn)代，但藏書里文化精品的比例越來越小，文化垃圾越來越多。

這些項(xiàng)目經(jīng)費(fèi)，本來都是納稅人的錢。如果這些錢到了NGO手里，可能是雪中送炭，做很多好事善事。但是，這些錢現(xiàn)在掌握在官僚機(jī)構(gòu)手里，他們不受納稅人的監(jiān)督，這塊蛋糕想怎么切就怎么切，想切給誰就切給誰。在這種體制下，蛋糕越大，后果越壞。

行政力量控制學(xué)術(shù)的辦法之一叫量化管理。不論是民國時(shí)代，還是八十年代，學(xué)術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)基本上是同行評(píng)價(jià)。水平高低，同行心里有桿稱。評(píng)價(jià)過程不煩瑣，結(jié)果 大體公正。一些高水平的學(xué)者和成果，可以破格提拔，脫穎而出。現(xiàn)在是數(shù)字化管理，把著作和論文按出版單位分為不同級(jí)別打分。高水平有創(chuàng)見的成果未必得高 分，大量生產(chǎn)平庸的東西照樣拿高分。更荒謬的是，誰能拿到政府的社科基金項(xiàng)目，誰得高分。鄭也夫說，農(nóng)民種地還要看收成。

表現(xiàn)之二是盲目擴(kuò)張，學(xué)歷貶值。新千年擴(kuò)招的動(dòng)力是拉動(dòng)內(nèi)需。引入收費(fèi)機(jī)制，學(xué)費(fèi)先是每年收幾百元，迅速上升到幾千元。現(xiàn)在有的二級(jí)學(xué)院收費(fèi)超萬元。辦學(xué)只想從家長腰包里掏錢。窮人孩子考上大學(xué)，不是脫貧，而是返貧。特別是研究生擴(kuò)招，現(xiàn)在每年碩士生招四十幾萬，博士生招六萬多。但是中國的人才并沒有 增加，學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力甚至下降。這實(shí)際上是做了一個(gè)局，把中國的學(xué)生和家長都裝進(jìn)去了，讓他們的大量時(shí)間和和金錢白白地搭進(jìn)去了。社會(huì)公認(rèn)的看法是，現(xiàn)在 的博士，整體水平不如八十年代的碩士：現(xiàn)在的碩士，整體水平不如八十年代的本科生：現(xiàn)在的本科生，整體水平不如八十年代的專科生。本科生普遍對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)不感興 趣，碩士生對(duì)本學(xué)科的學(xué)術(shù)動(dòng)向不了解，博士生跟學(xué)術(shù)前沿不沾邊。博士的學(xué)術(shù)水準(zhǔn)和發(fā)達(dá)國家差距越來越大。大多數(shù)研究生，不論博士還是碩士，只對(duì)文憑感興 趣，只對(duì)文憑背后的利益感興趣，根本沒有學(xué)術(shù)創(chuàng)新的沖動(dòng)。而在上世紀(jì)八十年代初，研究生和一些本科生，畢業(yè)時(shí)已經(jīng)達(dá)到學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)先地位，已經(jīng)是創(chuàng)新人才。現(xiàn)在 的制度安排，拉長了學(xué)生受教育的年限。過去，本科畢業(yè)，22歲左右，就可以進(jìn)入專業(yè)工作崗位。現(xiàn)在，大批年輕人混到碩士，25歲才能工作；混到博士，將近30歲了，也未必能進(jìn)入專業(yè)崗位。這就把青年人自立謀生的時(shí)間推遲了，不少青年人成了啃老族。考不上研究生很郁悶，考上研究生也很郁悶。郁悶又不能不讀研 究生，因?yàn)橐遣换斓酱T士學(xué)位，很多用人機(jī)構(gòu)不要你。政府機(jī)關(guān)、事業(yè)單位，用人的學(xué)歷門檻越抬越高。邁不過這個(gè)門檻，就得不到體面的職業(yè)。研究生制度完全 被透支了，搞濫了。這場(chǎng)學(xué)歷膨脹游戲的結(jié)果是：富了教育界，坑了老百姓。

大學(xué)為什么有這么強(qiáng)烈的學(xué)歷擴(kuò)張的沖動(dòng)，一句話，就是利益驅(qū)動(dòng)。教育部把學(xué)位授予權(quán)當(dāng)作教育產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的中心環(huán)節(jié)，學(xué)科評(píng)議組、大學(xué)、教授和考生之間形成 一個(gè)設(shè)租尋租的利益鏈條。博士碩士的數(shù)量以幾何級(jí)數(shù)增長，學(xué)術(shù)水平以同樣的速度急遽下滑。在這個(gè)過程當(dāng)中，官員和老板兩個(gè)階層在職攻讀高學(xué)位，起了特別惡 劣的作用。一些黨政要員，公務(wù)繁忙，但做官求學(xué)兩不誤。中國的大學(xué)不獨(dú)立，不論人權(quán)財(cái)權(quán)都受政府掌控，本來就要在省長、市長、部長、局長的權(quán)力下討生活。高官稍微動(dòng)用權(quán)力，就可以讓大學(xué)得到實(shí)惠。有些高官雖然不是大學(xué)的頂頭上司，也是他們的巴結(jié)對(duì)象。他們相信，只要接近權(quán)力，現(xiàn)在用不上，將來可能用得上。以至有教授私下宣稱，我招研究生，達(dá)不到局級(jí)不考慮。九十年代，博士學(xué)位在中國很吃香，高官讀博士便成為時(shí)髦。或許有人會(huì)問，既然喜歡博士帽，為什么不離 職讀書？其實(shí)，對(duì)他們更重要的是官帽。如果不當(dāng)官，大學(xué)也不會(huì)巴結(jié)他們了。高官讀博士，自然不同于年輕學(xué)子讀博士，對(duì)年青學(xué)子的考試要求、課程要求，對(duì)高 官都成為可有可無可松可緊的條件。有的外省高官，攻讀北京某大學(xué)的博士，甚至可以不來學(xué)校上課，而是提供機(jī)票讓教授到外省面授。一部分高官的畢業(yè)論文，也 是秘書代筆，或槍手代筆。

第三方面的表現(xiàn)，就是學(xué)風(fēng)敗壞，弄虛作假。教授沒有學(xué)術(shù)沖動(dòng)，只有利益趨動(dòng)。學(xué)生沒有學(xué)術(shù)興趣，只有文憑興趣。學(xué)術(shù)論文垃圾化。絕大部分學(xué)報(bào)、學(xué)刊，成為學(xué)術(shù)垃圾場(chǎng)。絕大多數(shù)論文，不再是表達(dá)新思想、新觀點(diǎn)、新發(fā)現(xiàn)的載體，而是學(xué)位、職稱的敲門磚。辦刊方以出賣版面謀求經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。投稿方出錢買版面，是 為了換取學(xué)位、職稱，再獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。就是那些符合學(xué)術(shù)論著外在規(guī)范的研究成果，也出現(xiàn)了普遍平庸化的趨勢(shì)。不是為了社會(huì)的進(jìn)步和學(xué)術(shù)的創(chuàng)新直面真問題，而是繞開真問題無病呻吟，做故弄玄虛的概念游戲。

一些校長、院長、名牌教授，陷入抄襲剽竊的丑聞。韓國黃禹錫事件表明，韓國對(duì)自己的學(xué)術(shù)明星沒有包庇，學(xué)術(shù)環(huán)境保持著底線。而我們一些部門公然包庇一 些明顯抄襲剽竊有一官半職的人。反而壓制揭露者，批評(píng)者，處分揭露真相的報(bào)紙編輯記者。把真與假，是與非，善與惡，美與丑都給顛倒了，解構(gòu)了。這種學(xué)術(shù)環(huán) 境，對(duì)青年一代的腐蝕極其嚴(yán)重。現(xiàn)在的大學(xué)生，研究生，越來越對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)失去了內(nèi)心的向往，對(duì)科學(xué)的殿堂、真理的殿堂不存敬畏。求學(xué)、做論文，都是一種當(dāng)下的 利益交易。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為抄襲和復(fù)制提供了方便。研究生教育一個(gè)茶壺不是配四個(gè)茶碗，而是配幾十個(gè)茶碗，就是認(rèn)真的導(dǎo)師也感到力不從心。況且大量的導(dǎo)師本來就不 具備應(yīng)有的學(xué)術(shù)指導(dǎo)水平和學(xué)術(shù)責(zé)任感。在學(xué)術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普遍棄守的趨勢(shì)下，個(gè)別教授堅(jiān)持博士、碩士畢論文應(yīng)有的學(xué)術(shù)原創(chuàng)性，在評(píng)審時(shí)對(duì)過于低劣的論文說不，反而 視為堂吉訶德式的可笑斗士。以后再?zèng)]有人請(qǐng)他指導(dǎo)或評(píng)審。

學(xué)術(shù)腐敗的源頭不在學(xué)界，只是吏治腐敗和司法腐敗的派生物。搞腐敗都是一些官產(chǎn)學(xué)通吃的人物。大學(xué)本來可以充當(dāng)社會(huì)的凈化器。民國時(shí)期，官場(chǎng)腐敗，教 師醫(yī)生還是清流，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)匯入滾滾濁流。我本來寄希望教育領(lǐng)域比照經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的改革，放權(quán)松綁，政府把辦學(xué)的權(quán)力還給大學(xué)，把教學(xué)的權(quán)利還給教師，還給學(xué) 生，讓高等教育進(jìn)入良性循環(huán)。現(xiàn)在中國經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域，民營經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)超過了半邊天，活力最強(qiáng)不是國營企業(yè)，而是民營企業(yè)。但是在高等教育領(lǐng)域，公立大學(xué)處于絕對(duì) 強(qiáng)勢(shì)，民辦大學(xué)處于絕對(duì)弱勢(shì)。行政部門強(qiáng)行規(guī)定，民辦大學(xué)只能做高等職業(yè)教育，不能辦研究型大學(xué)。大家知道，在美國大學(xué)，排在前十名的大學(xué)，都是私立大 學(xué)。私立大學(xué)辦研究型大學(xué)比公立大學(xué)水平還高。中國即使不能學(xué)美國，讓私立大學(xué)領(lǐng)先于公立大學(xué)，能不能給民辦大學(xué)和公辦大學(xué)一個(gè)平等競爭的機(jī)會(huì)？中國的高 等教育，經(jīng)過這一輪擴(kuò)招，已經(jīng)快到一個(gè)檻了。過去中國高等教育是高度供不應(yīng)求，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)趨近供求平衡，等到高等教育供過于求的時(shí)候，民辦大學(xué)可能就沒有發(fā) 展機(jī)會(huì)了。吉利可以辦成一個(gè)很好的民營汽車公司，但在中國很難辦出一流大學(xué)。當(dāng)然，這也意味著，中國大學(xué)泡沫破滅的時(shí)間不遠(yuǎn)了，因?yàn)橹袊掷m(xù)三十年的一胎 化政策，生源迅速減少，近幾年考生人數(shù)連年遞減。大學(xué)供需關(guān)系一旦過了拐點(diǎn)，就要發(fā)生危機(jī)。

以上是我對(duì)一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來中國大學(xué)精神演變的粗略描述。我對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的判斷可能比較悲觀。但是我要說，不管現(xiàn)實(shí)存在怎樣的問題，命運(yùn)的選擇掌握在自己的手里。大學(xué)生如果取法乎上，追求真理，追慕先賢，前途仍然是光明的。

第四篇：胡錦濤在南非一所大學(xué)的講話2007

加強(qiáng)中非團(tuán)結(jié)合作 推動(dòng)建設(shè)和諧世界——在南非比勒陀利亞大學(xué)的演講

（2007年2月7日，比勒陀利亞）中華人民共和國主席 胡錦濤

尊敬的卡利·皮斯托留斯校長，老師們，同學(xué)們，女士們，先生們，朋友們：

去年春天，我曾在訪問美國期間到著名的耶魯大學(xué)發(fā)表演講。今天，我很高興有機(jī)會(huì)來

到另一所著名的大學(xué)，同各位老師、同學(xué)和各界朋友進(jìn)行交流。這所大學(xué)就是你們比勒陀利

亞大學(xué)。首先，我謹(jǐn)代表13億中國人民，向在座的老師們、同學(xué)們、朋友們，致以誠摯的問

候！向兄弟的南非人民和非洲人民，致以良好的祝愿！再過幾天，比勒陀利亞大學(xué)將迎來建

校99周年。我謹(jǐn)向皮斯托留斯校長和比勒陀利亞大學(xué)全體師生，表示熱烈的祝賀！

南非有著“彩虹國度”的美稱，在非洲乃至世界上都有著重要的地位和影響。1999年，我 曾來貴國訪問，這里美麗的風(fēng)光和擺脫種族隔離制度枷鎖后煥發(fā)的勃勃生機(jī)，南非人民建設(shè)

國家的昂揚(yáng)精神面貌，給我留下了深刻印象。8年后再次來到貴國，我深深感受到，南非政

府和人民在促進(jìn)民族和解、推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)變革、促進(jìn)非洲和平與發(fā)展方面都取得

了顯著成就。正如姆貝基總統(tǒng)所說，南非步入了“希望的時(shí)代”。南非人民取得的成就，不僅

展示了南非發(fā)展的希望，也體現(xiàn)了非洲乃至人類進(jìn)步事業(yè)的希望。

在南非人民反對(duì)種族隔離制度的長期斗爭中，中國人民始終堅(jiān)定地同南非人民站在一起，結(jié)下了深厚情誼。建交近10年來，特別是2004年兩國建立戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系以來，中南關(guān)系全面

快速健康發(fā)展，兩國人民的友誼和信任進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。實(shí)踐證明，中南加強(qiáng)全方位合作，符合 兩國和兩國人民的根本利益，有利于發(fā)展中國家團(tuán)結(jié)合作，也有利于世界和平與發(fā)展。中國

政府和人民愿意同南非政府和人民一道，增強(qiáng)政治互信，加強(qiáng)務(wù)實(shí)合作，推動(dòng)中南戰(zhàn)略伙伴

關(guān)系不斷向前發(fā)展，造福兩國人民。

女士們、先生們、朋友們！

中國和非洲雖然相距遙遠(yuǎn)，但中非友好源遠(yuǎn)流長。中非人民在漫長的歷史歲月中結(jié)下了

同呼吸、共命運(yùn)、心連心的深厚情誼。在過去的半個(gè)多世紀(jì)里，中非人民在民族解放斗爭中

相互支持，在發(fā)展振興道路上真誠合作，在國際事務(wù)中積極配合，中非友誼歷久彌堅(jiān)，中非

合作惠及雙方。中國人民為擁有非洲人民的真誠友誼感到自豪！過去、現(xiàn)在、將來，中國人

民都是非洲人民平等互信、真誠相待的好朋友，互利互惠、合作共贏的好伙伴，患難與共、情同手足的好兄弟。中非人民要世世代代友好下去！中非人民一定能夠世世代代友好下去！

近年來，非洲國家和人民自強(qiáng)不息、開拓進(jìn)取，推動(dòng)非洲和平與發(fā)展事業(yè)取得了令人矚目

的成就。中國人民為兄弟的非洲人民取得的成就感到由衷的高興，衷心祝愿兄弟的非洲人民在 建設(shè)國家和振興民族的偉大道路上取得新的更大的成就。

當(dāng)前，國際形勢(shì)正在發(fā)生深刻而復(fù)雜的變化。求和平、促發(fā)展、謀合作是當(dāng)今時(shí)代的最強(qiáng)

音。在世界多極化和經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化趨勢(shì)深入發(fā)展的形勢(shì)下，我們既面臨著難得的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，也面

臨著嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。世界各國人民普遍希望共享機(jī)遇、共應(yīng)挑戰(zhàn)、共同發(fā)展。中國是世界上最大的 發(fā)展中國家，非洲是世界上發(fā)展中國家最集中的大陸。中國和非洲人口占世界人口的三分之一

以上。中非是促進(jìn)世界和平與發(fā)展的重要力量。繼承傳統(tǒng)友誼，深化務(wù)實(shí)合作，全面發(fā)展中非

新型戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系，是人民的愿望、時(shí)代的要求。我們應(yīng)該順應(yīng)這一發(fā)展大勢(shì)，真誠友好，平

等互利，團(tuán)結(jié)合作，共同發(fā)展，努力把中非友好合作提高到一個(gè)新的水平。

剛剛過去的2006年，是中非關(guān)系史上值得銘記的重要年份。中非合作論壇北京峰會(huì)成功召

開。中非領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人一致同意建立和發(fā)展政治上平等互信、經(jīng)濟(jì)上合作共贏、文化上交流互鑒的中

非新型戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系，并共同規(guī)劃了今后3年中非合作的藍(lán)圖。中國政府宣布了包括擴(kuò)大對(duì)非

援助規(guī)模、免除非洲重債窮國和最不發(fā)達(dá)國家債務(wù)、向非洲開放市場(chǎng)、加強(qiáng)中非經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)領(lǐng)域

廣泛合作等加強(qiáng)對(duì)非務(wù)實(shí)合作、支持非洲國家發(fā)展的8項(xiàng)政策措施。中非加強(qiáng)合作，進(jìn)一步喚

起了國際社會(huì)對(duì)非洲和平與發(fā)展事業(yè)的關(guān)注和重視，提升了非洲在國際上的地位和影響。這進(jìn)

一步表明，中非共同發(fā)展對(duì)促進(jìn)人類和平與發(fā)展的崇高事業(yè)具有重大而深遠(yuǎn)的意義。

女士們、先生們、朋友們！

關(guān)注非洲人民命運(yùn)，支持非洲國家發(fā)展，首先要切實(shí)幫助非洲國家實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展目標(biāo)。

中國政府采取的加強(qiáng)對(duì)非務(wù)實(shí)合作、支持非洲國家發(fā)展的各項(xiàng)政策措施，就是要提高非洲國家

自主發(fā)展能力，增進(jìn)非洲人民福祉。我這次訪問非洲八國，目的就是鞏固中非傳統(tǒng)友誼，落實(shí)

中非合作論壇北京峰會(huì)成果，擴(kuò)大務(wù)實(shí)合作，促進(jìn)共同發(fā)展，同非洲國家一道推進(jìn)中非新型戰(zhàn)

略伙伴關(guān)系。中國愿同非洲國家一道，重點(diǎn)在以下幾個(gè)方面共同作出努力。

第一，真誠友好，密切政治上的溝通和協(xié)調(diào)，增進(jìn)相互理解和信任。中非都十分珍視中非

傳統(tǒng)友誼，積極促進(jìn)和深化中非友好，這是中非關(guān)系蓬勃發(fā)展的不竭動(dòng)力。我們應(yīng)該保持高層

互訪和交往的良好勢(shì)頭，就共同關(guān)心的重大問題加強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)略對(duì)話，凝聚共識(shí)。我們應(yīng)該密切雙方

政府、議會(huì)、政黨、社會(huì)團(tuán)體的往來和交流，進(jìn)一步夯實(shí)中非友好的政治基礎(chǔ)。中國堅(jiān)定支持

非洲國家維護(hù)國家獨(dú)立和主權(quán)、根據(jù)國情自主選擇發(fā)展道路的努力，堅(jiān)定支持非洲聯(lián)盟等地區(qū)

組織和非洲各國促進(jìn)和平與穩(wěn)定的努力，愿意為非洲自主解決內(nèi)部分歧和爭端發(fā)揮建設(shè)性作用，將繼續(xù)積極參與聯(lián)合國在非洲地區(qū)的維和行動(dòng)。

第二，深化合作，擴(kuò)大經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)交流，實(shí)現(xiàn)互利共贏。經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)合作，是中非關(guān)系發(fā)展的

重要基礎(chǔ)。我們應(yīng)該積極擴(kuò)大互利合作，實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)，促進(jìn)合作方式多樣化，推動(dòng)中非合作

從以貿(mào)易為主向貿(mào)易、投資、技術(shù)、項(xiàng)目承包等多領(lǐng)域并重的方向發(fā)展，重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)、基礎(chǔ)

設(shè)施、制造業(yè)、關(guān)系民生的社會(huì)公益項(xiàng)目等領(lǐng)域合作。中國政府將繼續(xù)采取積極措施，擴(kuò)大自

非洲的進(jìn)口，促進(jìn)中非貿(mào)易平衡。中國政府鼓勵(lì)中國企業(yè)加大對(duì)非投資，向非洲國家提供技術(shù)

和管理培訓(xùn)，幫助非洲國家發(fā)展加工業(yè)和制造業(yè)，緩解非洲國家的就業(yè)壓力，提高非洲出口商

品的競爭力。中國將一如既往地支持非洲實(shí)施非洲發(fā)展新伙伴計(jì)劃。中國政府將全面落實(shí)在中

非合作論壇北京峰會(huì)上宣布的加強(qiáng)對(duì)非務(wù)實(shí)合作、支持非洲國家發(fā)展的各項(xiàng)政策措施，切實(shí)幫

助非洲國家加快經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展，加強(qiáng)能力建設(shè)，改善人民生活，使非洲人民切實(shí)受益。

第三，加強(qiáng)溝通，促進(jìn)中非兩大文明加強(qiáng)交流，在相互學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒中共同進(jìn)步。中非人民

在漫長的歷史進(jìn)程中都創(chuàng)造了偉大的燦爛文化，為人類文明進(jìn)步作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。我們應(yīng)該促

進(jìn)中非兩大文明開展不同層次、多種形式的交流互動(dòng)，增進(jìn)中非人民的相互了解和友誼。我們

應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)教育、科技、衛(wèi)生、文化、體育、旅游等領(lǐng)域合作，支持雙方文化機(jī)構(gòu)、新聞媒體、學(xué)術(shù)團(tuán)體、高等院校加強(qiáng)合作，鼓勵(lì)互辦文化節(jié)、藝術(shù)展演、體育賽事等活動(dòng)，特別是要大力

加強(qiáng)人力資源培訓(xùn)合作，鞏固和加強(qiáng)中非關(guān)系發(fā)展的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ)。

第四，平等相待，加強(qiáng)國際事務(wù)中的合作，共同維護(hù)發(fā)展中國家的正當(dāng)權(quán)益。中非在重大

國際問題上有著廣泛的共同立場(chǎng)和良好的合作傳統(tǒng)，加強(qiáng)國際事務(wù)中的協(xié)調(diào)和配合符合中非共

同利益。我們應(yīng)該共同維護(hù)聯(lián)合國憲章的宗旨和原則，加強(qiáng)在聯(lián)合國和國際多邊機(jī)構(gòu)的磋商和

協(xié)調(diào)。我們應(yīng)該共同推動(dòng)國際社會(huì)增強(qiáng)集體安全意識(shí)，樹立互信、互利、平等、協(xié)作的新安全

觀，營造有利于共同發(fā)展的國際環(huán)境。我們應(yīng)該共同應(yīng)對(duì)全球性挑戰(zhàn)，加強(qiáng)在防治重大傳染性

疾病、禽流感、跨國犯罪等非傳統(tǒng)安全領(lǐng)域的磋商和合作。我們應(yīng)該積極推動(dòng)南南合作和南北

對(duì)話，呼吁國際社會(huì)更多關(guān)注非洲，呼吁發(fā)達(dá)國家切實(shí)兌現(xiàn)市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入、增加援助、減免債務(wù)等

承諾，切實(shí)支持和幫助非洲人民解決面臨的困難和問題。中國將推動(dòng)聯(lián)合國改革朝著更加重視

發(fā)展、優(yōu)先解決發(fā)展中國家特別是非洲國家代表性不足的方向發(fā)展。

女士們、先生們、朋友們！

中國始終關(guān)注非洲的發(fā)展，中國人民始終關(guān)注非洲人民的命運(yùn)。中國人民真誠支持非洲和

平與發(fā)展事業(yè)，真誠愿意為非洲人民建設(shè)家園、改善生活的努力作出自己的貢獻(xiàn)。

中華民族歷來愛好和平，主張強(qiáng)不凌弱、富不侮貧，主張協(xié)和萬邦。早在600年前，中國

明代著名航海家鄭和率領(lǐng)龐大船隊(duì)4次到達(dá)非洲東海岸。他們給非洲人民帶來的是和平的愿望

和真誠的友誼，而不是刀劍槍炮和掠奪奴役。在近代以后的100多年中，中國人民曾經(jīng)飽受列

強(qiáng)的殖民侵略和壓迫，同絕大多數(shù)非洲國家有著相似的歷史遭遇和悲慘命運(yùn)。中國人民從19世

紀(jì)中葉到20世紀(jì)中葉開展的波瀾壯闊的斗爭，就是要反對(duì)殖民侵略和民族壓迫，實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族 的獨(dú)立和中國人民的解放，進(jìn)而建設(shè)人民當(dāng)家作主的新國家。今天，中國人民早已實(shí)現(xiàn)了自己

的百年夙愿，正在為創(chuàng)造自己更加美好的生活而團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗。正因?yàn)橛兄@樣刻骨銘心的歷史經(jīng)

歷和奮斗過程，所以中國人民最堅(jiān)決地反對(duì)一切形式的殖民、壓迫、奴役活動(dòng)，最真誠地同情

一切為爭取民族獨(dú)立和人民幸福而奮斗的民族，最深切地理解這些民族的愿望和要求。新中國

成立后，中國政府和人民為非洲人民爭取民族解放、反對(duì)殖民主義統(tǒng)治的英勇斗爭提供了政治

上、物質(zhì)上、道義上的堅(jiān)定支持。中國過去不會(huì)、現(xiàn)在不會(huì)、將來也決不會(huì)把自己的意志以及

不平等的做法強(qiáng)加于其他國家，更不會(huì)做任何有損于非洲國家和人民的事。中國尊重非洲人民

自主選擇適合自己國情的政治制度和發(fā)展道路，支持非洲國家加強(qiáng)民主法制建設(shè)和實(shí)施良好管

理，支持非洲國家充分發(fā)揮自身優(yōu)勢(shì)、積極參與國際合作和競爭。

誠然，在中非合作快速發(fā)展的過程中，也難以避免地會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些新情況新問題。但是，同

中非合作大局相比，這些問題只是前進(jìn)中的問題、發(fā)展中的問題，完全可以通過友好協(xié)商和深化

合作予以解決。中國對(duì)一些非洲朋友關(guān)心的貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)不盡合理、投資領(lǐng)域不夠?qū)拸V等問題高度

重視，已經(jīng)并將繼續(xù)與非洲朋友一道，積極采取有效措施加以解決。我相信，在中非雙方共同

努力下，中非合作必將迎來更好更快發(fā)展的光明前景！

女士們、先生們、朋友們！

自1978年實(shí)行改革開放以來，中國人民找到了適合本國國情的發(fā)展道路，奮力建設(shè)中國特

色社會(huì)主義，顯著提高了中國的社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力、綜合國力、人民生活水平。從1978年到2006年，中國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值從2165億美元增長到26269億美元；進(jìn)出口總額從206億美元提高到17607億

美元；農(nóng)村貧困人口從2.5億人減少到2150萬人，人民生活總體上達(dá)到小康水平。同時(shí)，我們也

清醒地看到，中國仍是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家，人口多、底子薄、發(fā)展很不平衡仍是基本國

情，中國人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值還排在世界100位之后，在發(fā)展進(jìn)程中還面臨著不少突出矛盾和問

題。中國要達(dá)到中等發(fā)達(dá)國家水平，還需要經(jīng)過很長時(shí)期的艱苦奮斗。我們將全面貫徹以人為

本、全面協(xié)調(diào)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，堅(jiān)持以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心，深化改革開放，著力改善人

民生活，積極構(gòu)建和諧社會(huì)，堅(jiān)定不移地實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的發(fā)展目標(biāo)。

中國的發(fā)展是和平的發(fā)展、開放的發(fā)展、合作的發(fā)展、和諧的發(fā)展。中國對(duì)內(nèi)致力于構(gòu)建

和諧社會(huì)，對(duì)外愿同世界各國一道推動(dòng)建設(shè)持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界。中國將堅(jiān)定不移

地高舉和平、發(fā)展、合作的旗幟，奉行獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策，堅(jiān)定不移地走和平發(fā)展道路，堅(jiān)持互利共贏的開放戰(zhàn)略。中國人民愿同非洲人民一道為建設(shè)持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界

而不懈努力。我們要共同推動(dòng)各國相互尊重、共同參與，促進(jìn)多邊主義和國際關(guān)系民主化，積

極引導(dǎo)國際社會(huì)更好地落實(shí)平等、民主、公正的理念。我們要共同推動(dòng)各國加強(qiáng)合作、擴(kuò)大交

流，敦促國際社會(huì)落實(shí)千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)，支持發(fā)展中國家充分利用自身優(yōu)勢(shì)加快發(fā)展，推動(dòng)建立

公正合理的國際多邊貿(mào)易和金融體制，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化朝著有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)各國共同繁榮的方向發(fā)

展。我們要共同推動(dòng)各國加強(qiáng)對(duì)話、取長補(bǔ)短，尊重和維護(hù)文明多樣性和發(fā)展模式多樣化，促

進(jìn)不同文明和睦相處，增強(qiáng)世界發(fā)展活力。我們要共同推動(dòng)各國加強(qiáng)對(duì)話、開展協(xié)作，攜手應(yīng)

對(duì)人類面臨的全球性安全問題，通過對(duì)話和談判解決爭端，維護(hù)世界和地區(qū)安全穩(wěn)定。

女士們、先生們、朋友們！

青年是國家的未來、民族的希望。在座的大多數(shù)是青年人。我在中國曾從事青年工作，喜

歡同青年人交流，愿意向青年人學(xué)習(xí)。來到你們中間，感受到你們身上洋溢的青春朝氣，我不

禁想起了我在青年時(shí)代度過的難忘歲月。我羨慕你們的年輕，更祝愿你們有美好的未來。南非

的未來寄托在你們身上，非洲振興的希望寄托在全體非洲青年身上。

中非青年是中非友好事業(yè)的有生力量，也是和諧世界的重要建設(shè)者。中非青年加強(qiáng)交流、增進(jìn)了解、加深友誼，對(duì)于中非世代友好意義重大。中國政府高度重視中非青年交流，愿為此

作出更大努力。迄今為止，已有20000多人次的非洲學(xué)生享受中國政府獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金來華學(xué)習(xí)，為增

進(jìn)中非青年的相互了解和友誼作出了貢獻(xiàn)。與此同時(shí)，越來越多的中國青年到非洲學(xué)習(xí)深造，開展志愿服務(wù)。比勒陀利亞大學(xué)就有260多名中國學(xué)生。中國政府已經(jīng)決定，在未來3年內(nèi)把向

非洲留學(xué)生提供的獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金名額由目前的每年2000人次增加到4000人次。中國政府鼓勵(lì)中國青年

志愿者赴非洲參與建設(shè)事業(yè)。

借此機(jī)會(huì)，我愿宣布，中國政府決定今后3年邀請(qǐng)包括大學(xué)生在內(nèi)的500名非洲青年訪華。

我希望，在座的青年學(xué)生能夠加入這一計(jì)劃，到中國去看看。

女士們、先生們、朋友們！

加強(qiáng)中非傳統(tǒng)友好，發(fā)展中非新型戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系，推動(dòng)建設(shè)和諧世界，是我們共同的戰(zhàn)略

選擇和歷史責(zé)任。讓我們攜起手來，為實(shí)現(xiàn)共同的美好理想而不懈努力！

謝謝各位。

Enhance China-Africa Unity and Cooperation To Build a Harmonious World

--Speech at University of Pretoria, South Africa

Hu Jintao

President of the People's Republic of China

Pretoria, 7 February 2007

Dear Mr.CWI Pistorius, Vice Chancellor and Principal of the University of Pretoria，Members of the faculty and students，Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，Last Spring, I made a speech in Yale University during my visit to the United States.Today I am very

glad to come to another prestigious university and exchange views with you.First of all, I wish to

extend, on behalf of the 1.3 billion Chinese people, cordial greetings to you and best wishes to the

brotherly people of both South Africa and Africa.The University of Pretoria will celebrate its 99th

birthday in a few days, and I would like to express my warm congratulations to you, Mr.Vice

Chancellor, the faculty and students of the University.South Africa, renowned as the “rainbow nation”, has an important place in both Africa and the world.I visited South Africa back in 1999, and I was deeply impressed by its beautiful landscape, the great

vitality it enjoyed after breaking the shackles of apartheid and the South African people's dedication

to national development.Eight years later, I am now back in South Africa, and I am equally impressed

by the great achievements the South African Government and people have made in promoting national

reconciliation, economic development and social reform and in enhancing peace and development in

Africa.Just as President Mbeki has said, South Africa has entered an “Age of Hope”.What you have

achieved in South Africa heralds not only the future of this great country, but also the future of Africa

and human progress.During the South African people's struggle against apartheid, the Chinese people stood firmly with you，and our two peoples forged profound friendship.Since China and South Africa established diplomatic

relations about 10 years ago, especially since the forging of the strategic partnership in 2004，China-South Africa relations have registered fast and healthy growth on all fronts, and the friendship and

trust between our two peoples have been further enhanced.It has been proved that strong China-South

Africa relations of all-round cooperation serve the fundamental interests of both countries and peoples，promote unity and cooperation among developing countries and contribute to global peace and

development.The Chinese Government and people will work closely with the South African Government

and people to enhance mutual political trust and practical cooperation and steadily strengthen

China-South Africa strategic partnership to the benefit of our two peoples.Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，Despite the vast distance between them, China and Africa enjoy a long history of friendly exchanges.Over the years, the Chinese and African peoples shared weal and woe and forged a close bond of

empathy and friendship.In particular, over the past half a century, we have supported each other in

national liberation and maintained sincere cooperation in development and close coordination in

international affairs.China-Africa friendship has stood the test of times, and China-Africa cooperation

has benefited both sides.We in China take great pride in our friendship with the African people.The

Chinese people and the African people have always been and will remain true friends who treat each

other as equals and with mutual trust and all sincerity, good partners of mutually beneficial

cooperation and close brothers who stand together in times of difficulty.I call on the Chinese people

and the African people to carry forward their friendship from generation to generation.And I am sure

that the Chinese and African peoples will live in friendship from generation to generation.With perseverance and dedication, Africa and its people have in recent years endeavored to promote

peace and development on the continent and achieved remarkable progress.We applaud the progress

made by you, our African brothers and sisters, and we wish you new success in advancing the great

cause of national development and revitalization.The world today is in profound changes.Peace, development and cooperation are the defining features

of our times.The growing trend towards multipolarity and economic globalization presents mankind

with both rare opportunity of development and severe challenges.People across the world hope to share

opportunities, jointly meet challenges and ensure common development.China is the biggest developing

country and Africa is the continent with the largest number of developing countries.Our combined

population accounts for over one-third of the world's total.Both China and Africa are important forces for

global peace and development.To deepen China-Africa traditional friendship, boost practical cooperation

and forge in an all-round way a new China-Africa strategic partnership is the shared desire of our two

peoples.It is also the calling of the times.We must sustain the momentum of this trend by maintaining

close friendship, treating each other as equals and working closely to promote mutually beneficial

cooperation and common development, and thus elevate China-Africa friendship and cooperation to a

higher level.The year 2006, which has just passed, will go down as a milestone in the history of China-Africa

relations.It bore witness to the success of the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa

Cooperation.At the Beijing Summit, the Chinese and African leaders unanimously agreed to establish

and develop a new type of China-Africa strategic partnership featuring political equality and mutual

trust, economic win-win cooperation and cultural exchange.They adopted a plan for promoting

China-Africa cooperation in the next three years.The Chinese Government announced eight policy

steps to enhance practical cooperation with Africa and support Africa's development.They include

expanding China's assistance to Africa, canceling the debts of Highly Indebted Poor Countries and

Least Developed Countries in Africa, opening China's market to Africa and broadening China-Africa

cooperation in the economic and social fields.Closer China-Africa cooperation has focused

international attention on peace and development in Africa and raised the standing of Africa in the

international community.This further shows that the common development of China and Africa has

important and far-reaching significance on promoting the lofty cause of peace and development of

mankind.Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，To truly help the African people and support Africa's development, the international community

must help Africa realize economic and social development.The policy steps taken by the Chinese

Government to enhance practical cooperation with Africa and support Africa's development are

designed to strengthen Africa's capacity for self-development and improve the welfare of the

African people.I am making this eight-nation visit to Africa to consolidate China's traditional

friendship with Africa, implement the decisions made at the Beijing Summit, expand practical

cooperation, promote common development and work with Africa to strengthen the new type of

China-Africa strategic partnership.To accomplish this goal, China is ready to make joint efforts

with Africa in the following key areas.Firstly, forge friendship, maintain close political dialogue and coordination and increase

mutual understanding and trust.Both China and Africa cherish their traditional friendship and are dedicated to boosting their

relations.This is the inexhaustible source of strength for propelling the growth of China-Africa

relations.We should maintain high-level exchanges and visits and step up strategic dialogue on major

issues of mutual interest to increase our common understanding.We should strengthen interactions

between governments, parliaments, political parties and public groups to consolidate the political

foundation of China-Africa friendship.China firmly supports the African countries in upholding

independence and sovereignty and pursuing models of development suited to their national

conditions.It firmly supports the African Union, other regional organizations and the African countries

in their efforts to promote peace and stability.China is ready to play a constructive role in helping

Africa resolve its differences and disputes by itself.China will remain actively involved in UN

peacekeeping operations in Africa.Secondly, deepen cooperation and expand economic and technological exchanges to achieve

mutual benefit and win-win progress.Economic and technological cooperation is an important foundation for growing China-Africa

relations.We should expand mutually beneficial cooperation and draw on our comparative strengths.We should also diversify ways of conducting China-Africa cooperation.In addition to trade, we

should expand our cooperation to other areas, including investment, technology and project

contracting.Priority should be given to agriculture, infrastructure, manufacturing and public welfare

projects that are vital to people's livelihood.The Chinese Government will continue to take steps to

increase import from Africa to balance the trade between the two sides.We encourage Chinese

companies to increase investment in Africa, provide technical and management training and help

Africa develop processing and manufacturing industries so as to ease employment pressure

and enhance the competitiveness of its exports.China will continue to support the New

Partnership for Africa's Development.The Chinese Government will fully implement the policy

steps announced at the Beijing Summit for strengthening pragmatic cooperation with Africa

and supporting its development to help Africa expedite socio-economic development, enhance

capacity-building and improve people's livelihood, thus bringing real benefit to the African people.Thirdly, strengthen dialogue and exchanges between the Chinese and African civilizations

and make common progress through mutual learning and enrichment.The Chinese and African peoples both created splendid cultures in the long course of history

and made important contribution to the progress of human civilization.We should bolster

exchanges and interactions between the Chinese and African civilizations at different levels and in

diversified forms to enhance mutual understanding and friendship between our peoples.We should

strengthen cooperation in education, science, technology, public health, culture, sports and tourism，support closer cooperation between cultural institutions, news media, academic groups and

institutions of higher learning, and encourage the holding of cultural festivals, art performances and

exhibitions and sports events.In particular, we should enhance cooperation in human resources

development and increase popular support for growing China-Africa relations.Fourthly, treat each other as equals and strengthen cooperation in international affairs to

uphold the legitimate rights and interests of developing countries.China and Africa have extensive common ground and a fine tradition of cooperation on major

international issues.It serves our shared interests to strengthen coordination in international affairs.We should work together to uphold the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and enhance

consultation and coordination at the United Nations and other multilateral institutions.We

should urge the international community to enhance the awareness of collective security and

develop a new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination

so as to foster an enabling international environment for common development.We should jointly

meet global challenges and step up consultation and cooperation on non-traditional security issues

including major communicable diseases, avian influenza and transnational crimes.We should

promote South-South cooperation and North-South dialogue, call on the international community

to focus attention on Africa, urge developed countries to deliver their commitments of improving

market access, increasing aid and debt relief, and take effective steps to help African peoples resolve

their difficulties.China will work to see to it that in carrying out UN reform, more attention is paid

to development and that priority is given to addressing the under-representation of developing

countries, African countries in particular, in the United Nations.Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，China has always taken a keen interest in Africa's development, and the Chinese people have

always been deeply concerned about the welfare of the African people.We fully support Africa's

cause of peace and development and sincerely hope to contribute our share to helping the African

people build their homeland and improve their lives.The Chinese are a peace-loving nation.We believe in cooperation and harmony among nations，and we hold that the strong and the rich should not bully the weak and the poor.Six hundred years

ago, Zheng He, a famed Chinese navigator of the Ming Dynasty, headed a large convoy which sailed

across the ocean and reached the east coast of Africa four times.They brought to the African people

a message of peace and goodwill, not swords, guns, plunder or slavery.For more than one hundred

years in China's modern history, the Chinese people were subjected to colonial aggression and

oppression by foreign powers and went through similar suffering and agony that the majority of

African countries endured.From the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century, the Chinese people

launched a heroic struggle to fight colonial aggression and foreign oppression, achieve independence

and liberation and build a new China of the Chinese people.Having realized this century-long historic

mission, the Chinese people today are working as one to make life better for themselves.Because of

the sufferings they experienced and the struggle they launched, something they will never forget, the

Chinese people are most strongly opposed to colonialism, oppression, and slavery of all manifestations.Because of this, the Chinese people have the most profound sympathy for all other nations in their

pursuit of independence, happiness and their aspirations.Since the founding of New China in

1949, the Chinese Government and people have provided the African people with firm political，material and moral support in their heroic struggles for liberation and against colonial rule.China has

never imposed its will or unequal practices on other countries and will never do so in the future.It

will certainly not do anything harmful to the interests of Africa and its people.China respects the

political systems and paths to development independently adopted and pursued by the African

people that suit their national conditions.China supports the African countries in strengthening

democracy, the rule of law and good governance.And China supports them in fully tapping their

potential and actively participating in international cooperation and competition.In the course of fast growth of China-Africa cooperation, it is natural that new issues and new

challenges may arise.Yet, compared with the larger interests of China-Africa cooperation, these

issues, which occur in the course of advance, can surely be resolved through friendly consultation

and deepened cooperation.China takes seriously the concerns about the imbalance in the structure

of China-Africa trade and the scope of Chinese investment.We have taken and will continue to take

effective steps with African countries to address those concerns.I am confident that with our

concerted efforts, China-Africa cooperation will continue to enjoy steady progress.Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，Since the policy of reform and opening-up was introduced in 1978, the Chinese people have succeeded

in embarking on a path of development suited to China's national conditions.They have dedicated

themselves to building socialism with Chinese features, greatly boosting productivity and China's

national strength and raising their own living standards.Between 1978 and 2006, China's GDP grew

to US$2.6269 trillion from US$216.5 billion, and its trade jumped to US$1.7607 trillion from US$20.6

billion, while the number of the rural poor shrank from 250 million to 21.5 million.China has on the

whole brought a moderately prosperous life to its people.On the other hand, we are keenly aware that

China is still the world's largest developing country with a huge population, weak foundation and

uneven regional development.China ranks behind the 100th place in terms of per capita GDP and

faces numerous difficulties and challenges in its development endeavor.It will take many years of

dedicated efforts before we can catch up with the medium-level developed countries.Under the

guidance of the scientific thinking on development that puts people first and calls for comprehensive，coordinated and sustainable development, we will give top priority to economic development, deepen

reform and opening-up, increase people's welfare, work to build a harmonious society, and move

steadily towards our development goals.China's development is peaceful, open, cooperative and harmonious in nature.We aim to build a

harmonious society at home and work with other countries to build a harmonious world of

enduring peace and common prosperity.China is dedicated to peace, development and cooperation.We will continue to pursue the independent foreign policy of peace, the path of peaceful

development and the opening-up strategy for mutual benefit.The Chinese people are ready to work

with the African people to build a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.We should advocate mutual respect among and participation by all countries, promote multilateralism

and democracy in international relations and work for equality, democracy and justice in the

international community.We should encourage strengthened cooperation and exchanges between

countries, urge the international community to implement the Millennium Development Goals and

support other developing countries in fully tapping their strengths to speed up their development.We

should work for a fair and just multilateral trading and financial system and we should work to

move economic globalization in a direction that benefits all countries.We should encourage dialogue

and mutual learning between countries, respect for and preservation of cultural diversity and diversity

in development models and harmonious co-existence of different civilizations so that global

development will be full of vitality.Furthermore, we should jointly address global security issues

through enhanced dialogue and coordination, and resolve disputes through dialogue and negotiation to

uphold regional and global security and stability.Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，Young people are the future of a country and the hope of a nation.I see so many young faces in the

audience today.In my younger days, I was involved in youth affairs in China.I like to talk to young

people and benefit from them.Being with you today, I can feel your youthful vigor and this brings

me back to the unforgettable years when I was a young man of your age.Being young is enviable

and I wish you a great future.The future of South Africa lies with you, and the hope of African

renaissance lies with young people in Africa.The young Chinese and Africans are a dynamic force in advancing China-Africa friendship and

in building a harmonious world.Greater interactions and deeper understanding and friendship

between them are crucial for forging enduring China-Africa friendship.The Chinese Government

sees great value in the exchanges between Chinese and African youths and is committed to

strengthening these exchanges.Over 20,000 African students have studied in China on Chinese

Government scholarships and their experiences have contributed to greater understanding and

friendship between the African and Chinese youths.At the same time, more young Chinese have

come to Africa to study or on voluntary service programs.The University of Pretoria alone has

over 260 Chinese students.Currently, China provides 2,000 government scholarships for African

students each year.The Chinese Government will double the number in the next three years.We

also encourage young Chinese volunteers to come to Africa to participate in Africa's development.Here, I wish to take this opportunity to make an announcement.The Chinese Government will

invite 500 African youths, including university students, to visit China in the next three years.I hope

some of you here will visit China on this program.Ladies and Gentlemen，Dear friends，To renew China-Africa traditional friendship, develop the new type of China-Africa strategic

partnership and build a harmonious world is our shared strategic decision and historical mission.Let's join hands and work tirelessly to realize this common vision.Thank you.

第五篇：奧巴馬在美國一所大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上的演講

For Immediate Release May 14, 2012

Remarks by the President at Barnard College Commencement Ceremony

Barnard College Columbia University New York, New York

1:28 P.M.EDT

THE PRESIDENT: Thank you so much.(Applause.)Thank you.Please, please have a seat.Thank you.(Applause.)Thank you, President Spar, trustees, President Bollinger.Hello, Class of 2012!(Applause.)Congratulations on reaching this day.Thank you for the honor of being able to be a part of it.There are so many people who are proud of you--your parents, family, faculty, friends--all who share in this achievement.So please give them a big round of applause.(Applause.)To all the moms who are here today, you could not ask for a better Mother’s Day gift than to see all of these folks graduate.(Applause.)I have to say, though, whenever I come to these things, I start thinking about Malia and Sasha graduating, and I start tearing up and--(laughter)--it's terrible.I don't know how you guys are holding it together.(Laughter.)I will begin by telling a hard truth: I’m a Columbia college graduate.(Laughter and applause.)I know there can be a little bit of a sibling rivalry here.(Laughter.)But I’m honored nevertheless to be your commencement speaker today--although I’ve got to say, you set a pretty high bar given the past three years.(Applause.)Hillary Clinton--(applause)--Meryl Streep--(applause)--Sheryl Sandberg--these are not easy acts to follow.(Applause.)But I will point out Hillary is doing an extraordinary job as one of the finest Secretaries of State America has ever had.(Applause.)We gave Meryl the Presidential Medal of Arts and Humanities.(Applause.)Sheryl is not just a good friend;she’s also one of our economic advisers.So it’s like the old saying goes--keep your friends close, and your Barnard commencement speakers even closer.(Applause.)There's wisdom in that.(Laughter.)

Now, the year I graduated--this area looks familiar--(laughter)--the year I graduated was 1983, the first year women were admitted to Columbia.(Applause.)Sally Ride was the first American woman in space.Music was all about Michael and the Moonwalk.(Laughter.)AUDIENCE MEMBER: Do it!(Laughter.)THE PRESIDENT: No Moonwalking.(Laughter.)No Moonwalking today.(Laughter.)We had the Walkman, not iPods.Some of the streets around here were not quite so inviting.(Laughter.)Times Square was not a family destination.(Laughter.)So I know this is all ancient history.Nothing worse than commencement speakers droning on about bygone days.(Laughter.)But for all the differences, the Class of 1983 actually had a lot in common with all of you.For we, too, were heading out into a world at a moment when our country was still recovering from a particularly severe economic recession.It was a time of change.It was a time of uncertainty.It was a time of passionate political debates.You can relate to this because just as you were starting out finding your way around this campus, an economic crisis struck that would claim more than 5 million jobs before the end of your freshman year.Since then, some of you have probably seen parents put off retirement, friends struggle to find work.And you may be looking toward the future with that same sense of concern that my generation did when we were sitting where you are now.Of course, as young women, you’re also going to grapple with some unique challenges, like whether you’ll be able to earn equal pay for equal work;whether you’ll be able to balance the demands of your job and your family;whether you’ll be able to fully control decisions about your own health.And while opportunities for women have grown exponentially over the last 30 years, as young people, in many ways you have it even tougher than we did.This recession has been more brutal, the job losses steeper.Politics seems nastier.Congress more gridlocked than ever.Some folks in the financial world have not exactly been model corporate citizens.(Laughter.)No wonder that faith in our institutions has never been lower, particularly when good news doesn’t get the same kind of ratings as bad news anymore.Every day you receive a steady stream of sensationalism and scandal and stories with a message that suggest change isn’t possible;that you can’t make a difference;that you won’t be able to close that gap between life as it is and life as you want it to be.My job today is to tell you don’t believe it.Because as tough as things have been, I am convinced you are tougher.I’ve seen your passion and I’ve seen your service.I’ve seen you engage and I’ve seen you turn out in record numbers.I’ve heard your voices amplified by creativity and a digital fluency that those of us in older generations can barely comprehend.I’ve seen a generation eager, impatient even, to step into the rushing waters of history and change its course.And that defiant, can-do spirit is what runs through the veins of American history.It’s the lifeblood of all our progress.And it is that spirit which we need your generation to embrace and rekindle right now.See, the question is not whether things will get better--they always do.The question is not whether we’ve got the solutions to our challenges--we’ve had them within our grasp for quite some time.We know, for example, that this country would be better off if more Americans were able to get the kind of education that you’ve received here at Barnard--(applause)--if more people could get the specific skills and training that employers are looking for today.We know that we’d all be better off if we invest in science and technology that sparks new businesses and medical breakthroughs;if we developed more clean energy so we could use less foreign oil and reduce the carbon pollution that’s threatening our planet.(Applause.)We know that we’re better off when there are rules that stop big banks from making bad bets with other people’s money and--(applause)--when insurance companies aren’t allowed to drop your coverage when you need it most or charge women differently from men.(Applause.)Indeed, we know we are better off when women are treated fairly and equally in every aspect of American life--whether it’s the salary you earn or the health decisions you make.(Applause.)We know these things to be true.We know that our challenges are eminently solvable.The question is whether together, we can muster the will--in our own lives, in our common institutions, in our politics--to bring about the changes we need.And I’m convinced your generation possesses that will.And I believe that the women of this generation--that all of you will help lead the way.(Applause.)Now, I recognize that’s a cheap applause line when you're giving a commencement at Barnard.(Laughter.)It’s the easy thing to say.But it’s true.It is--in part, it is simple math.Today, women are not just half this country;you’re half its workforce.(Applause.)More and more women are out-earning their husbands.You’re more than half of our college graduates, and master’s graduates, and PhDs.(Applause.)So you’ve got us outnumbered.(Laughter.)After decades of slow, steady, extraordinary progress, you are now poised to make this the century where women shape not only their own destiny but the destiny of this nation and of this world.But how far your leadership takes this country, how far it takes this world--well, that will be up to you.You’ve got to want it.It will not be handed to you.And as someone who wants that future--that better future--for you, and for Malia and Sasha, as somebody who’s had the good fortune of being the husband and the father and the son of some strong, remarkable women, allow me to offer just a few pieces of advice.That's obligatory.(Laughter.)Bear with me.My first piece of advice is this: Don’t just get involved.Fight for your seat at the table.Better yet, fight for a seat at the head of the table.(Applause.)It’s been said that the most important role in our democracy is the role of citizen.And indeed, it was 225 years ago today that the Constitutional Convention opened in Philadelphia, and our founders, citizens all, began crafting an extraordinary document.Yes, it had its flaws--flaws that this nation has strived to protect(perfect)over time.Questions of race and gender were unresolved.No woman’s signature graced the original document--although we can assume that there were founding mothers whispering smarter things in the ears of the founding fathers.(Applause.)I mean, that's almost certain.What made this document special was that it provided the space--the possibility--for those who had been left out of our charter to fight their way in.It provided people the language to appeal to principles and ideals that broadened democracy’s reach.It allowed for protest, and movements, and the dissemination of new ideas that would repeatedly, decade after decade, change the world--a constant forward movement that continues to this day.Our founders understood that America does not stand still;we are dynamic, not static.We look forward, not back.And now that new doors have been opened for you, you’ve got an obligation to seize those opportunities.You need to do this not just for yourself but for those who don’t yet enjoy the choices that you’ve had, the choices you will have.And one reason many workplaces still have outdated policies is because women only account for 3 percent of the CEOs at Fortune 500 companies.One reason we’re actually refighting long-settled battles over women’s rights is because women occupy fewer than one in five seats in Congress.Now, I’m not saying that the only way to achieve success is by climbing to the top of the corporate ladder or running for office--although, let’s face it, Congress would get a lot more done if you did.(Laughter and applause.)That I think we’re sure about.But if you decide not to sit yourself at the table, at the very least you’ve got to make sure you have a say in who does.It matters.Before women like Barbara Mikulski and Olympia Snowe and others got to Congress, just to take one example, much of federally-funded research on diseases focused solely on their effects on men.It wasn’t until women like Patsy Mink and Edith Green got to Congress and passed Title IX, 40 years ago this year, that we declared women, too, should be allowed to compete and win on America’s playing fields.(Applause.)Until a woman named Lilly Ledbetter showed up at her office and had the courage to step up and say, you know what, this isn’t right, women weren’t being treated fairly--we lacked some of the tools we needed to uphold the basic principle of equal pay for equal work.So don’t accept somebody else’s construction of the way things ought to be.It’s up to you to right wrongs.It’s up to you to point out injustice.It’s up to you to hold the system accountable and sometimes upend it entirely.It’s up to you to stand up and to be heard, to write and to lobby, to march, to organize, to vote.Don’t be content to just sit back and watch.Those who oppose change, those who benefit from an unjust status quo, have always bet on the public’s cynicism or the public's complacency.Throughout American history, though, they have lost that bet, and I believe they will this time as well.(Applause.)But ultimately, Class of 2012, that will depend on you.Don’t wait for the person next to you to be the first to speak up for what’s right.Because maybe, just maybe, they’re waiting on you.Which brings me to my second piece of advice: Never underestimate the power of your example.The very fact that you are graduating, let alone that more women now graduate from college than men, is only possible because earlier generations of women--your mothers, your grandmothers, your aunts--shattered the myth that you couldn’t or shouldn’t be where you are.(Applause.)

I think of a friend of mine who’s the daughter of immigrants.When she was in high school, her guidance counselor told her, you know what, you’re just not college material.You should think about becoming a secretary.Well, she was stubborn, so she went to college anyway.She got her master’s.She ran for local office, won.She ran for state office, she won.She ran for Congress, she won.And lo and behold, Hilda Solis did end up becoming a secretary--(laughter)--she is America’s Secretary of Labor.(Applause.)So think about what that means to a young Latina girl when she sees a Cabinet secretary that looks like her.(Applause.)Think about what it means to a young girl in Iowa when she sees a presidential candidate who looks like her.Think about what it means to a young girl walking in Harlem right down the street when she sees a U.N.ambassador who looks like her.Do not underestimate the power of your example.This diploma opens up new possibilities, so reach back, convince a young girl to earn one, too.If you earned your degree in areas where we need more women--like computer science or engineering--(applause)--reach back and persuade another student to study it, too.If you're going into fields where we need more women, like construction or computer engineering--reach back, hire someone new.Be a mentor.Be a role model.Until a girl can imagine herself, can picture herself as a computer programmer, or a combatant commander, she won’t become one.Until there are women who tell her, ignore our pop culture obsession over beauty and fashion--(applause)--and focus instead on studying and inventing and competing and leading, she’ll think those are the only things that girls are supposed to care about.Now, Michelle will say, nothing wrong with caring about it a little bit.(Laughter.)You can be stylish and powerful, too.(Applause.)That's Michelle’s advice.(Applause.)And never forget that the most important example a young girl will ever follow is that of a parent.Malia and Sasha are going to be outstanding women because Michelle and Marian Robinson are outstanding women.So understand your power, and use it wisely.My last piece of advice--this is simple, but perhaps most important: Persevere.Persevere.Nothing worthwhile is easy.No one of achievement has avoided failure--sometimes catastrophic failures.But they keep at it.They learn from mistakes.They don’t quit.You know, when I first arrived on this campus, it was with little money, fewer options.But it was here that I tried to find my place in this world.I knew I wanted to make a difference, but it was vague how in fact I’d go about it.(Laughter.)But I wanted to do my part to do my part to shape a better world.So even as I worked after graduation in a few unfulfilling jobs here in New York--I will not list them all--(laughter)--even as I went from motley apartment to motley apartment, I reached out.I started to write letters to community organizations all across the country.And one day, a small group of churches on the South Side of Chicago answered, offering me work with people in neighborhoods hit hard by steel mills that were shutting down and communities where jobs were dying away.The community had been plagued by gang violence, so once I arrived, one of the first things we tried to do was to mobilize a meeting with community leaders to deal with gangs.And I’d worked for weeks on this project.We invited the police;we made phone calls;we went to churches;we passed out flyers.The night of the meeting we arranged rows and rows of chairs in anticipation of this crowd.And we waited, and we waited.And finally, a group of older folks walked in to the hall and they sat down.And this little old lady raised her hand and asked, “Is this where the bingo game is?”(Laughter.)It was a disaster.Nobody showed up.My first big community meeting--nobody showed up.And later, the volunteers I worked with told me, that's it;we’re quitting.They'd been doing this for two years even before I had arrived.They had nothing to show for it.And I’ll be honest, I felt pretty discouraged as well.I didn't know what I was doing.I thought about quitting.And as we were talking, I looked outside and saw some young boys playing in a vacant lot across the street.And they were just throwing rocks up at a boarded building.They had nothing better to do--late at night, just throwing rocks.And I said to the volunteers, “Before you quit, answer one question.What will happen to those boys if you quit? Who will fight for them if we don’t? Who will give them a fair shot if we leave? And one by one, the volunteers decided not to quit.We went back to those neighborhoods and we kept at it.We registered new voters, and we set up after-school programs, and we fought for new jobs, and helped people live lives with some measure of dignity.And we sustained ourselves with those small victories.We didn’t set the world on fire.Some of those communities are still very poor.There are still a lot of gangs out there.But I believe that it was those small victories that helped me win the bigger victories of my last three and a half years as President.And I wish I could say that this perseverance came from some innate toughness in me.But the truth is, it was learned.I got it from watching the people who raised me.More specifically, I got it from watching the women who shaped my life.I grew up as the son of a single mom who struggled to put herself through school and make ends meet.She had marriages that fell apart;even went on food stamps at one point to help us get by.But she didn’t quit.And she earned her degree, and made sure that through scholarships and hard work, my sister and I earned ours.She used to wake me up when we were living overseas--wake me up before dawn to study my English lessons.And when I’d complain, she’d just look at me and say, “This is no picnic for me either, buster.”(Laughter.)And my mom ended up dedicating herself to helping women around the world access the money they needed to start their own businesses--she was an early pioneer in microfinance.And that meant, though, that she was gone a lot, and she had her own struggles trying to figure out balancing motherhood and a career.And when she was gone, my grandmother stepped up to take care of me.She only had a high school education.She got a job at a local bank.She hit the glass ceiling, and watched men she once trained promoted up the ladder ahead of her.But she didn’t quit.Rather than

grow hard or angry each time she got passed over, she kept doing her job as best as she knew how, and ultimately ended up being vice president at the bank.She didn’t quit.And later on, I met a woman who was assigned to advise me on my first summer job at a law firm.And she gave me such good advice that I married her.(Laughter.)And Michelle and I gave everything we had to balance our careers and a young family.But let’s face it, no matter how enlightened I must have thought myself to be, it often fell more on her shoulders when I was traveling, when I was away.I know that when she was with our girls, she’d feel guilty that she wasn’t giving enough time to her work, and when she was at her work, she’d feel guilty she wasn’t giving enough time to our girls.And both of us wished we had some superpower that would let us be in two places at once.But we persisted.We made that marriage work.And the reason Michelle had the strength to juggle everything, and put up with me and eventually the public spotlight, was because she, too, came from a family of folks who didn’t quit--because she saw her dad get up and go to work every day even though he never finished college, even though he had crippling MS.She saw her mother, even though she never finished college, in that school, that urban school, every day making sure Michelle and her brother were getting the education they deserved.Michelle saw how her parents never quit.They never indulged in self-pity, no matter how stacked the odds were against them.They didn't quit.Those are the folks who inspire me.People ask me sometimes, who inspires you, Mr.President? Those quiet heroes all across this country--some of your parents and grandparents who are sitting here--no fanfare, no articles written about them, they just persevere.They just do their jobs.They meet their responsibilities.They don't quit.I'm only here because of them.They may not have set out to change the world, but in small, important ways, they did.They certainly changed mine.So whether it’s starting a business, or running for office, or raising a amazing family, remember that making your mark on the world is hard.It takes patience.It takes commitment.It comes with plenty of setbacks and it comes with plenty of failures.But whenever you feel that creeping cynicism, whenever you hear those voices say you can’t make a difference, whenever somebody tells you to set your sights lower--the trajectory of this country should give you hope.Previous generations should give you hope.What young generations have done before should give you hope.Young folks who marched and mobilized and stood up and sat in, from Seneca Falls to Selma to Stonewall, didn’t just do it for themselves;they did it for other people.(Applause.)That’s how we achieved women’s rights.That's how we achieved voting rights.That's how we achieved workers’ rights.That's how we achieved gay rights.(Applause.)That’s how we’ve made this Union more perfect.(Applause.)And if you’re willing to do your part now, if you're willing to reach up and close that gap between what America is and what America should be, I want you to know that I will be right there with you.(Applause.)If you are ready to fight for that brilliant, radically simple idea of America that no matter who you are or what you look like, no matter who you love or what God you worship, you can still pursue your own happiness, I will join you every step of the way.(Applause.)

Now more than ever--now more than ever, America needs what you, the Class of 2012, has to offer.America needs you to reach high and hope deeply.And if you fight for your seat at the table, and you set a better example, and you persevere in what you decide to do with your life, I have every faith not only that you will succeed, but that, through you, our nation will continue to be a beacon of light for men and women, boys and girls, in every corner of the globe.So thank you.Congratulations.(Applause.)God bless you.God bless the United States of America.(Applause.)