第一篇：大學英語四級常考語法總結

大學英語四級常考語法總結

一、虛擬語氣。應著重復習能引起虛擬語氣的某些介詞、介詞短語和連詞(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建議、主張、命令等概念的詞語，由于本身隱含說話人的主觀愿望，其后的主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句往往采用“should+動詞原形”;虛擬倒裝句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用適當形式表達主觀愿望;混合虛擬句。

二、獨立主格題。一般說來，在句子中沒有連接詞的情況下，逗號是無力連接兩個句子的，其中一個分句要么是非謂語形式，要么是獨立主格結構。兩種結構都做狀語，不同的是獨立主格結構有自己的邏輯主語。

三、時態。英語中共有16個時態。四級考試中出現最多的是將來完成時、現在完成時、過去完成時和完成進行時。

四、名詞性從句。形容詞性的定語從句是考核的重點，用什么引導詞，引導詞前面的介詞形式，引導詞在從句中做什么成分，從句的語序等均有可能成為考點。此外，主語從句、同位語從句、賓語從句也應適當復習。

五、主謂一致。這類考題靈活性大，需要根據實際情況判斷謂語動詞的單復數形式。一部分具有生命意義的集合名詞做主語時謂語動詞多采用復數形式，如people, poultry, militia等;用and連接的成分表單一概念時謂語動詞用單數;就近原則：主語中含有某些連詞(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)時，謂語動詞的數同第一個主語保持一致。

六、倒裝結構。分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。那些否定詞(組)、介詞短語能引起倒裝句，部分倒裝和全部倒裝有和區別，as在倒裝結構中的用法及意義等等，都是考生應當重視的地方。

七、非謂語動詞。①根據非謂語動詞同其所修飾的名詞或邏輯主語的一致關系，確定使用主動語態或被動語態，然后考慮采用現在分詞、現在分詞被動式或過去分詞;②非謂語動詞同主句謂語動詞動作發生的先后關系。動作正在進行的用現在分詞進行式，同時發生或不分先后發生的用現在現在分詞一般式或過去分詞;在主句謂語動詞之前發生的用現在分詞完成式、不定式完成式;發生在主句謂語動詞之后的多用不定式一般式;③表狀態多用分詞，表目的多用不定式。

第二篇：大學英語四級常考詞匯

1.alter v.改變，改動，變更 2.burst vi.n.突然發生，爆裂

3.dispose vi.除掉；處置；解決；處理(of)4.blast n.爆炸；氣流 vi.炸，炸掉 5.consume v.消耗，耗盡

6.split v.劈開；割裂；分裂 a.裂開的7.spit v.吐（唾液等）；唾棄 8.spill v.溢出，濺出，倒出

9.slip v.滑動，滑落；忽略

10.slide v.滑動，滑落 n.滑動；滑面；幻燈片

11.bacteria n.細菌

12.breed n.種，品種 v.繁殖，產仔

13.budget n.預算 v.編預算，作安排 14.candidate n.候選人

15.campus n.校園

16.liberal a.慷慨的；豐富的；自由的 17.transform v.轉變，變革；變換

18.transmit v.傳播，播送；傳遞 19.transplant v.移植

20.transport vat.運輸，運送 n.運輸，運輸工具

21.shift v.轉移；轉動；轉變

22.vary v.變化，改變；使多樣化

23.vanish vi.消滅，不見

24.swallow v.吞下，咽下 n.燕子

25.suspicion n.懷疑，疑心

26.suspicious a.懷疑的，可疑的

27.mild a.溫暖的，暖和的；溫柔的，味淡的28.tender a.溫柔的；脆弱的

29.nuisance n.損害，妨害，討厭（的人或事物）

30.insignificant a.無意義的，無足輕重的；無價值的

31.accelerate vt.加速，促進

32.absolute a.絕對的，無條件的；完全的33.boundary n.分界線，邊界

34.brake n.剎車，制動器 v.剎住（車）

35.catalog n.目錄（冊）v.編目

36.vague a.模糊的，不明確的37.vain n.徒勞，白費

38.extinct a.絕滅的，熄滅的

39.extraordinary a.不平常的，特別的，非凡的40.extreme a.極度的，極端的 n.極端，過分

41.agent n.代理人，代理商；動因，原因

42.alcohol n.含酒精的飲料，酒精

43.appeal n./vi.呼吁，懇求

135.video n.電視，視頻 a.電視的，錄像的136.videotape n.錄像磁帶 v.把...錄在錄像帶上

137.offend v.冒犯，觸犯

138.bother v.打攪，麻煩

139.interfere v.干涉，干擾，妨礙

140.internal a.內部的，國內的141.beforehand ad.預先，事先

142.racial a.人種的種族的143.radiation n.放射物，輻射

144.radical a.根本的；激進的

145.range n.幅度，范圍 v.（在某范圍內）變動

146.wonder n.驚奇，奇跡 v.想知道，對...感到疑惑

147.isolate vt.使隔離，使孤立

148.issue n.問題，爭論點；發行，（報刊）一期

149.hollow a.空的，中空的，空虛道

150.hook n.鉤 vt.鉤住

151.adequate a.適當地；足夠

152.adhere vi.粘附，附著；遵守，堅持

153.ban vt.取締，禁止

154.capture vt.俘虜，捕獲

155.valid a.有效的，有根據的；正當的156.valley n.山谷，峽谷

157.consistent a.堅固定；一致的，始終如一的158.continuous a.繼續的，連續（不斷）的159.continual a.不斷地，頻繁的160.explode v.爆炸；爆發；激增

161.exploit v.剝削；利用，開采

162.explore v.勘探

163.explosion n.爆炸；爆發；激增

164.explosive a.爆炸的；極易引起爭論的165.remote a.遙遠的，偏僻的166.removal n.除去，消除

167.render vt.使得，致使

167.render 解釋比較長，可要仔細體會啊！

168.precaution n.預防，防備，警惕

169.idle a.懶散的，無所事事的170.identify vt.認出，鑒定

171.identify n.身份；個性，特性

172.poverty n.貧窮

173.resistant a.(to)抵抗的，抗...的，耐...的174.resolve vt.解決；決定，決意

175.barrel n.桶

176.bargain n.便宜貨 vi.討價還價 177.coarse a.粗的，粗糙的，粗劣的178.coach n.教練；長途公共汽車

179.code n.準則，法規，密碼

180.coil n.線圈 v.卷，盤繞

181.adult n.成年人

182.advertise v.為...做廣告

183.advertisement n.廣告

184.agency n.代理商，經銷商

185.focus v.（使）聚集 n.焦點，中心，聚焦

186.forbid vt.不許，禁止

187.debate n./v.辯論，爭論

188.debt n.欠債

189.decade n.十年

190.enclose vt.圍住；把...裝入信封

191.encounter vt./n.遭遇，遭到

192.globe n.地球，世界；地球儀

193.global a.全球的；總的194.scan vt.細看；掃描；瀏覽

195.scandal n.丑事，丑聞

196.significance n.意義；重要性

197.subsequent a.隨后的，后來的198.virtue n.美德，優點

199.virtual a.實際上的，事實上的

200.orient vt.使適應，(to, toward)使朝向 n.東方 251.moisture n.潮濕

252.promote vt.促進；提升

253.region n.地區；范圍；幅度

254.register v./n.登記，注冊

255.stable a.穩定的

256.sophisticated a.老于世故的，老練的；很復雜的

257.splendid a.極好的，壯麗的，輝煌的258.cancel vt.取消，廢除

259.variable a.易變的，可變的260.prospect n.前景，前途；景象

261.prosperity n.興旺，繁榮

262.aspect n.方面；朝向；面貌

263.cope vi.(with)（成功地）應付，處理

264.core n.果心，核心

265.maintain vt.維持，保持；堅持，主張

266.mainland n.大陸

267.discipline n.紀律；懲罰；學科

268.domestic a.本國的，國內的；家用的；家庭的269.constant a.不變的，恒定的 n.常數

254.register v./n.登記，注冊

255.stable a.穩定的

256.sophisticated a.老于世故的，老練的；很復雜的

257.splendid a.極好的，壯麗的，輝煌的258.cancel vt.取消，廢除

259.variable a.易變的，可變的260.prospect n.前景，前途；景象

261.prosperity n.興旺，繁榮

262.aspect n.方面；朝向；面貌

263.cope vi.(with)（成功地）應付，處理

264.core n.果心，核心

265.maintain vt.維持，保持；堅持，主張

266.mainland n.大陸

267.discipline n.紀律；懲罰；學科

268.domestic a.本國的，國內的；家用的；家庭的269.constant a.不變的，恒定的 n.常數

270.cliff n.懸崖，峭壁

271.authority n.權威；當局

272.audio a.聽覺

273.attitude n.態度

274.community n.社區，社會

275.commit vt.犯（錯誤，罪行等），干（壞事等）

276.comment n./vt.評論

277.distinguish vt.區分，辨別

278.distress n.痛苦，悲傷 vt.使痛苦

279.facility n.[pl.] 設備，設施；便利，方便

280.faculty n.能力，技能；系，學科，學院；全體教員

281.mixture n.混合，混合物

282.mood n.心情，情緒；語氣

283.moral a.道德上的，有道德的284.prominent a.突出的285.substance n.物質；實質

286.substantial a.可觀的；牢固的；實質的287.prompt vt.促使 a.敏捷的，及時的288.vivid a.生動的

289.vocabulary n.詞匯（量）；詞匯表

290.venture n.風險投資，風險項目 v.冒險；取于

291.version n.版本，譯本；說法

292.waist n.腰，腰部

293.weld v./n.焊接

294.yawn vi.打哈欠

295.yield vi.(to)屈服于；讓出，放棄 n.產量 備注： 296.zone n.地區，區域

297.strategy n.戰略，策略

298.strategic a.戰略（上）的，關鍵的299.tense a.緊張的 v.拉緊 n.時態

300.tension n.緊張（狀態），張力 301.avenue n.林蔭道，大街

302.available a.現成可用的；可得到的

303.comparable a.(with, to)可比較的，類似的304.comparative a.比較的，相對的305.dash vi.猛沖，飛奔

306.data n.數據，資料

307.dive vi.跳水，潛水

308.diverse a.不同的，多種多樣的309.entitle vt.給...權利，給...資格

310.regulate vt.管理，調節

311.release vt./n.釋放，排放；解釋解脫

312.exaggerate v.夸大，夸張

313.evil a.邪惡的，壞的

314.shrink vi.起皺，收縮；退縮

315.subtract v.減（去）

316.suburb n.市郊

317.subway n.地鐵

318.survey n./vt.調查，勘測

319.wealthy a.富裕的320.adjust v.調整，調節

321.attach vt.系，貼；使附屬

322.profit n.利潤，益處；v.有益于，有利于

323.profitable a.有利可圖的324.slope n.斜坡，斜面

325.reinforce vt.增強，加強

326.reject vt.拒絕

327.fatal a.致命的；重大的328.fate n.命運

329.humble a.謙遜的；謙虛的330.illegal a.不合法的，非法的

331.award vt.授予，判給 n.獎品，獎金

332.aware a.意識到

333.column n.柱，圓柱；欄，專欄

334.comedy n.喜劇

335.dumb a.啞的；沉默的336.dump vt.傾卸，傾倒

337.deaf a.聾的；不愿聽的338.decorate vt.裝飾，裝璜

339.principal a.最重要的 n.負責人，校長

340.principle n.原則，原理

341.prior a.優先的，在前的342.priority n.優先，重點

343.prohibit vt.禁止，不準

344.remarkable a.值得注意的，異常的，非凡的345.remedy n./vt.補救，醫治，治療

346.repetition n.重復，反復

347.vain a.徒勞的，無效的

348.undertake vt.承擔，著手做；同意，答應

349.unique a.唯一的，獨特的350.obstacle n.障礙（物），妨礙

351.odd a.奇特的，古怪的；奇數的352.omit vt.省略

353.opponent n.敵手，對手

354.opportunity n.機會，時機

355.orchestra n.管弦樂隊

356.semester n.學期；半年

357.semiconductor n.半導體

358.seminar n.研討會

359.terminal a.末端的，極限的 n.終點

360.territory n.領土

361.approximate a.大概的，大約 v.近似

362.arbitrary a.隨意的，未斷的363.architect n.建筑師

364.architecture n.建筑學

365.biology n.生物學

366.geography n.地理（學）

367.geology n.地質學

368.geometry n.幾何（學）

369.arithmetic n.算術

370.algebra n.代數

371.entertainment n.娛樂；招待，款待

372.enthusiasm n.熱情，熱心

373.entry n.進入，入口處；參賽的人（或物）

374.environment n.環境

375.episode n.插曲，片段

376.equation n.方程（式）

377.restrain vt.阻止，抑制

378.restraint n.抑制，限制

379.resume v.（中斷后）重新開始

380.severe a.嚴重的381.sexual a.性的

382.simplicity n.簡單；樸素

383.simplify vt.簡化

471.shallow a.淺的472.shiver vi/n.發抖

473.shrug v./n.聳肩

474.signature n.簽名

475.sincere a.誠摯的，真誠的476.utility n.功用，效用

477.utilize vt.利用

478.utter vt.說出 a.完全的，徹底的479.variation n.變化，變動

480.vehicle n.交通工具，車輛

481.applause n.鼓掌，掌聲

482.appliance n.器具，器械

483.consent n.準許，同意 vi(to)準許，同意484.conquer vt.征服

485.defect n.缺點，缺陷

486.delicate a.易碎的；嬌弱的；精美的487.evolve v.演變

488.evolution n.演變，進化

489.frown v./n.皺眉

490.frustrate vt.使沮喪

491.guarantee vt./n.保證

492.guilty a.內疚的；有罪的493.jealous a.妒忌的494.jeans n.牛仔褲

495.liquor n.酒，烈性酒

496.liter/litre n.升

497.modest a.謙虛道

498.molecule n.分子

499.orbit n.軌道 v.（繞...）作軌道運行

500.participate v.(in)參與，參加 501.particle n.微粒

502.particularly ad.特別，尤其

503.respond vi.回答，答復；反應

504.response n.回答，答復；反應

505.sensible a.明智的

506.sensitive a.敏感到，靈敏的507.tremble vi.顫抖

508.tremendous a.巨大的；精彩的509.trend n.趨向，傾向

510.trial n.審訊；試驗

511.apparent a.顯然的，明白的512.appetite n.胃口；欲望

513.deposit n.存款，定金 v.存放，儲蓄

514.deputy n.副職，代表

515.derive vt.取得，得到；(from)起源于

516.descend v.下來，下降

517.missile n.導彈

518.mission n.使命；代表團

519.mist n.薄霧

520.noticeable a.顯而易見到

521.notify vt.通知，告知

522.notion n.概念；意圖，想法

523.resemble vt.像，類似于

524.reveal vt.揭露

525.revenue n.收入，歲入；稅收

526.shelter n.掩蔽處；住所

527.shield n.防護物，盾 vt.保護，防護

528.vital a.重要的；致命的，生命的529.vitally ad.極度，非常；致命地

530.urban a.城市的531.urge vt.鼓勵，激勵

532.urgent a.急迫的，緊急得

533.usage n.使用，用法

534.violence n.強力，暴力

535.violent a.強暴的536.violet a.紫色的537.weed n.雜草，野草

538.welfare n.福利

539.whatsoever ad.（用于否定句）任何

540.whereas conj.然而，但是，盡管

541.essential a.必不可少的；本質的542.estimate n./vt.估計，估量

543.evaluate vt.評估，評價

544.exceed vt.超過，越出

545.exceedingly ad.非常，極其

546.exclaim v.呼喊，大聲說

547.exclude vt.把...排斥在外，不包括

548.exclusive a.讀有的，排他的549.excursion n.遠足

550.flash vi.閃光，閃耀

551.flee vi.逃走

552.flexible a.易彎曲的553.flock n.羊群，（鳥獸等）一群；一伙人554.hardware n.五金器具

555.harmony n.和諧，融洽

556.haste n.急速，急忙

557.hatred n.憎惡，憎恨

558.incident n.事件，事變

647.electron n.電子

648.volcano n.火山

649.volume n.卷，冊；體積，容量

650.fatigue n.疲勞，勞累

651.faulty a.有錯誤的，有缺點的

652.favorable a.稱贊道；有利的，順利的

653.favorite a.特別受喜歡的 n.喜愛的人或物

654.gallery n.畫廊

655.gallon n.加侖

656.gap n.間隔，差距

657.garbage n.垃圾，廢物

658.gaze v.凝視，注視

659.gear n.齒輪，傳動裝置

660.gene n.基因

661.lest conj.唯恐，免得

662.liable a.可能的，大概的；(to)易于...663.liberal a.自由得

664.liberty n.自由

665.license/license n.許可證，執照

666.moisture n.潮濕

667.motivate vt.激勵，激發

668.motive n.動機，目的

669.generate vt.生成，產生（光、熱、電等）

670.genius n.天才，天賦

671.genuine a.真的，真誠的672.gasoline n.汽油

673.germ n.微生物，細菌

674.gesture n.姿勢，手勢

675.giant a.巨大的 n.巨人，巨物

676.glimpse n.一瞥，一看

677.glory n.光榮，榮譽

678.glorious n.光榮的，極好的679.golf n.高爾夫球運動

680.hydrogen n.氫

681.oxygen n.氧

682.hostile a.敵對的，敵意大

683.household n.家庭，戶

684.hook n.鉤

685.holy a.神圣地，圣潔的686.hint n.暗示，示意

687.hesitate v.猶豫

688.highlight vt.強調，突出

689.hence ad.因此，所以；今后，從此

690.herd n.獸群，牧群

691.deliberately adv.故意的692.attraction n.吸引，吸引力

693.destructive adj.破壞性的694.starvation n.饑餓，餓死

695.exhaustion n.竭力，疲憊

696.strike n.罷工 v.打擊，罷工

697.strength n.力量，力氣

698.await vt.等候

699.deportation n.放逐

700.identification n.鑒別，證明

第三篇：小升初英語常考語法知識歸納

小升初英語常考語法知識歸納

一.名詞：名詞單復數，名詞的格

(一)名詞單復數

1.一般情況，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

2.以s.x.sh.ch結尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

3.以“輔音字母+y”結尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries

4.以“f或fe”結尾，變f或fe為v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives

5.不規則名詞復數：

man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice

child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese

不可數名詞的復數就是原型： paper, juice, water，milk，rice，tea

(二)名詞的格

(1)有生命的東西的名詞所有格：

a)單數后加’s 如: Lucy’s ruler

my father’s shirt

b)以s 結尾的復數名詞后加’如: his friends’ bags

c)不以s 結尾的復數后加’s children’s shoes

? 并列名詞中，如果把 ’s加在最后一個名詞后，表示共有, 如:

Tom and Mike’s car 湯姆和邁克共有的小汽車

? 要表示所有物不是共有的，應分別在并列名詞后加’s

Tom’s and Mike’s cars 湯姆和麥克各自的小汽車

(2)表示無生命東西的名詞通常用“ of +名詞”來表示所有關系：如:

a picture of the classroom

a map of China

二.冠詞：不定冠詞，定冠詞種類：

(1)不定冠詞：a / an

a unit / an uncle

元音開頭的可數名詞前用an :

an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress /

an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an

exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /

(2)定冠詞：the

the egg

the plane

2.用法:

定冠詞的用法：

(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物： The ruler is on the desk.(2)復述上文提到的人或物：He has a sweater.The sweater is new.(3)談話雙方都知道的人或物：The boys aren’t at school.(4)在序數詞前： John’s birthday is February the second.(5)用于固定詞組中： in the morning / afternoon / evening

不用冠詞的情況：

(1)專有名詞前：China is a big country.(2)名詞前有定語：this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等：

This is my baseball.(3)復數名詞表示一類人和事：Monkeys can’t swim.They are teachers.(4)在節日，日期，月份，季節前：Today is Christmas Day.It’s Sunday.(5)一日三餐前：We have breakfast at 6:30.(6)球類棋類運動前：They often play football after class.He plays chess at home.* 但樂器前要用定冠詞：I play the guitar very well.(7)學科名稱前：My favorite subject is music.(8)在稱呼或頭銜的名詞前：This is Mr Li.(9)固定詞組中：at noon

at night

by bus

三、代詞：人稱代詞，物主代詞

人稱代詞物主代詞

主格賓格

第一

人稱單數 I(我)me my(我的)

復數 we(我們)us our(我們的)第二

人稱單數 you(你)you your(你的)

復數 you(你們)you your(你們的)第三

人稱單數 he(他)him his(他的)

she(她)her her(她的)

it(它)it its(它的)

復數 they(他們/她們/它們)them their(他們的/她們的/它們的)

四、形容詞，副詞：比較級，最高級

(一)、形容詞的比較級

1、形容詞比較級在句子中的運用：兩個事物或人的比較用比較級，比較級后面一般帶有單詞than。比較級前面可以用more, a

little來修飾表示程度。than后的人稱代詞用主格(口語中可用賓格)。

2.形容詞加er的規則：

⑴一般在詞尾加er;

⑵以字母e 結尾，加r;

⑶以一個元音字母和一個輔音字母結尾，應雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加er;

⑷以“輔音字母+y”結尾，先把y變i，再加er。

3.不規則形容詞比較級：

good-better, beautiful-more beautiful

(二)副詞的比較級

1.形容詞與副詞的區別(有be用形，有形用be;有動用副，有副用動)

⑴在句子中形容詞一般處于名詞之前或be動詞之后

⑵副詞在句子中最常見的是處于實義動詞之后

2.副詞比較級的變化規則基本與形容詞比較級相同(不規則變化：well-better, far-farther)

五數詞：基數詞，序數詞

一、基數詞

(1)1-20

one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten，eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen，sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen，twenty

(2)21-99 先說“幾十”，再說“幾”，中間加連字符。

23→twenty-three，34→thirty-four，45→forty—five，56→fifty-six，67→sixty-seven，78→seventy-eight，89→ eighty-nine，91→ninety-one

(3)101—999先說“幾百”，再加and，再加末兩位數或末位數;

586→five hundred and eighty-six，803→eight hundred and three

(4)l，000以上，先從右往左數，每三位數加一個“，”，第一個“，”前為thousand.第二個“，”前為million，第三個“，”前為billion

1，001→one thousand and one

18，423→eighteen thousand，four hundred and twenty-three

6，260，309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine

750，000，000，000→seven hundred and fifty billion

二、序數詞

(1)一般在基數詞后加th

eg.four→fourth，thirteen→thirteenth

(2)不規則變化

one→first，two→second，three→third，five→fifth，eight→eighth，nine→ninth，twelve—twelfth

(3)以y結尾的十位整數，變y為ie再加th

twenty→twentieth，forty→fortieth，ninety→ninetieth

(4)從二十一后的“幾十幾”直至“幾百幾十幾”或“幾千幾百幾十幾”只將個位的基數詞變為序數詞。

twenty-first，two hundred and forty-fifth

基數詞轉為序數詞的口訣：

基變序，有規律，詞尾加上-th.一，二，三，特殊記，詞尾字母t,d,d.八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。

ty將y變成i，th前面有個e.若是碰到幾十幾，前用基來后用序。

六、介詞：常用介詞：in, on, at, behind等

1.at表示時間概念的某一個點。(在某時刻、時間、階段等)。

at 1：00(dawn，midnight，noon)在一點鐘(黎明、午夜、中午)

2.on

1)表示具體日期。

注：(1)關于“在周末”的幾種表示法：

at(on)the weekend在周末---特指

at(on)weekends在周末---泛指

over the weekend在整個周末

during the weekend在周末期間

(2)在圣誕節，應說at Christmas而不說on Christmas

2)在(剛??)的時候。

On reaching the city he called up his parents.一到城里他就給父母打了一個電話。

3.in

1)表示“時段”、“時期”，在多數情況下可以和during互換，前者強調對比，后者強調持續。in(during)1988(December，the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世紀)

七、動詞：動詞的四種時態：

(1)一般現在時：

一般現在時的構成

1.be動詞：主語+be(am, is, are)+其它。如： I am a boy.我是一個男孩。

2.行為動詞：主語+行為動詞(+其它)。如：

We study English.我們學習英語。

當主語為第三人稱單數(he, she, it)時，要在動詞后加“-s”或“-es”。如：Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語。

動詞+s的變化規則

1.一般情況下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks

2.以s.x.sh.ch.o結尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes

3.以“輔音字母+y”結尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：study-studies

(2)一般過去時:

動詞過去式詳解動詞的過去式的構成規則有：

A、規則動詞

①一般直接在動詞的后面加ed：如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited

② 以e結尾的動詞直接加d：如 lived , danced , used

③以輔音字母加y結尾的動詞要改y為i再加ed(此類動詞較少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry –

worried(注意play、stay不是輔音字母加y,所以不屬于此類)

④雙寫最后一個字母(此類動詞較少)如 stopped

B、不規則動詞(此類詞并無規則，須熟記)小學階段要記住以下動詞的原形和過去式：sing – sang , eat – ate ，see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ，are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose

– lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt

(3)一般將來時：

基本結構：①be going to + do;

②will+ do.be going to = will

I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天).= I will go swimming tomorrow.(4)現在進行時: am,is,are+動詞現在分詞

動詞現在分詞詳解動詞的ing形式的構成規則：

①一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating

②以e 結尾的動詞，要先去e再加ing，如having , writing

③雙寫最后一個字母的(此類動詞極少)有：running , swimming , sitting , getting

第三部分：句法

1.陳述句

(1)肯定句：是指用肯定的語氣來陳述的句子，如：I’m a student.She is a doctor.He works in a hospital.There are four fans in our classroom.He will eat lunch at 12:00.I watched TV yesterday evening.(2)、否定句：含有否定詞或表示否定意義詞的句子，如：I’m not a student.She is not(isn’t)a doctor.He does not(doesn’t)work in a hospital.There are not(aren’t)four fans in our classroom.He will not(won’t)eat lunch at 12:00.I did not(didn’t)watch TV yesterday evening.2.疑問句

一般疑問句：是指詢問事實的句子，此類句子必須用“yes”，或“no”來回答。

特殊疑問句：以特殊疑問詞(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)開頭引導的句子。此類句子應該

問什么就答什么，不能用“yes、no”來回答。

3.There be句型

There be 句型與have, has的區別

1、There be 句型表示：在某地有某物(或人)x kb 1.c om

2、在there be 句型中，主語是單數，be 動詞用is;主語是復數，be 動詞用are;如有幾件物品，be 動詞根據最*近be 動

詞的那個名詞決定。

3、there be 句型的否定句在be 動詞后加not , 一般疑問句把be 動詞調到句首。

4、there be句型與have(has)的區別：there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has)表示某人擁有某物。

5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的運用：some 用于肯定句，any 用于否定句或疑問句。

6、and 和or 在there be句型中的運用：and 用于肯定句，or 用于否定句或疑問句。

7、針對數量提問的特殊疑問句的基本結構是：

How many +

名詞復數 + are there + 介詞短語?

How much + 不可數名詞 + is there + 介詞短語?

8、針對主語提問的特殊疑問句的基本結構是：

What’s + 介詞短語?

第四篇：2018年大學英語四級語法精要

大學英語四級語法精要

Ⅰ動詞(時態,語態,用法,省略,一致性等)1.時態

1)現在完成進行時態(have/has been +-ing 分詞構成): 動作或狀態從過去某時開始,繼續到現在,可能繼續下去,也可能剛剛結束.I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作

I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構成): 將來某時會業已發生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.2.語態

1)可以有兩種被動結構的類型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動

詞,常

見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.擔當be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.(你應該曉得速度限制)

2)雙賓語及賓補結構的被動語態

a)雙賓語結構的被動語態: 雙賓語結構變為被動語態時,可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變為主語,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數是把間接賓語變為主語.He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b)賓補結構的被動語態:

She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.3.短語動詞 1)Vi + adv The plane took off two hours late.2)Vi + prep They looked round the Cathedral.3)Vi + prep(有被動語態)She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4)Vi + adv + prep I began to look forward to their visits.5)Vt + O + adv Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6)Vt + adv + O(無被動語態)I am trying to give up smoking.7)Vt + O + prep We talked Donald into agreement.4.省略

1)在以as, than, when, if, unless等引導的從句中的省略: 在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包含有動詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是it b),就常常可以把從句中的主語和謂語的一部分(特別是動詞be)省略掉.a)Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.b)If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2）在以than a)或 as b)引起的從句中,常會有一些成分省略.a)He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b)They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people(did).He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.3）錯誤的省略

His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.5.一致

1)如果主語是單數,盡管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引導的短語,謂語動詞仍舊用單數形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.2)代詞作主語時的一致

a)each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every構成的復合代詞,都作單數看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready? Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you? b)some, few, both, many 等作復數

c)some 可后接復數,也可接單數,表示某一.none作復數看待時較多,但也有時作單數看待,主要看說話人腦中聯系想到的是復數還是單數概念, 但none 在代表不可數的東西時總是看作單數: None of the books are easy enough for us None of us seem to have thought of it.None(= not a single one)of us has got a camera.None(= nobody)has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接復數,也可接不可數名詞(all of the?, most of the ?), 動詞用單數.3)由and 或 both? and 連接名詞詞組時, 后用復數;由not only?but(also), either?or, neither?nor或 or 連接的并列主語, 謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.如果一個句子是由there 或here引導, 而主語又不止一個, 謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個主語一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.4)people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽), militia(民兵)等通常都用作復數.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集體名詞有時作單數看待, 有時作復數看待, 主要根據意思來決定.His family isn’t very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名詞單復數同形, 可根據意思決定謂語動詞的數: This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.5)表示時間, 重量, 長度, 價值等的名詞, 盡管仍是復數形式, 如果作整體看待, 動詞也可用單數形式(當然用復數動詞也是可以的): Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6)其他問題

a)書名, 國家名用單數: Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b)學科名, 如mathematics, economics用單數.c)many a 或more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時, 謂語動詞多用單數形式: Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of 后接復數, the number of后接單數: A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d)one of those 后用單數.在“one of + 復數名詞 +關系分句”結構中，關系分句中謂語動詞的單復數形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據先行詞采用復數形式：

Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.當one 之前友the only 等限定詞和修飾語時，關系分句謂語動詞根據one 而定，即采用單數形式：

He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Ⅱ 非謂語動詞

1.不定式

1)形式 主動形式 被動形式

to do to be done to have done to have been done to be doing

一般式 完成式 進行式

完成進行式 to have been doing

a)完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動作, 通常與主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)同時(或幾乎同時)發生, 或是在它之后發生.假如不定式所表示的動作, 在謂語所表示的動作(狀態)之前發生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比較: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.b)進行式: 如果主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)發生時, 不定式表示的動作正在進行, 這時要用不定式的進行式.You are not supposed to be working.You haven’t quite recovered yet.We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.c)完成進行式: 在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進行的動作, 就要用不定式的完成進行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d)被動式: 當不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時, 不定式一般要用被動形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2)功用: 不定式可以作主語(a), 賓語(b), 表語(c), 定語(d)或是狀語(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare? e.We have come to learn from you.3)不帶to 的不定式:

a)在“動詞+ 賓語+不定式”結構中, 如果動詞是表示感覺意義的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式結構不帶to.John made her tell him everything.這類結構轉換為被動語態時, 后面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b)在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might(just)as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 動詞不定式也不帶to.I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c)在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動詞不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d)在動詞help(或help +賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式, 也可用帶to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?

e)在介詞except, but 之后, 如果其前有動詞do的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶to, 反之帶to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.f)連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時, 其后的不定式不帶to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.出現在句中其他位置時, 其后的不定式有時帶to, 有時不帶to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g)用作補語的動詞不定式, 如果主語是由“all + 關系分句”，“thing +關系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式結構”等構成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時，作為主語補語的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the form The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4)不定式的其他用法

a)too?to 結構通常表示否定意義: She was too young to understand all that.enough?to結構則表示肯定意義: She was not old enough to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式連用時,不定式一般不表示否定意義: He’s only too pleased to help her.so?as(to)這種結構也可用不定式作狀語: Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b)如果要說明不定是表示的動作是誰做的, 可以在不定式前加一個for引起的短語: It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容詞(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表語時, 不定式前可加一個of引起的短語, 來說明不定式指的是誰的情況: It’s kind of you to think so much of us.(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.2.V+ing形式(現在分詞及動名詞)1)形式

a)完成式: 如果要表示動名詞代表的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發生, 通常用動名詞的完成形式.He didn’t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些動詞后(或成語中), 常用(或可以用)動名詞的一般形式, 盡管動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發生的.Excuse me for coming late.I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.現在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中, 表示這動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 獨立結構也可用現在分詞的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.b)被動式: 當一個動名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動作的對象時, 動名詞一般要用被動形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等動詞后, 盡管表示的是被動的意思, 卻用動名詞的主動形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth這個形容詞后情形也是這樣.Her method is worth trying.現在分詞的被動式可以用來作定語, 賓語補足語, 狀語及用于獨立結構中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c)完成被動式: 如果表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發生, 有時需要用動名詞的完成被動式.I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多數情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動形式代替, 以免句子顯得累贅.現在分詞的完成被動式一般用來作狀語或用于獨立結構中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away? The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2)句法功用

a)作主語: Walking is good exercise.It’s nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b)作賓語: Your shoes need polishing.You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c)作介詞賓語: 動名詞作介詞賓語用的時候最多.它常可以用在某些成語后面, 常見的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect?of, accuse?of, charge?with, hear of, approve of, prevent?from, keep?from, stop?from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depend on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…in, get(be)used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel(be)ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.d)作表語: The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語.一般說來, 在表示抽象的一般的行為時多用動名詞;在表示具體某詞動作, 特別是將來的動作時, 多用不定式.e)作賓語補足語: 分詞可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等動詞后作賓語補足語.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等動詞后, 及可用現在分詞, 也可用不定式構成賓語補足語.用現在分詞時, 表示動作正在發生, 用不定式時表示動作發生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door? Yes, I did.I heard him knock three times.f)作狀語: 現在分詞作狀語時, 通常都表示主語正在進行的另一動作, 來對謂語表示的主要動作加以修飾或作為陪襯.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home, feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.現在分詞短語有時可以用作狀語表示原因, 相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句.Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.現在分詞短語有時可用作時間狀語, 相當于when引起的從句: Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.如果兩個動作是完全同時發生的, 多用when 或while加分詞這種結構.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3)前面帶有代詞或名詞的動名詞結構: 一個動名詞前面可以加一個物主代詞(或名詞的所有格結構), 來表示這個動名詞邏輯上的主語.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper? They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子開頭, 這個結構常常可以用名詞的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格), 這比用所有格更自然一些.I don’t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.4)只能用動名詞作賓語的動詞: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss

5)既可用動名詞, 也可用不定式作賓語的動詞: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.有時兩種結構之間意義差別不大, 有時卻有不同的意思.在remember, regret, want, try等詞后差別是比較明顯的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.She doesn’t want(need)to come.The house wants(needs)cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Let’s try doing the work some other way.6)懸垂修飾: 分詞作狀語時, 表示的必須是主語的一個動作或狀態.Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers.(walking是we的動作, 正確)Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful.(錯誤)Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city.(正確)Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen.(錯誤)3.分詞

1)意義: 過去分詞通常來自及物動詞, 帶有被動意義和完成意義;而現在分詞有的來自及物動詞, 有的來自不及物動詞, 通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義.frozen food

a freezing wind a boring journey a losing battle a bored traveller a lost cause

a conquered army a conquering army a finished article the spoken word a closed shop a recorded talk

來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨用作前置修飾語, 能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個詞, 僅表示完成意義, 不表示被動意義.the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students，the last finishing touch a speaking bird the closing hour a recording machine retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors 用作后置修飾語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分, 在意義上相當于關系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2)句法作用

a)作定語: distinguished guest 貴賓, unknown heroes 無名英雄, armed forces武裝部隊, canned food罐頭食品, boiled water開水, steamed bread饅頭, stricken area災區

分詞還可構成合成詞作定語: simply-furnished room陳設簡單的房間, clear-cut answer明確的答復, highly-developed industry高度發展的工業, heartfelt thanks衷心的感謝, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造衛星

b)作補足語: 可以帶過去分詞作賓語補足語的動詞有: see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感覺和心理狀態的動詞.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意義的動詞: I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意義的動詞: I don’t want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.He won’t like such questions(to be)discussed at the meeting.c)過去分詞短語常用作狀語, 修飾謂語, 很多都說明動作發生的背景或情況.Guided by these principles, they went on with the work, Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.過去分詞短語也可作狀語表示原因, 相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句.Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.有時也可說明動作發生的時間, 相當于一個表示時間的狀語從句.This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.間或也可表示一個假設的情況, 相當于一個條件從句.Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.偶爾也可用來代替一個“讓步”狀語從句.Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.d)獨立結構: 在用分詞短語作狀語時, 它邏輯上的主語一般必須與句子的主語一.致.但有時它也可以有自己獨立的邏輯上的主語, 這種結構稱為獨立結構, 一般表示一種伴隨的動作或情況.He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.有時可以表示時間: Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to his institute.表示原因: Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter.條件: All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.Ⅲ 虛擬語氣

1.that從居中:

1)wish, would rather(sooner), had better: I wish I were as strong as you.I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.I wish I remembered the address.I would rather they came tomorrow(you had gone there too).I had rather(that)you told him than I did.2)suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist 等動詞后的賓語從句: The commander ordered that all civilians(should)be evacuated.He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.She urged that he write and accept the post.3)it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it was proposed, it is necessary, it is important, it has been decided 等結構后的主語從句中.It was arranged that they leave the following week It will be better that we meet some other time.4)suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea等后面的表語從句和同位語從句: His sole requirement is(was)that thy system be adjusted.2.在某些句型中

1)it is time that It is time that we went(或should go)to bed.It is high time we(should)put an end to this controversy.2)as if(though)引起的從句: They talked(are talking)as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was(were)spring today.He acts(acted)as if(though)he were(was)an expert.3)以lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句(這時謂語多用 should +動詞原形): He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that(或lest)he should catch cold.I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should need it.4)以whatever, whoever, no matter what這類代詞或詞組引起的從句(這時, 謂語多用may加動詞原形構成): Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.Come what may, we will go ahead.干下去.I accept that he is old and frail;be that as it may, he’s still a good politician.我承認他年老體衰, 然而盡管如此, 它仍是優秀的政治家.3.條件句

1)虛擬條件句主要有下面兩類:

a)表示現在及將來情況(表示純然假設或實現的可能性不大的情況): 謂語主要形式如下(be多用were這個形式): 從句 主句 過去式 would + 動詞原形

不管發生什么情況, 我們都要If I were you, I wouldn’t lose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.b)表示過去情況的虛擬條件句(與事實完全相反的假設情況), 謂語主要形式如下:

從句 主句 had + 過去分詞 would have + 過去分詞

She would have come if we had invited her.If I hadn’t taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake, You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.2)有時候, 條件從句表示的動作和主句表示的動作, 發生的時間是不一致的(如一個是過去發生的, 一個是現在發生的).這時, 動詞的形式要根據表示的時間來調整.這種句子可以稱為錯綜時間條件句.If he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now.If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.3)有時假設的情況并不以條件從句表示, 而是通過一個介詞短語來表示.Without music, the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.4)如果條件句從句中包含有 were, had, should 或could, 有時可把if省略掉, 并把were, had, should或could放在主語前面.Had we made adequate preparation, we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood, what should we do? Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty.Ⅳ 介詞

1.合成介詞和復雜介詞

1)合成介詞: inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon within, without

2)復雜介詞: according to, along with, apart from, as for, as to, because of, by means of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, in accordance with, on account of, on behalf of, owing to, due to, together with, up to, with regard to, prior to等

2.介詞在句末:

This is what he is interested in.Does everyone has a seat to sit on?

3.名詞加介詞(n + prep)1)某些名詞之后要求用某些介詞: solution to, faith in, glance at, need for 2)某些名詞之前要求用某些介詞: on one’s guard, at one’s request, in all probability, to my delight

4.動詞加介詞

1)Vi + prep: prevail on, appeal to, fall into, apply for, touch upon 2)Vt + O + prep: lay emphasis on, take advantage of等 3)Vi + adv + prep:

I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.You’re not telling me the whole story.You’re holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.4)Vt + O + adv +prep:

You shouldn’t take your resentment out on me.We shouldn’t put the shortage down to bad planning.5.形容詞加介詞

about---anxious, careful, careless, certain, considerate, enthusiastic, guilty, happy, mad, particular, sad, sure, timid, unhappy, etc at---awkward, bad, clever, disappointed, disgusted, good, marvellous, quick, skilful, skilled, useless, weak, etc for---convenient, eligible, grateful, homesick, hungry, necessary, noted, perfect, responsible, etc from---evident, exempt, inseparable, safe, tired, etc in---deficient, expert, liberal, quick, rich, successful, weak, etc of---apprehensive, characteristic, critical, destructive, envious, hard, inconsiderate, impatient, dependent, jealous, positive, scared, sensible, short, sick, suspicious, typical, worthy, etc on---dependent, keen, intent, etc to---acceptable, accessible, agreeable, alive, attentive, blind, comparable, courteous, deaf, destructive, essential, favourable, hostile, indifferent, married, obedient, parallel, preferable, related, responsible, sensitive, suitable, unjust, etc with---awkward, bored, careful, disappointed, generous, identical, ill, impatient, popular, sick, wrong, etc Ⅴ 連詞 1.并列連詞

1)表示意義的引申: and, both?and, not only?but(also), as well as, and ?as well, neither?nor 2)表示選擇: or, either?or 3)表示轉折: but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可認為是副詞)4)表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence 2.從屬連詞

1)表示時間: when, while, as, after, before, since, until(till), as soon as, once 2)表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing that 3)表示條件: if, unless, in case, provided(that), suppose, as long as, on condition(that)，4)表示其他關系:(al)though, than, as/so?as, lest, in order that, so?that

Ⅵ 定語從句

1.限制和非限制性定語從句: 限制性定語從句是名詞詞組不可缺少的一個組成部分, 去掉了會造成病句或意義不明確;非限制性定語從句屬于補充說明性質, 去掉了不會影響主要意義, 通常用逗號與它的先行詞分開.The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.如果定語從句的先行詞是專有名詞, 或是帶有形容詞性物主代詞(my, his, etc)或形容詞性指示代詞(this, that, etc)作限定詞, 其后的定語從句通常都是非限制性的: Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis, died last night.All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定語從句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代.My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.2.定語從句的引導詞

1)that, who, whom: 非限制性定語從句, 如果修飾人, 一般用who, 有時用that(作主語時用who較多).如果關系代詞在從句中作賓語, 就應當用賓格 whom 或that, 但在大多數情況下都可以省略掉, 在口語中可用who代替whom.Here is the man(whom)you’ve been looking for.He is a man(that)you can safely depend on.The people(who/that)you were talking to were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介詞后只能用whom: This is the man to whom I referred.但在口語中一般都把介詞放到句子后面去, 這時可用that, 但省略時更多一些.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking? Have you met the person(that)he was speaking about

The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl(who/that)I spoke to is my cousin.2)限制性定語從句如果修飾“物”, 用關系代詞that的時候較多, 也有時用which..當這個代詞在從句中是用作賓語時, 在絕大多數情況下都是省略的, 特別是口語中(尤其是當被修飾的詞是all, everything等詞時): Have you everything you need?(Is there)anything I can do for you? All you have to do is to press the button.在介詞后只能用which, 在口語中一般都把介詞放到從句后部去, 這時可以用that, 但省略的時候更多一些: The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.The tool(that)he is working with is called a wrench.This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.This is the question(that)we’ve had so much discussion about.定語從句一般是修飾名詞或代詞的, 但間或也可以修飾整個句子a), 或是句子的一部分 b), 引導詞用which: a)They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.The activity was postponed, which was exactly what we wanted

b)When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping.She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.3)whose: 在表示“．．．的”這個概念時, 可用所有格 whose;whose 用于指物, 有時可與of which交替使用, 通常的詞序是 名詞詞組 + of which:

Is there anyone in your class whose family is in the northeast? We had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear.(…the purpose of which was…)He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(…whose name I’ve…)

of which前的名詞詞組也可以由some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, most, few以及基數詞擔任;這些詞也能用在 of whom之前.The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.It’s a family of eight children, all of whom are studying music.4)關系副詞 when, where, why: 它們的含義相當于 at which, in which, for which, 因此它們之間有交替使用的可能.The day when he was born…

The office where he works…

有時可用that替代關系副詞, 在口語中that 可省略.Every time(that)the telephone rings, he gets nervous.at which he works… which he works at…

on which he was born…

which he was born on… This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss.Do you know anywhere(that)I can get a drink? This is the place(where)we met yesterday.That is the reason(why)he did it.在the way 后也可用that 替代in which, 在口語中that也可省略.This is the way(that/in which)he did it.That’s the way I look at it.3.如果定語從句中謂語為 there is, 作主語的關系代詞也常可省掉: I must make full use of the time there is left to me and do as much as I can for the people.This is the fastest train(that)there is to Nanjing.4.定語從句的簡化: 定語從句與不定式結構,-ing分詞結構,-ed分詞結構以及無動詞分句等有著轉換關系.He was the only one to realize the danger(= who realized the danger).The woman driving the car(= who was driving the car)indicated that she was going to turn left.The man injured by the bullet(= who was injured by the bullet)was taken to hospital.All the women present(= who were present)looked up in alarm.Ⅶ 倒裝

1.全部倒裝和部分倒裝: 如果謂語在主語前面, 就是倒裝語序.倒裝語序又分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝.在全部倒裝的句子中, 整個謂語都放在主語的前面:

Here are some registered letters for you.In came a man with a white beard.在部分倒裝的句子中只是謂語中的一部分(如助動詞, 情態動詞, 或系動詞be等)放在主語前面, 其余部分仍在主語后面: Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.I couldn’t answer the question.Nor could anyone else in our class.Only in this way is it possible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task.2.以neither, nor, so等開始的句子: 由so引起的表示前面所說情況也適用于另一人(或東西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所說情況也適用于另一人(或東西)的句子(否定句), 助動詞或be置于主語前.“We must start for the work-site now”.“ So must we.” I am quite willing to help and so are the others.He didn’t drop any hint.Nor(Neither)did his secretary.“I won’t do such a thing.” “Nor(Neither)will I.”

如果一個句子只是重復前面一句話的意思, 盡管是用so開頭, 語序也不要顛倒.“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.” “Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it will.”

3.當句首狀語為 never, little, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等否定詞或有否定意義的詞語時, 一般引起部分倒裝.No longer are they staying with us.No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.4.表示位置或方向的副詞提前, 謂語動詞為 go, come等表示位置轉移的動作動詞而主語又較長時, 通常用全部倒裝: There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his hat.The door burst open and I rushed the crowd.There comes the bus!Now comes your turn.如果主語是代詞, 仍用正常語序: There comes your turn.有here引起, 謂語為be的句子, 也要倒裝: Here is China’s largest tropical forest.Here are some picture-books.如果主語是代詞, 仍用正常語序: Here we are.This is the new railway station.“Give me some paper.” “Here you are.”

5.表語和系動詞提前:

a)介詞短語: On the other side was northern Xinjiang.Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard.b)形容詞: Very important in the farmer’s life is the radio weather report.Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered.c)副詞: Below is a restaurant.Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland.d)分詞: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation rooms.Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.6)句首狀語若由 only + 副詞，only + 介詞詞組, only + 狀語

Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.Standing beside the table was an interpreter.從句構成, 引起局部倒裝:

Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.有not only開頭的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒裝: Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadn’t done a very good repair job either.Ⅷ 比較級和最高級

1.無比較級和最高級的形容詞及副詞: complete, perfect, utter, etc

2.比較從句

1)as…as, almost/just/nearly as…as, not so/as …as: We’ll give you as much help as we can.I haven’t made as much progress as I should.We’ve produced twice as much cotton this year as we did ten years ago.My command of English is not half so(as)good as yours.2)than, so much/a lot more than, no more… than, not more…than, less than more?than, less?than可表示“與其說?不如說?”: He is more good than bad.He was less hurt than frightened.The present crisis in capitalist countries is much more a political than an economic crisis.“no + 形容詞或副詞比較級 + than”所表示的可以是該形容詞或副詞的相反的含義: no rich than = as poor as no bigger than = as small as no later than = as early as John is no better than Tom.I have taken no more than six courses this semester.3)the more? the more(越是?就越?)Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels.The more they talked, the more encouraged they felt.4)more of a, as much of a, less of a, etc: 當as much of a?as, more/less of a ?than等結構與單數可數名詞搭配時, 名詞只能置于比較結構中間.He is more of a sportsman than his brother.Ⅸ 名詞性從句: 名詞性從句包括主語從句, 賓語從句, 表語從句, 同位語從句.1.主語從句有三類: a)由what等代詞引導的主語從句: what表示“?所?的(東西)”, 在結構上等于一個名詞加一個定語從句;whatever表示“所?的一切”;whoever表示“一切?的人”.What you need is more practice What is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.Whatever was said here must be kept secret.Whatever I have is at your service.Whoever comes will be welcome.Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.b)由連詞that引起的主語從句: 這類主語從句在大多數情況下都放到句子后部去, 而用代詞it做形式上的主語: That we need more equipment is quite obvious.It is impossible that I may not able to come.It doesn’t seem likely that she will be here.在口語中連詞that有時可以省略掉: It’s good you’re so considerate.It’s a pity you missed such a fine talk.c)由連接代詞或連接副詞(或whether)引起的主語從句: 這類主語從句, 也可以放到句子后部去, 前面用it做形式上的主語.When we shall have our sports meet is still a question.It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference.It won’t make too much difference whether he will join us.2賓語從句: 和主語從句及表語從句一樣, 賓語從句也有以上三類.a)連接代詞或副詞引導的從句只是在某些動詞后能用作賓語.Tell me what you want.I just can’t imagine how he could have done such a thing.Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate.能跟這類賓語從句的常見動詞有: see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, show, discover, discuss, understand, inform, advise等.這種動詞后也常用whether或if引導的從與作賓語:

這種從句有時前面可以有另一個賓語: Has she informed you when they are to hold the meeting? I don’t know whether these figure are accurate.I’m wondering if the letter is overweight.Please advise me which book I should read first.有時這種從句也可用作及詞的賓語: Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it.He was not conscious of what an important discovery he had made.I was curious as to what he would say next.b)用that引導的從句作賓語的情形最為普遍, 在很多動詞如boast, say, think, insist, wish, hope, suppose, see, believe, agree, acknowledge, admit, deny, expect, explain, confess, order, command, suspect, dream, suggest, propose, know, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, report, urge, 以及doubt的否定和疑問式后面都可以用它.Ⅹ 情態動詞:

1.may/might表示允許和可能:

a)允許: 詢問或說明一件事可不可以做.May I trouble you with a question? You may take this seat if you like.He asked if he might glance through my album.You might as well speak your mind.(比may?顯得婉轉一些)

b)可能: 表示一件事或許發生(或是某種情況可能會存在).You may walk ten miles without seeing a house.She was afraid they might not like the idea.A bad thing might be turned to good account.c)might 表示請求: Might I ask for a photograph of your baby?(比May I ?更客氣一些)

2.can’t, couldn’t表示否定的推測: She can’t be serious.A more suitable book can’t be found.(It is not possible to find a more suitable book.)He couldn’t(can’t)be over fifty.3.should, ought to: 表示應該做的事, ought to比should口氣稍重一些.You should(ought to)do as he says.You shouldn’t(oughtn’t to)talk like that.但這兩者間也有一些差別, 在表示責任, 義務等該做的事情時, 常用ought to, 在表示某件事宜于做時, 多用should, 在下面的句子中這兩

第五篇：英語四級聽力10大常考場景總結（范文）

聽力場景總結

場景一：學習

作為一個學生即將離開自己的家鄉去異地求學，首先要做的事情就應該是挑選并申請學校。申請學校的時候，不要忘了征求一下自己的老師和父親的意見。1.申請學校 必備詞匯表

apply for 申請 business degree 商學院學位 pay your own way 自己支付各種費用 2.選修課程

選好學校之后，就是選修課程了。一年選多少課程是一個合適的量呢?在大學英語四級里，往往女孩子會傾向多選課程，結果使自己非常疲憊。當她向男生抱怨的時候，男生就會像先知一樣說“我早就和你說過不要選那么多課嘛。” 必備詞匯表

semester 學期(美國英語)biology 生物學 term 學期(英國英語)registration 注冊 course 課程 class permit 聽課證

optional course 選修課 literature class 文學課 3.聽課

必備詞匯表

professor 教授 briefing 剪報

lecturer 講師 barely stay awake 幾乎不能保持清醒 complicated 復雜 extra copies 多余的篇子

nformative 信息量大 presentation 陳述，解釋，示范 mission 任務，使命 4.演說

必備詞匯表

nervous 緊張的 contest 比賽

calm平靜的 contestant 參賽選手

large audience 一大群觀眾 talk of the town 鎮上談論的焦點 shaking all over 渾身發抖 not a big deal 不是什么大不了的事情 beyond me 超出我的理解范圍 5.閱讀

必備詞匯表

reading assignment 閱讀任務 selectively 有選擇地 chapter by chapter 一章一章地 theory 理論 read through 從頭到尾地讀 plot 情節

cover a few chapters 涉及了幾個章節 intensively 精細地 character 人物角色 6.寫文

必備詞匯表

typing errors 打字錯誤 revise 修訂 quality paper 好紙 get it published 出版 proofread 校對 paragraph 段落 7.考試

必備詞匯表

inal exam 期末考試 fail 不及格，失敗 mid-term 期中考試 results(pl)分數 tay up 熬夜 release 發布(分數)two sleepless nights 兩天兩夜沒睡覺 be through with 結束，完成

場景二：工作

1.面試 必備詞匯表

interview 面試 finance 金融 suit 西裝 accounting 會計 tie 領帶 brush up on 溫習，復習resume 簡歷working experience 工作經歷 hand in 上交 travel 出差 annual vacation 年假 2.收發郵件 必備詞匯表

email 郵件 attachment 附件

log in 登錄 forward the mail to 把郵件轉發給 log off 登出 3.開會和約會 必備詞匯表

appointment 約會 move on to 繼續 confirm 確認 the next item 下一議題個 cancel 取消 presentation 陳述，解釋，示范 come in one’s place 代表某人來 replace 取代 on behalf of 代表

場景三：娛樂

1.看戲 必備詞匯表

Global theatre 環球劇院 drama 戲劇

Grand theatre 大劇院 impressive 令人印象深刻的 too dramatic to be true 太假了 audience 觀眾 play the boss 扮演老板 out of the way 太遠了 the greatest hit 大片 a long queue 長隊 appreciate 欣賞 sold out 賣完了 2.體育活動 必備詞匯表

basketball season 籃球賽季 tennis 網球 camping 野營 badminton 羽毛球 jogging 慢跑 performance 表現 fishing 釣魚 keep fit 保持健康 3.旅游 必備詞匯表

scenery 風景 Greek style 希臘風格 lawn 草地 museum 博物館 column 柱子 statue 塑像

場景四：購物 1.采購衣服 必備詞匯表

size 型號 come in all sizes 號全 2.采購電器 必備詞匯表

model 款 discount 折扣

latest technology 最新的科技 reduce 減少

場景五：吃飯

1.評點餐館 必備詞匯表

Italian restaurant 意大利餐館 popular 受人喜愛的 environment 環境 crowded 擁擠的 2.飲食健康 必備詞匯表

on diet 節食 dessert 甜點 contain 含有 salad 沙拉 steak 牛排

場景六：居住

1.電話詢問租房信息 必備詞匯表

inquire about 詢問 furnished(公寓)帶家具的 apartment 公寓(美國英語)double-bedroom 兩室的 flat 公寓(英國英語)2.買房必備詞匯表

brochure 冊子 house developer 房產開發商

場景七：交通 1.飛機 必備詞匯表

flight 航班 wait for further notice 等候進一步通知 gate 登機口 seat belt 安全帶

minor mechanical errors 輕微的機械故障 terminal 候機大廳 sign 標志 2.小汽車 必備詞匯表

parking lot 停車場 maintain 保養 break down 拋錨 garage 修車場 scratches 刮蹭 highway 高速公路

single lane 單行道 No-parking sign 禁止停車標志 3.公交 必備詞匯表

bus stop 車站 passengers 乘客 crowded 擁擠的 4.火車 必備詞匯表

sleeper 臥鋪 be supposed to 應該 view 景色 scenery 景色

場景八：疾病 必備詞匯表

a cold 感冒 dizzy 頭暈

a fever 發燒 exhausted 筋疲力盡的

have the ankle twisted 扭到腳踝 appetite 胃口 high blood pressure 高血壓 blood vessel 血管

場景九：天氣

必備詞匯表

cloud over 天陰起來 sweat 出汗

clear up 天晴起來 swing 不穩定,極端

weather forecast 天氣預報 coupled with strong wind 伴有強風 freezing 非常冷

場景十：人際關系

必備詞匯表

hear from 聽到某人消息 get along 與??相處

be mad with 對某人生氣 get in touch with 和??聯系