第一篇：論文 中西方餐桌禮儀英文版

Different Table Manners between China and the West

不同的國家和民族由于地區差異形成了不同的文化。而不同國家的社會生活方式則形成了不同的飲食文化及餐桌禮儀。飲食文化及餐桌禮儀是非語言文化的重要組成部分。作為一名外語學習者，了解中西方飲食文化及餐桌禮儀方面的差異及其淵源是必要且必須的。因為這不僅僅可以增加對所學語言文化的認識，更加有助于提高跨文化交際的成功率，以此避免由不合適的行為或方式所形成的誤解。本文第一部分分別對中西方餐桌禮儀做簡要概括。第二部分為本文核心，從餐具，座次，點餐及用餐氛圍四個方面具體介紹中西方餐桌禮儀的差異。第三部分從地理因素，價值觀，及傳統習俗入手，講述形成中西方餐桌禮儀差異的緣由。以此三個部分展現餐桌禮儀文化在中西方文化交流中占據重要地位。

Different countries and nations have different cultures as a result of regional differences.The social lifestyle of different countries form different diet culture and table manners, which are an important part of non language culture.As a foreign language learner, it is necessary to learn the differences between Chinese and Western food culture and table manners.Because it can not only increase the comprehension of the language culture, but also help to improve the success rate of intercultural communication, so as to avoid the misunderstanding caused by inproper behavior or manner.The first part of this paper gives a brief summary of Chinese and western table manners.The second part is the core of this paper, descriping specificly the difference between chinese and western table manner from four aspects that are tableware, seat arrangement, serving order and dining atmosphere.The third part from the geographical factors, values, and traditional customs introduces the reasons that the differences between Chinese and western table manners from the geographical factors, values, and traditional customs.The purpose of this paper shows that table manner plays an important role in the process of communication and colliding between Chinese and western culture.Etiquette is the process that show respect for others and constrain ourselves with a certain and conventional way in interpersonal communication, involving dress, communication, emotional intelligence and so on.Etiquette is a language, a tool, and a set of communicational rules between people.Table manner refers to the common eating polite standard in human society.On the contrary, some behaviors when eating are regarded as rude or destroying other’s appitite.In accordence with different culture of different countries, there are different table manner.According to the literature, chinese table manner has formed a quite complete system since Zhou Dynasty.This traditional banquent are still remaining in most parts of China.As the saying goes, food is the paramount necesssity of the people.In this way we can see that eating diet plays a significant role in Chinese daily life.Wheareas, table manner has high statue.While eating with traditional chinese family, we have to respect their manner, culture and custom.In addition, not to offend the taboo for Chinese believe that diet is closely related with fate.if you offend the taboo, it will lead to bad luck.For example, after dinner ,you can’t say I finish the meal, which it means you are dead and no chance to eat.Instead you should say I am full.Table manner occupies a important place in the modern chinese life order.They think that eating is not just to meet the basic phycial need, but also esencial social experience.Therefore it is particularly important to master some ceremorial knowledge about Chinese table manner, whether you are a host or a guest.dinnerware Western dinnerware are mainly the knife and fork which were widely used by France in the European continent in the 18th century.Westerners using knife and fork is consisted with their culture about nomadism and maritime, which shows vividly that they are competitive and adventurous.before eating, knife and fork are placed in accordance with the rule : left fork and right knifon both sides of the plate respectivly, with the blade took inward.At eating, right hand take the knife to cut food without blade outward, while left hand use the fork to eat food.If not to eat temporarily, one should place knife and fork in “eight” shape with the blade toward oneself.When the meal is finished, the fork is raised on the back and the blade is folded inward with the fork.Except knives and forks, spoon, napkin, glass are also essential for Western dishes.Spoons divide two types: soup spoon and sweet spoon.A large spoon is next to the knife, while small dessert spoon are placed on the top of the dessert dish.When drinking soup, one should take the spoon with the right hand.After drinking, one should place it in the opposite side of the plate.The napkin is usually prepared on the plate before the meal.The wine glasses are placed with the order :liqueur glass, red wine glasses, champagne glasses, beer mugs, and the type of wine is the same as the type of wine.The wine glass is usually on the top of the right side of the knife.Chopsticks, which has a long history of 3000 years, is the typical Chinese tableware, consistent with the traditional “harmony” thought.Pay attention to 2 notes about the use of chopsticks: first, place chopsticks neatly on the right side of the bowl before eating.Second, do not use chopsticks to make a sound, lick chopsticks, or not to point at anyone with chopsticks.Taking particular notice, do not insert the chopsticks in rice or pasta, because it is very similar to the ancient ritual candles and symbolizes infelicity.In addition to chopsticks, spoons, plates, cups, napkins, toothpicks are necessary.The spoon is used for soup or other small morsels.Attentiuon, do not put soup too full to smear the table cloth or clothing.After using, put the food into the plate immediately.In general, the big plate is for a variety of dishes, small dishes for the food dish, to hold the incoming food from the public plate.Remember not to put too many things in the disk cover so as not to avoid oil to spill , and put thorns on the front end of the plate.Napkins are often used in some large hotels.Before dinner, the waiters will prepare a hot wet towel for the guests.The cup is usually on the left of the dish, not to pour fully.Serving order Appetizers, the first dish, are sometime made of four kinds of cold platet representative appetizers are the cold jellyfish skin, preserved eggs and so on.After the cold plate, it is followed by four hot plate that commonly is fried shrimp, fried chicken and so on.However, hot plates are mostly omitted.While placing the hot plate, one ought to serve from the left of the opposite seats of guests of honor.The heads of the whole fish and duck should not be pointed at the chief seat.The following are the main course, also known as large dishes,will be taken on table.If the menu is marked “eight pieces”, it says that there are a total of eight main course.The number of courses in the main course is usually four, six, eight and so even, since the Chinese people think that even is the number of Kyrgyzstan.In the luxurious banquet, the main course even can be up to ten kinds of species.These dishes are made of different materials, added acid, sweet, bitter, spicy, salty flavors, with fried, steamed, boiled, fried, roasted, fried and other cooking methods.Most of the order of the dishes are matched interactively, for example, combining light taste with oily and greaty taste.Soup is the end.Dessert, such as pies, cakes, buns, almonds and so on, is provided after the main course.Last is the fruit, which is good for digesting.In western banquent, the appetizer is also the first dish which is specialty.As for the first dish , it usually match with aperitif.It is with acid and crisp taste and westerners’ favorite snack.The following dish, extremly different from China, is soup which is classified genelly into five categories: vegetable soup, cold soup, cream soup, pureed soup,and clear soup.Next is side dish, also called fish dish, including a viatery of seafood such as shellfish and molluscs for the seafood is full of nutrition and good for lung and eye.The fourth dish is main course, which also known as poultry or meat dish.Delicious steak or lamb is the most common main course.It is more tasty when drizzling fresh foie gras.After greasy meat dish, it is right time for salad, refreshing vegetable dish, such as tomato, broccoli, onion and so on.The following dish is dessert which have many different kinds.It can be chocolate cookie, croissant, mousse cake,macarons.Coffee is the final drinking, which can be added milk and sugar according to own taste.It also has different kinds such as blue mountain coffee, latte, macchino, mocha and so on.Table setting In the Chinese table manner, at the begining, let guests attend the seats, then please the elderly seat next to the guests.One should seat from the left side of the chair.When sitting on the chair, one should not move the chopsticks, or make noise, let alone walk casually unless having urgency.Host should invites guest to have a seat and notice that do not let guest sit close to the place that is seryed dishes.If you are the master, you should point to a chair and say to the guests with a gentle tone: “please sit here.” There are four fountamental way for sitting arrangement: first, taking the table of the host sitting as a sign, the guest on its right is honor and the left is low.Second, first host should sit facing the main door, then guest of honor sit on the right of the host and deputy chief gust on the left.Third, if the position of the host is inferior to the guest of honor, the host is able to ask guest to sit where the host should have seated, then the host sit on the right, host should have a seat that is faced the main door, and the guest of honor sit on the right of master.As for deputy chief guest, he should sit on the left.Western people believe that the right is honor and the left is low.when hostess announces that the dinner is ready, the host will lead the guests to sit in turn, with the hostess walking last.Some careful master willplace name card on the table in order to show seats.while, if there is no such arrangement, then the seat arrangement is generally:men and women sit separatedlly, male host first, gewhose seat is in the hostess On the right of hostess.the other couples are diagonally seated.Couple sitting dividually shows the opening and lively nature of the American banquet.They hope that the banquet can be used to enhance the relationship of each other and relaxing atmosphere.In the informal party, seat arrangment follows that women is first.If a gentlman shares a supper with a woman, the man should not let the woman sit near the passageway and should let the woman sit on his right;the man should let the woman sit inside.If two men with a woman, men ought to lead the woman sit in the middle．What is more, men should remove the chairs and let women sit first．When two man have a dinner，the junior sit outside． Atmosphere When chinese people enjoy yummy food they usually talk a lot, which shows the sincere and hospitality of hostess.Besides, lively table can reflect the guests’joy.The active atmosphere reflects the warmth of family, and harmony of the nation in a sence.However, in the western tradition, people think that excessive noise is rude, and only the quiet and orderly looks noble.There not exist these phenomenon such as pesuading to drink alcohol and carrying dish for others.This reflects the respect for the individual in the western culture.people hardly talk with each other but cut and eat their food with fork quietly.They avoid making noise while eating and drinking.Even if they have something important to talk, they keep the sound that both of them can heard.When chinese invited guests to have dinner, they usually prepare a wild variety of dishes, which is no less than seven or eight dishes.The more delicious and expensive the dishes are, the more important guests are.Although the hostness elaborate perpectly, she would say: I am so sorry that the dish does not cook well, eat more.Hope you bear with me.Please forgive me, there are not so much food for you all.Or some modest words similar like this.In addition, the host will ask the guest: Would you like some more? And maybe the host will ask this later.The guest answer with a little shame: just a little more.While in western dinner, there are four or five dishes.If it is at home, the guest had better eat all of the food, so the hostness will be very happy because of her good cook.Usually, host simply say to guest: heip yourself.When the host ask: would you like more fried chicken? The guest just answer according to himself.If he is full enough, he say: no , thanks.If not, he should answer: yes, I would like some more chickens.After dinner, guest could say it was out of the world！So delicious！I licked the plate clean.or I made a pig of myself.In this way can make hostness happy.By comparing this, we can know that Chinese obey the principle that is to belittle themselves and to respect others.Western people pay more attention to keeping their prestige and saving face.For example, western people never talk adout the disguesting things on table.They will try their best to use implicit and elegent words to replace toilet.such as: “Where can I wash my hand”, “I wonder if I could go somewhere.”, “Can I add some powder? ”

Geography China is located in the east Asia-Europe continental monsoon climate zone, rain and heat over the same period, very suitable for growing plant, which forms Chinese people's plant character.Most western countries are located in temperate maritime climate zone, which is the perfect place for natural pasture.So western people are fond of meat.For Europeans, pasture means food, and food means survival, which in turn leads to their expansion and the formation of aggressive character.There are big animals such as cattle and sheep in the vast ranch, so their diets are mainly steak and lamb, and thus have the argument that is “from Berlin to Los Angeles, steak is a taste”.This is why milk from Europe and the United States is spreaded into China.as we all know, chopsticks, fork and knife are the most foundemental difference between Chinese and western table manner.Chopsticks originate from the place where there is bamboo.More wood in the north , more bamboo in the south, ancestors use local materials, cuting bamboo and wood for making chopsticks.anyway, chopsticks play an indispensable role in Chinese daily life.knife and fork later than the chopsticks is the representative of Western tableware, which originated in the ancient European living nomadic habits.Before and after the 15th century, there appeared two-teeth fork, the emergence of four-teeth fork in the 18th century.They cut down and eat meat as soon as it cooked.From then on, western people use knife and fork as their tableware.The view of value In China, a state of ceremony, table manner reflects Chinese “solidarity” collectivist values.During the dinner, seat arrangement can give expression to it obviously.Chinese people emphasis that to respect the old and cherish the young, to be filial first.Relativly speaking, in western countries, the value of individualism occupies a position of importance, which shows individual valve and strength.Because they emphasis personality development, self-expression in their philosophical thought.They believe that it is not fate but your own laziness to contribute to your faiure.During Chinese dinner, seniority would give dish to the junior so that displays their kindness to children.This is lively and harmonious atmosphere conforming to chinese traditional value.On the contrary, western people eat their own food and pick up food they want to have.They refuse others to force themselve eating food they do not like.Different from chinese traditional food culture, western diet is more rational, more emphasis on science and health.Regarding nutrition as the highest standard, they eating food is just like adding a fuel to a biological machine, with particular emphasis on the nutrition of the food.Whether the amount of Protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic elements is reasonable, whether the supply of calories is proper, whether nutrients can be fully absorbed by the body, which are the westerners’ focus.Western diet that demonstrate strong pragmatism and utilitarianism will not combine the diet with spiritual enjoyment together.Chinese diet has always been pursuing the taste as the primary purpose of eating.A folk saying goes: “hunger breeds discontentment, and whether the food i9os delicious or not depends on taste.Chinese cook create a lot of cooking methods in ordre to make dish tasteful.Even if the dish name is poetic.Making food and eating food having special cultural connotation, to a certain extent, is the embodiment of the art.Although we attach importance to eating for keeping in good health, our cooking methods result in a lack of many nutrients in the processing process that is one disadvantage.culture The different national ethnic and historical development can lead to different history.Confucianism and Taoism are the origion of Chinese traditional culture, which have a long and profound influence on Chinese society.Faith, propriety, righteousness, wisdom, benevolence are the core of Chinese traditional culture.Mr.Yi Zhongtian, in the book Culture on Dinner Table said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western corn thought is individual consciousness.Edward Hall, a famous American anthropologist, propose that time concept of human has two cultural patterns, Monochronic-time and Polychronic-time.Western people insisting on M-time follow close to the line of scheduling program, deal with things with time correspondently.By contrast, eastern people holding P-time are more flexible on time.In the Chinese banquet, the M-time model makes the guests more inclined to be late and the host seems to have prepared for the guests who arrive on time some intresting activities to kill time such as chating, watching TV so that the guests who come earlier would not feel boring.In China, especially in ancient times, women are not allowed to participate in formal banquets which is identical to the Chinese traditional feudal thought Males are supposed to be worth more than the other sex.In the book of the Chinese, Lin Yutang even said: ”since the primitive times,women has not occupied the deserved status in the Chinese people's blood.“ in the chinese traditional culture, woman has been in a subordinate position, Although Chinese women's status been significantly improved, but when there exist collision between the ”old“ principle and the ”lady first“ principle , Chinese choose the former instead of later.On the contrary, ”ladies first" is a traditional culture in the west, and an absolutely necessary etiquette in social activities.Women can enjoy many traditional customs of the knigh: When a woman enters a restaurant, all the men have to stand up;and in front of the table, the man take the chair for the lady.Conclusion

In recent years, with the rapid development of China, the trade and cultural exchanges between China and Western countries have become more and more frequent.Comparing the difference of table manner between China and west, we can see that it is important to improve the international image of our country, strengthen the cultivation of personal qualities, and promote the further cooperation between China and the west.

第二篇：英文中西方的餐桌禮儀+練習題

十條應該遵守的西方禮儀

How to behave at table in western society?

1.When helping a woman pull her chair to the table, hold it and guide it.Don't shove it against the back of her legs.為女士拉椅子的時候，要把椅子抓住了，留個角度，讓女士好走過去。別讓椅子腿碰到女士的腿。

2.If you're seated at a table with eight or fewer guests, wait for everyone to be served and for the hostess to begin eating before you dig in.At a long banquet table, it's OK to start when several people are seated and served.如果就餐人數少于等于八人，那就等所有人都坐好了，女主人開始用餐了，再開動。如果是長餐桌，那么只要有幾個人入座進食了，你也就可以開始吃了。

3.All things not having to do with food should remain off the table: keys, clutch bags, cigarette packs, sunglasses, BlackBerrys.一切和食物無關的東西都不應該出現在餐桌上，包括：鑰匙、手袋、煙盒、墨鏡還有手機。

4.Don't snap your napkin open or unfurl it showily like it's an Olympic flag.不要把餐巾展開，看起來像是在展示奧林匹克會旗一樣。

5.If you prefer not to have wine while dining out, don't turn your glass upside down, and don't make a big deal of saying you don't drink.Simply place your fingertips on the rim of the glass and say “Not today, thanks.”

如果在用餐時你不想飲酒，不要把酒杯倒過來放，也不要很在意地宣布你不喝酒。只要輕輕地把指尖放在酒杯邊緣，說一句“今天不喝，謝謝。”

6.If you're eating and want to take a sip, dab your mouth with your napkin to avoid staining the rim of the glass.如果你在吃東西的時候，想要啜一口飲料的話，那就先拿餐巾把嘴擦干凈了，以免在杯子邊緣留下殘跡。

7.Grabbing a bowl of salad or a saltshaker as it's being passed to someone who asked for it is the equivalent of cutting in line: greedy and rude.7.把原本要遞給別人的沙拉碗或者鹽瓶從半道截下來，這基本上就等于在說：你是個既貪婪又粗魯的人。

8.On the subject of passing: Dishes go counterclockwise, but if someone to your left asks for something, you can hand it directly to him.8.餐桌上要傳遞東西的話，規則一般是逆時針傳遞。不過，如果坐在你左手邊的人想要什么東西時，你也可以直接遞給他。

9.When you excuse yourself to go to the restroom, just say “Please excuse me.”

9.想去洗手間的時候，只要說“失陪一下”就可以了。

10.When out with friends or familyit's OK to ask for your leftovers to be wrapped.But don't do it at a business lunch or dinner.10.和朋友家人一起外出用餐，即使是到很高級的餐館，也可以要求把吃剩下的食物打包帶走。不過，如果是在商務宴會上，就不要這么做了。改錯

2.People go to a formal Western dinner party the first time may be surprising by the Western table manners.Next to the napkin, you’ll find some bread and three glass which are for the wine.The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a little more bigger than the ones besides them.Dinner starts with a small dish, that is often called a starter.For the starter, which you eaten with the smaller pair, you keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your left one.Although good manners always make you look good, but you do not need to worry about all these rules while you having dinner with your foreign friends.第一行：①People后加who / ② party后加for / ③ surprising → surprised 第二行：④glass → glasses 第三行：⑤去掉more 第四行：⑥besides → beside / ⑦ that → which 第五行：⑧eaten → eat 第六行：⑨去掉but 第七行：⑩去掉you或在you后加are

中國的餐桌禮儀和文化

The main difference on the Chinese dinner table is chopsticks instead of knife and fork, but that’s only superficial.Besides, in decent restaurants, you can always ask for a pair of knife and fork, if you find the chopsticks not helpful enough.The real difference is that in the West, you have your own plate of food, while in China the dishes are placed on the table and everyone shares.If you are being treated to a formal dinner and particularly if the host thinks you’re in the country for the first time, he will do the best to give you a taste of many different types of dishes.The meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes.Soup then will be served(unless in Guangdong style restaurants)to be followed by staple food ranging from rice, noodles to dumplings.If you wish to have your rice to go with other dishes, you should say so in good time, for most of the Chinese choose to have the staple food at last or have none of them at all.Perhaps one of the things that surprise a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food into the plates of their guests.In formal dinners, there are always “public” chopsticks and spoons for this purpose, but some hosts may use their own chopsticks.This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness.It is always polite to eat the food.If you do not eat it, just leave the food in the plate.People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed.When you have had enough, just say so.Or you will always overeat!中西方餐桌禮儀文化差異

練習：

Can you imagine the situation that a Chinese student has dinner at his American professor’s house for the first time? Let’s read the following and try to make a comment about it by asking and answering with these words or phrases above.1.What impression did he leave on the American professor and his family? 2.How did he behave at the table? 3.Did he know any about American table manners? 4.Whose fault was it that he committed such Faux Pas(失禮)in American table manners? 5.Why did other people stare at him? Was he a disabled person with two horns on his head? Did they make jokes about him? 6.What advice can we follow about table manners? 7.（1-9）練習定語從句

The first course is soup.He picks up the bowl, slurps it down, and, to continues the tradition of not wasting food, tips the bowl over his head to get the last drop.Satisfied, he puts down the empty bowl, lets out a burp, and exclaims: “Great soup!” Then he notices that everyone at the table stops eating and is staring at him.“Why is everyone staring?” He is thinking… “Did I just grow two horns on my head?”

No!He has just committed almost every Faux Pas(失禮)in American table manners.Okay, perhaps the scene is a slight exaggeration(夸張).But it often happens to some newly arrived Chinese.At a Chinese restaurant, it’s perfectly okay to shout, burp, and slurp.But table manners in American homes and restaurants are very different.Here are some basics for you to follow the next time you go to your American professor’s house.Don’t talk with your mouth full.No one wants to see what you are chewing.This is one of the most common mistakes Chinese makes at the dinning table.Finish swallowing before you open your mouth.What’s the hurry? The person you are talking to will still be there after you take a few seconds to chew your food.Don’t put your elbows on the table when you are eating.It’s okay to do it once you are done with your food.Don’t eat with both a fork and a knife at the same time.Americans typically finish cutting, then put down the knife and eat with the right hand to hold the fork.The British will cut and eat at the same time.Don’t speak loudly in Chinese in a restaurant.It’s considered extremely rude.Don’t burp loudly in front of others.And if you do so by accident, politely say: “Excuse me.” And last but not least… Never pick up your plate to swipe food into your mouth!Never!

There are many other rules to follow in table etiquette.But unless you are going to dine at the White House, the ones above will certainly help shed the barbarian(不文明的)image.Remember, it is okay to have funny accent but not rude behavior.In Great Britain today good manners at table include eating with the mouth closed;not letting any of the food fall off the plate;using the knife only for cutting;and not trying to take food across the table.In other parts of the world there are also rules(1)which people should follow when they are eating, but they are not the same as those of Britain.Indeed, the things(2)that are considered good table manners in some other countries are the things(3)that British people try hardest to avoid.In Arabia, for example, the people at a feast(宴會)take pieces of food with their fingers and belch loudly(4), which shows that they have appreciated it.In the Western countries there are differences between table manners(5), which are not so marked(顯著的).In North America it is polite to eat up meat and then put the knife down, take the fork in the right hand and eat with it.Most European people, like the British, keep the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right all the time when they are eating food(6)that has to be cut.In the British Isles and

Scandinavia(Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland)special knives and forks are used for eating fish.In France, Belgium and Italy, however, it is correct to keep the same knife for every course(7), which people wipe on a piece of bread.Table manners of course have changed with time.The earliest meals were also the simplest(8), which were eaten on the ground round a line, and everyone took his food from the animal or bird(9)that had been cooked.The women waited on the warriors(武士)and afterwards ate the food(10)that they left.Table manners did not always include quiet behavior.Quarrels often took place at table, and in the 17th century King Louis XIV of France ordered that only the knives(11)that had rounded ends should be used to prevent people from stabbing(刺)each other while they were eating.

第三篇：中西方餐桌禮儀差異分析 英文

There are many difference in Chinese and western table manner , but which tings lead to these difference, There may be three aspects.Different cultural connotations,different ways of thinking ,different values.Now I will explain how the values make the culture different.The value is the deepest level in the culture , is used to evaluate the behavior things by members in society, and select the most suitable principle in a few possible targets, that is the theme of culture.Therefore every country and society use the same value which is recognized.The table manners behaved by the people is a microcosm of their value.Such as China , a country which emphasize “filial” “loyalty” reflect the value of collectivism.When we eat dinner ,we can find that Chinese people emphasize that caring the young, respecting the old.So the arrangement of the seat is regularly.In western countries , the values of individualism plays an important role.People use their own values.Embodies their personal energy This is because in Western philosophy, people tend to focus on individualism, personality development and self-expression.They believe that if one can not achieve the goal , that is not destiny ,but their laziness and lack of struggle spirit..It can be seen through the dining system, each of them eat t food on their own plate and choose their favourite food.and the scene that eating the food that hosts provide will not appear.

第四篇：淺析中西方餐桌禮儀差異

淺析中西方餐桌禮儀差異

海外教育學院 121280028 鄭徐嬌

摘要：餐桌禮儀是飲食文化的一個重要組成部分。由于中西方國家的文化，思維方式、生活習慣和行為方式迥然不同，在與西方交往的過程中不可避免的會出現文化沖突的現象，嚴重的影響了交往的順利進行。餐桌禮儀在交際中占了很重要的地位。學習和分析中西方餐桌禮儀的差異對中西方跨文化交際具有重要的意義。

關鍵詞：中西方，餐桌禮儀，差異

一、中國的餐桌禮儀

自古以來，中國就是“禮儀之邦”、“食禮之國”。懂禮、習禮、守禮、重禮的歷史，源遠流長。據《禮記禮運》記載：“夫禮之初，始諸飲食。”而最早出現的食禮，又與遠古的祭神儀式直接相關。對此，《禮記禮運》又有一段概括性的描述，其大意是：原始社會的先民，把黍米和豬肉塊放在燒石上烤炙而獻食，在地上鑿坑當作酒樽用手掬捧而獻飲，還用茅草扎成長槌敲擊土鼓，以次來表示對鬼神的敬畏和祭祀。后來食禮由人與神鬼的溝通擴展出人與人的交際，以便調節日益復雜的社會關系，逐步形成吉禮、兇禮、軍禮、賓禮、佳禮等“先秦五禮”，奠定了古代飲食禮制的基石。

據文獻記載,至少在周代,飲食禮儀就已形成一套相當完善的制度。作為漢族傳統的古代宴飲禮儀,自有一套程序:主人折柬相邀,屆時迎客于門外。賓客到時,互致問候,引入客廳小坐,敬以茶點。客齊后導客入席,以左為上,視為首席,相對首座為二座,首座之下為三座,二座之下為四座。客人坐定,由主人敬酒讓菜,客人以禮相謝。席間斟酒上菜也有一定的講究:應先敬長者和主賓,最后才是主人。宴飲結束,引導客人入客廳小坐,上茶,直到辭別。這種傳統宴飲禮儀在我國大部分地區保留至今,如山東、香港及臺灣,許多影視作品中多有體現。清代受西餐傳入的影響,一些西餐禮儀也被引進,中西餐飲文化的交流,使得餐飲禮儀更加科學合理。

餐桌禮儀在中國的文化傳統中特殊的意義，在中國，餐桌不僅僅是滿足基本的生理需求之地，還是重要的社會交往乃至提示處事經驗的場所，餐桌上的禮儀體現了一個人教養和素質。因此遵守好餐桌禮儀在中國就顯得十分重要。

二、西方餐桌禮儀

西方餐桌禮儀起源于法國梅羅文加王朝，當時因著拜占庭文化啟發，制定了一系列細致的禮儀。到了羅馬帝國的查里曼大帝時，禮儀更為復雜，甚至專制。皇帝必須坐最高的椅子，每當樂聲響起，王公貴族必須將菜肴傳到皇帝手中。在十七世紀以前，傳統習慣是戴著帽子用餐。在帝制時代，餐桌禮儀顯得繁瑣、嚴苛，不同民族有不一樣的用餐習慣。高盧人坐著用餐；羅馬人臥著進食；法國人從小學習把雙手放在桌上；英國人在不進食時要把雙手放在大腿上。歐洲的餐桌禮儀由騎士精神演變而來。在十二世紀，意大利文化流入法國，餐桌禮儀和菜單用語均變得更為優雅精致，教導禮儀的著作亦紛紛面世。

時至今日，餐桌禮儀還在歐洲國家繼續傳留下去。西方家庭素有把餐桌當成課堂的習俗。從孩子上餐桌的第一天開始，家長就對其進行餐桌禮儀的培養。在西方，孩子一般在四歲時就學會了用餐的所有禮儀。五歲的孩子都樂于做一些餐前擺好所有的餐具，餐后收拾餐具等力所能及的事情。另外，他們還非常注重環保教育，讓孩子知道哪些是可再生的“環保餐具”，哪些是不可再生的“永久垃圾”。教育孩子們盡量少用易拉罐等現成的食品，并注意節約用水、用電。因為他們懂得“濫用資源，即意味著對環境保護的侵害”。

三、中西方餐桌禮儀的差異

中國和美國在餐桌上的要求存在很大差異,并各有特色,體現了不同的餐桌禮儀。

（一）飲食文化的差異

中國一直以來就是禮儀之邦，對于飲食也有自己獨到的見解。孔子在《禮記》里講“飲食男女，人之大欲存焉。”孔子對于人生的看法：凡是人的生命，不離兩件大事：飲食、男女。因此中國人對飲食十分重視。在宴請賓客時，中國主人通常予以非常高的重視，餐桌上的菜品一般都是非常精致珍貴的，而且講究葷素搭配，色彩搭配，在身份地位或者文化水平比較高的家庭，甚至連菜的取名也有特殊的含義。而西方國家則更珍惜時間，做事以效率為原則，所以快餐店大行其道。就算是宴請賓客，主人的準備野與中國有著很大的區別。主菜很可能就是幾道數量不多但是比較珍貴的蔬菜。

（二）餐桌用語差異

在請客人用餐時也有很大的差異，在中國，即使餐桌上的菜琳瑯滿目，主人也會說“菜很少，招待不周，還請大家多擔待“；而西方國家的主人則會很隨便的說“help yourself to some vegetables”，顯得很自然隨意。同時中國的主人會不時往客人的碗里添布新菜，經常客人的碗被主人夾的菜裝得滿滿的，但是在西方這是非常不禮貌的行為，主人的布菜會讓客人覺得自己的意愿沒有受到尊重。餐桌上的氣氛中西方也是完全不同的，中國人講究熱鬧，所以經常在餐桌上高聲談話，其氣氛雖說是其樂融融十分和諧，但在西方人看來卻是十分沒有教養的表現。西方的餐桌禮儀講究禮儀和素養，整個就餐過程應該是十分安靜的，舉止也十分優雅。

（三）座位排序不同 中西方都對宴請活動過程中的座位排序極為重視，中國人在傳統的思想中，對八仙桌極為喜愛。在宴請中，年紀大的長者或是主人，以及德高望重的人坐到主要位置，其他客人會按順序入座；而西方國家在宴請客人中，習慣用長桌，主人會坐在桌子的兩端，而客人則按照次序入座，這種差異反映了中西方思想方面的差異，中國人喜歡幸福圓滿的感覺，所以選擇圓形的桌子。在桌子形狀的采用中，可以看出西方人主張的是自我，個性張揚，符合西方的特質。

（四）餐具陳設和使用的不同

筷子是中餐最重要的餐具。在使用當中，用餐前筷子一定要整齊地放在飯碗的右側，用餐后一定要整齊地豎向放在飯碗的正中。不論筷子上是否殘留著食物，都不要去舔；和人交談時，要暫時放下筷子；不要把筷子豎直插放在食物上

面；不能用筷子剔牙’撓癢或夾取食物以外的東西。勺子主要是用來喝湯的，有時也可以用來取形狀比較小的菜。用勺子取食物時，不要過滿，免得溢出來弄臟餐桌或自己的衣服。用勺子取食物后，要立即食用或放在自己的碟子里，如果

取用的食物太燙，可以先放到自己的碗里等涼了再吃，千萬不要用嘴去吹，也不要把勺子塞進嘴里，或反復吮吸。

西方餐具擺放時托盤居中，左叉右刀，刀尖向上，刀口向內，盤前橫匙，主食靠左，餐具靠右，其余用具酌情擺放。酒杯的數量與酒的種類相等，擺法是從左到右，依次擺烈性酒杯，葡萄酒杯，香檳酒杯，啤酒杯。西餐中餐巾放在盤子里，如果在賓客尚未落坐前需要往盤子里放某種物品時，餐巾就放在盤子旁邊。餐具的取用應由外而內，切用時可以使用法式方式，即左手拿叉右手拿刀，邊切邊用；也可用英美式，即右手拿刀，左手拿叉，切好后再改用右手拿叉取用&一般用右手拿湯匙和杯子用餐具把食物送到嘴里，而不要把盤碗端起來。使用刀叉進餐時，刀用來切割食物，叉用來送食物入口。使用刀時，刀刃不可向外，而且不可將刀叉的一端放在盤子上，另一端放在桌子上；進餐中需要暫時放下刀叉時，應擺成八字型，分別放置餐盤邊上，刀刃朝向自己，表示還要繼續吃；用餐結束后將叉子的背面向上，刀刃向內與叉子并攏，平息放置于餐盤上，表示用餐結束。談話時有肢體語言或傳菜時，應將刀叉放下，不要手拿刀叉在空中揮動。用完刀叉后，應將其橫放于餐盤中央，而不是盤邊或餐桌上。

三、中西方餐桌禮儀存在差異的原因

（一）中西方思維方式不同

中西方受不同文化底蘊的影響，產生不同的思維方式，反過來，不同的思維方式又進一步影響文化的發展。中國人的思維是綜合性的，在思考的過程中注重集體利益，而西方人則偏好分析性思維，在思考過程中以個人為中心，思維上更強調個人主義和自我，注重個性的張揚。例如在中國課堂對課文的解讀就規范為段落的理解，作者的寫作思路，寫作目的等，對同一篇文章得出的結論都大同小異，而西方人則會在課文中尋找做人的哲理，不同的人對同一篇文章會有不同的見解。如：中國學生在解讀《灰姑娘》時總是會一致認為后母和姐姐們是壞人，罪不可赦，灰姑娘是個善良的女孩，而西方學生會得出各種結論：后母對自己的孩子是很好的，是一個好母親，灰姑娘在家人不在的時候偷偷去參加舞會是不誠實的。

（二）中西方價值觀的不同

價值觀是交際的核心，價值觀是個人或者群體主要通過文化交際構成的模式。他們是最深層的文化，所以價值觀反映出我們舉止的不同，思維的不同。中國人的價值觀是集體主義，相對的西方人的思想中個人主義占主要地位。中國人崇尚中庸的思想，主張通過努力來調和各種矛盾以達到共贏的結果。而西方則以個人利益為重，注重自我和個性的張揚。價值觀的差異影響的意義深遠，不僅在心靈思想上有著不小的影響，同時也可以影響整個國家的體系。

受思維方式和價值觀的影響，中西方餐桌禮儀存在各方面的差異，這些差異對跨文化交際有重要的影響。因此在中西方交往之前，對對方的餐桌禮儀了解十分必要。

參考文獻：

①

王靜“ 中西方飲食文化之比較［J］.考試周刊，2009（17）.②

彭健” 淺議中西餐桌禮儀差異［J］.新西部：理論版，2009（6）.③

羅露莎“ 淺析中西飲食文化差異［J］”雙語學習，2007（5）.④ 李海芳.淺析中西方飲食文化差異［J］.跨世紀：學術版，2009，17（4）.⑤ 余富林" 中西飲食文化差異［M］.北京：中國商務出版社，2004.⑥ 高永晨西方飲食文化概述［J］.湘潭師范學院學報，2005.⑦

卞浩宇，高永晨.論中西飲食文化的差異［J］.南京林業大學學報：人文社會科學版,2004(2).⑧ 張亞紅.中西方飲食文化差異以及餐桌禮儀的對比［J］.邊疆經濟與文化，2009（4）.⑨ 龐瑛.中西方飲食文化比較研究［D］.西安：西北農林科技大學，2011.

第五篇：中西方餐桌禮儀差異

中西方餐桌禮儀差異

學院：人文社科

專業班級：文秘1班

學號：10871106

姓名：陳雅 摘要：

餐飲禮儀是飲食文化的一個重要組成部分。由于我們所面對的是來自陌生的文化和國家，思維方式、生活習慣和行為方式與我們迥然不同的，在與西方交往的過程中不可避免的會出現文化沖突的現象，嚴重的影響了交往的順利進行。餐飲禮儀在交際中占了很重要的地位。我們有必要學習分析中西方在餐飲禮儀方面的差異。

關鍵詞：餐桌禮儀 文化 差異

一．中西方餐桌禮儀差異中的中國餐桌禮儀(一)、入座的禮儀：

就宴會而言，一般都要事先安排好桌次和座次，以方便參加宴會的人都能各就各位，也體現出對客人的尊重。通常，桌次地位的高低以距主桌位置的遠近而定。以主人的桌為基準，右高、左低，近高，遠低。

就座次的高低而言，主要考慮以下幾點：首先，以主人的座位為中心，如果女主人參加時，則以主人和女主人為基準，近高遠低，右上左下，依次排列。其次，通常要把主賓安排在最尊貴的位置，即主人的右手位置，主賓夫人安排在女主人的右手位置。再次主人方面的陪客要盡可能與客人相互交叉，便于交談交流，避免自己人坐在一起，冷落客人。

（二）位序講究：

1、左高右低：當兩人一同并排就座時，通常以右為上座，以左為下座。

2、中座為尊：三人一同就餐時，居中坐者在位次上要高于在其兩側就座之人。

3、面門為上：依照禮儀慣例則應以面對正門者為上坐，以背對正門者為下座。

4、觀景為佳：在一些高檔餐廳用餐時，室內外有優美的景致或高雅的演出可供用餐者觀賞，此時應以觀賞角度最佳處為上座。

5、臨墻為好：在某些中低檔餐廳用餐時，為了防止過往侍者和食客的干擾，通常以靠墻之位為上座，靠過道之位為下座。

6、臨臺為上：宴會廳內若有專用的講臺時，應該以靠講臺的餐桌為主桌，如果沒有專用講臺，有時候以背鄰主要畫幅的那張餐桌為主桌。

7、各桌同向：如果是宴會場所，各桌子上的主賓位都要與主桌主位保持同一方向。

8、以遠為上：當桌子縱向排列時，以距離宴會廳正門的遠近為準，距門越遠，位次越高貴。

（三）、進餐時的禮儀

先請客人.長著動筷子.夾菜時每次少一些.離自己遠的菜就少吃一些.吃飯時不要出聲音.喝湯時也不要出聲響,喝湯用湯匙一小口一小口地喝.不宜把碗端到嘴邊喝,湯太熱時涼了以后再喝.不要一邊吹一邊喝.有的人吃飯喜歡用咀嚼食物.特別是使勁咀嚼脆食物,發出很清晰的聲音來.這種做法是不合禮儀要求的.特別是和眾人一起進餐時,就要盡量防止出現這種現象。

進餐時不要打嗝,也不要出現其他聲音,如果出現打噴嚏,腸鳴等不由自主的聲響時,就要說一聲“真不好意思”.;對不起;.“請原涼”.之內的話.以示歉意。

如果要給客人或長輩布菜.最好用公筷.也可以把離客人或長輩遠的菜肴送到他們跟前,按我們中華民族的習慣.菜是一個一個往上端的.如果同桌有領導,老人,客人的話.每當上來一個新菜時就請他們先動筷子.或著輪流請他們先動筷子.以表示對他們的重視。

吃到魚頭,魚刺,骨頭等物時,不要往外面吐,也不要往地上仍.要慢慢用手拿到自己的碟子里,或放在緊靠自己餐桌邊或放在事先準備好的紙上。

要適時地抽空和左右的人聊幾句風趣的話,以調和氣氛.不要光著頭吃飯,不管別人,也不要狼吞虎咽地大吃一頓,更不要貪杯。

最好不要在餐桌上剔牙.如果要剔牙時,就要用餐巾或手擋住自己的嘴巴。

（四）、離席時的禮儀

中途離席：中途離席的一些技巧，你不能不了解。和主人打過招呼，應該馬上就走，不要拉著主人在大門大聊個沒完。因為當天對方要做的事很多，現場也還有許多客人等待他（她）去招呼，你占了主人太多時間，會造成他（她）在其他客人面前失禮。

普通離席：離席時.必須向主人表示感謝.或者就此時邀請主人以后到自己家做客,以示回謝。

（五）中國人使用筷子的十二大禁忌

三長兩短 仙人指路 品箸留聲 擊盞敲盅 執箸巡城 迷箸刨墳 淚箸遺珠 顛倒乾坤 定海神針 當眾上香 交十字 落地驚神

一． 中西方餐桌禮儀差異中的西方餐桌禮儀

西方就餐的禮儀以自然、實際為主，不講客套、謙讓，但用餐中的規矩卻很多。

（一）、進入餐廳：

1.進入高級餐廳，應等候帶位，不可自行就座，最好能事先訂位。

2.西餐習慣上由左側入座，男士應協助女士入座，坐姿端正且盡量靠近椅背，女性可將皮包置於椅背間不可置於桌面。

（二）、使用口布：

1.口布（餐巾）應攤開后對折鋪在大腿上，不宜扎在褲腰上或圍在衣領上。2.口布可用於遮油煙、防止湯汁滴落在衣物、擦嘴（用反摺的內側來擦），但不可擦臉、擦汗、擦餐具、擤鼻涕。

（三）、西餐順序：

（開胃酒）→開胃菜→湯→魚類→主菜（肉類）→水果→點心→飲料（咖啡或茶）→＊自助餐亦同

（四）、餐具的使用：

1.餐桌上擺放的刀叉有一定順序，一般以三套刀叉居多，使用原則左叉右刀，用餐時由外向內，由上而下，依次取用。2.刀叉的用法 分美國式和歐洲式兩種，美式用法是切完肉把刀放在盤子上，叉子從左手換到右手，然后用叉子叉起切好的肉。歐式用法則始終為左手拿叉，右手拿刀。

3.冷盤用叉，吃魚用銀刀叉，吃肉用鋼刀叉，吃生菜用叉，布丁或點心用叉或匙，水果用刀叉。

4.切肉從左邊開始，切一塊吃一塊，不可切一大塊分數口吃，或一次全切開再吃。

5.吃有骨頭的肉時，可以用手拿著吃。若想吃得更優雅，還是用刀較好。6.吃魚時可以用左手拿著面包，右手拿著刀子，把刺撥開。7.若餐具掉落應請服務員拾起換新，不可撿起擦拭使用。

（五）、葡萄酒品嘗：

1.飲酒方式先觀其色，再聞其香，后品其味。

2.紅酒配紅肉、白酒配白肉、香檳可當開胃酒（也可佐餐）。

3.握杯應握杯腳，倒酒不可超過1/2，不可加入冰塊，喝時先以口布擦嘴。

（六）、特殊吃法：

1.面包應以手撕開約一口之小塊，涂上奶油食用，不可用叉子叉。

2.洗手盅（花瓣）通常在上必須用手的菜或甜點之前送上，碗內盛有溫水，還有一些小花般的飾物，用時可將雙手的手指在水中輕輕搓洗一下，再以口布擦乾。3.義大利面應以叉子卷起，再以湯匙輔助，不可吸食。

4.在歐洲，當第一道菜端上來時就可以吃了，在美國則要等最后一個人上好菜后才開始進餐。

（七）、離開座位：

1.刀叉分開成八字型置於餐盤上，叉在左邊面朝下，刀在右邊與叉形成一個角；不可放在桌面沾污桌巾，口布折好放於椅面上。

2.用畢將刀叉合并置於盤上的右邊或中間，離開時將口布折好放於桌面左側。3.禮貌并婉轉告知對方，但無須講的太直接，以化妝室代替廁所。4.若需要服務，可用眼神向他示意或微微把手抬高，侍者會馬上過來。

（八）、.咖啡喝法：

1.先加入糖溶解，再加入奶精，咖啡匙用於攪拌。2.杯耳轉向右，咖啡匙置於上方盛盤上，趁熱喝完。

當今世界的禮儀內容更加廣泛和復雜，這就需要我們在保持原有的傳統禮儀的基礎上去適應和接受西方的禮儀，我們應在適當的場合用適當的禮儀，既反對“全盤西化”，又反對“抱殘守缺”。我們借鑒西方禮儀，不僅僅是要借鑒它的形式，更應當借鑒其內任靈魂，只有這樣我們才能建立起自己的自信和優越感，才能確立我 的感染力。只有認清中西方餐飲禮儀文化的差異，將二者合理有效地融合，方能建立適合中。當代社會的禮儀文化體系，達成和持社會的理想。