第一篇：名詞從句(unit two Grammar)

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句(Noun Clauses）。名詞從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。1 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞

引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：

連接詞：that,whether,if 不充當從句的任何成分）

連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom，whose, which.連接副詞：when, where, how, why

不可省略的連詞：

1.介詞后的連詞

2.引導(dǎo)主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略。

That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比較：whether與if 均為“是否”的意思。但在下列情況下，whether 不能被if 取代： 1.whether引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首 2.引導(dǎo)表語從句

3.whether從句作介詞賓語 4.從句后有“or not”

Whether he will come is not clear.一．主語從句

主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強調(diào)句的比較

It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進行強調(diào)，無論強調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調(diào)部分指人時也可用who/whom。例如：

It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place.It is John that broke the window.2.用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)

用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系：

a.It + be +形容詞+ that-從句

It is necessary that…

有必要……

It is important that…

重要的是……

It is obvious that…

很明顯……

b.It + be +-ed 分詞+ that-從句

It is believed that…

人們相信……

It is known to all that…

從所周知……

It has been decided that…

已決定……

It is reported that…

據(jù)報道…

c.It + be +名詞+ that-從句

It is common knowledge that…

……是常識

It is a surprise that…

令人驚奇的是……

It is a fact that…

事實是……

It is an honor that …非常榮幸

d.It +不及物動詞+ that-分句

It appears that…

似乎……

It happens that…

碰巧……

It occurred to me that…

我突然想起……

It seems that… 似乎…

3.主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況

(1)if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。

(2)It is said ,(reported)…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.(right)That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.(wrong)

(3)It happens…, It occurs… 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.(right)That he failed in the examination occurred to him.(wrong)

(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如：

It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.(right)Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.(wrong)

(5)含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如：

Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?(right)Is that will rain in the evening likely?(wrong)4.What 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別

What 引導(dǎo)主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語．賓語．表語，而that 則不然。例如：

1)What you said yesterday is right.2)That she is still alive is a consolation.二．賓語從句

賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞（及物動詞）或介詞之后。

1.作動詞的賓語

(1)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：

I heard that be joined the army.(2)由what, whether(if)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，例如：

1)She did not know what had happened.2)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(3)動詞＋間接賓語＋賓語從句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.2.作介詞的賓語

例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3.作形容詞的賓語

例如：I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.That 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語： Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。

4.It 可以作為形式賓語

It 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month..5.后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞

這類動詞有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如：

I admire their winning the match.(right)I admire that they won the match.(wrong)6.不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞

有些動詞不可用于“動詞＋間接賓語＋that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

He impressed the manager as an honest man.(right)

He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.(wrong)7.否定的轉(zhuǎn)移

若主句謂語動詞為Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.（我認為這件衣服不適合你穿。）

1)將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。

I don't think I know you.我想我并不認識你。

I don' t believe he will come.我相信他不回來。

注意：若謂語動詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。

I hope you weren't ill.我想你沒有生病吧。

2)將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。

It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看來他們不知道往哪去。

It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣。

3)有時將動名詞，介詞短語或整個從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷χ^語動詞的否定。

I don't remember having ever seen such a man.我記得從未見過這樣一個人。(not否定動名詞短語 having…)

It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.在這里，人們不會想到在街上會碰上陌生的人。

(anyone 作主語，從句中的謂語動詞不能用否定形式。)4)有時狀語或狀語從句中否定可以轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語動詞前。

The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.(否定狀語)螞蟻不只是為自己采食。

He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.(否定because狀語)他并不因亞里斯多德說過如何如何，就輕信此事。

She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck 3 by her beauty.(否定狀語many weeks)她結(jié)婚還不到幾個月，這個人的弟弟就看見她了，并對她的美貌著了迷。三．表語從句

表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語＋連系動詞＋表語從句”。可以接表語從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that常可省略。另外，常用的還有the reason is that… 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people

3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四．同位語從句

同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。

1.同位語從句的功能

同位語從句對于名詞進一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如：

1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位語在句子中的位置

同位語從句有時可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別

(1)定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時以在從句中作某個成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當句中任何成分。

(2)定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進行補充說明。例如：

1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明年將出國。）（第一個that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分）

第二篇：名詞從句

名詞從句(Noun Clauses）。

名詞從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。

一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞

引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：

1.連詞：that（無任何詞意）

whether,if（均表示“是否”表明從句內(nèi)容的不確定性）

as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）

2.連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.whichever,whomever

3.連接副詞：when, where, how, why 二.主語從句

1.作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，和連接代詞

what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當從句的成分。例如：

What he wants to tell us is not clear.Who will win the match is still unknown.It is known to us how he became a writer.Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.2.有時為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。

（1）It + be + 名詞 + that(a pity, a shame, a strange thing, common knowledge…)

（2）It + be + 形容詞 + that(strange, necessary, important,likely,…)

（3）It + be + 動詞的過去分詞 + that(said, known, reported, announced,decided,…)

（4）It + 不及物動詞 + that(happen, seem, appear, occur)

3.另注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語氣時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：

It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that …

It is a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc.)that…

It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that…

三、賓語從句

在句中作謂語動詞或介詞賓語的句子。

1.由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時常被省去，但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不 可省。He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.We must never think(that)we are good in everything and that others are good in nothing.2.在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后，賓語從句常用“（should）+ 動詞原形”。

I insist that she(should)do her work alone.The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.3.用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句相當于特殊疑問句，應(yīng)注意句子語序要用陳述語序。

I want to know what he has told you.She always thinks of how she can work well.She will give whoever needs help a warm support.4.注意時態(tài)呼應(yīng)，當主句動詞是現(xiàn)在時，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用不同時態(tài)。當主句動詞是過去時態(tài)，從句則要用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)，如一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時等；當從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。

The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．

The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等動詞引起的否定性賓語從句中，要把上述主句中的動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ健＜磳木渲械姆穸ㄐ问揭频街骶渲小＠纾?/p>

We don’t think you are here.I don’t believe he will do so.6.在喜歡，憎恨，理解，感激等詞后加賓語從句，先加it作形式賓語再加從句like, love, hate, dislike, prefer, appreciate..+it + clause;see to it that;take it for granted

I’d appreciate it if you help me.I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.7.think/ feel/ find/ make/ believe +it+adj/n+clause He made it clear that he wouldn’t change his mind.I found it hard that we made him change his attitude.8.It makes no/a difference +clause

It made no difference whether he would come or not.四、表語從句

1.表語從句位于連系動詞后，有時用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語 + 系動詞 + 從句。

The fact is that we have lost the game.That’s just what I want.This is where our problem lies.That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.固定句型：

（1）The reason why…/for…is /was that

(2)It looks/ seems/ appears as if/ though(3)It turned out that…

It looks as if it is going to rain.The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.It turned out that it became a doctor.五、同位語從句

1.同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，可用于同位語從 句的名詞有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：

The news that we won the game is exciting.I have no idea when he will come back home.The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.2.同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別：

that作為關(guān)系代詞，可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，充當句子成分，在從句中作賓語時可以省略； that 引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，起連詞的作用，沒有實際意義，不充當句子成分，一般不能省略。

I had no idea that you were here．（that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引導(dǎo)定語從句，作賓語，可以省略）

名詞從句注意的事項：

1.what 和that 的區(qū)分

what 既起連接作用，又充當成分，在從句中作主語，賓語或表語；that只起連接作用，不充當成分，在主，賓，表從句中不省略。

(1).The village we see today is no longer ________it was ten years ago.(2).After months of voyage, Columbus arrived in_________later proved a new continent.(3).The trouble is __________we are short of hands.2.whether與if 在作“是否”的意思講時在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if：

a.引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首時；Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.b.引導(dǎo)表語從句時；

The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? c.引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語時；

Everything depends on whether we have enough money.d.從句后有“or not”時；

I wonder whether he will come or not.e.后接動詞不定式時。

Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 3.重點句型

（1）What surprised/ frightened/ disappointed/attracted us most was that …（2）think/ believe/ feel/ find/ make +it +adj/n+clause（3）It is +n/adj/ved that / It happens/seems/appears/occurs that（4）It occurred to me that（5）It turned out that

（6）It makes no/ a difference +clause（7）like/love/ hate/ dislike/ prefer/ appreciate +it +clause

1.________that they found an unusual plant in the forest.A.It is said B.They are said C.It said D.It says

2._____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What B.That C.How D.Where

3.It worried Mary a lot _____ she would pass the college entrance examination.A.whether B.if C.that D.how

4.Shanghai has taken on a new look.It isn’t like _____ it used to be.A.what B.how C.that D.which

5.____ is no possibility ______ Bob will win the first prize in the match.A.There, that B.It, that C.There, whether D.It, whether

6.Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster ____ he had done the day before.A.that B.how C.what D.where

7.The old man smiled when he saw how pretty _____ up to be during the past few years.A.had his daughter grown B.would his daughter grow

C.his daughter would grow D.his daughter had grown

8.Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _______.A.how she is getting along B.how is she getting along

C.what she is getting along D.what is she getting along

9.____surprised me most was _____such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well.A.That;what B.What;that C.That;that D.What;what

10.These wild flowers are so special I would do ______ I can to save them.A.whatever B.which C.that D.whichever

11._____ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.A.Who B.Anyone C.Whoever D.The person

12.Eat _____ you like and leave the others for _____ comes in late.A.any;who B.every;whoever C.whichever;whoever D.either;whoever

13.___ she couldn’t understand was ____fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.A.What;why B.That;why C.What;because D.Why;that

14.It was ____ he said ___ disappointed me.A.What;that B.That;that C.What;what D.That;what

15.It was ordered that all the soldiers _______to the front.A.should send B.must be sent C.should be sent D.must go

16.The true value of life is not in ______, but _______.A.which we get;what give we B.what we get;what we give

C.which do we get;what do we give D.how we get;that we give

17.We are all for your suggestion that the discussion _______.A.be put off B.was put off C.should put off D.is to be put off

18.Go and get your coat．It's ____ you left it．

A.where B.there C.here where D.where there

19.Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______ shares her interests.A.anyone B.whomever C.whoever D.no matter who

20.You can’t imagine ______ when they received these nice Christmas presents.A.how they were excited B.how excited they were

C.how excited were they D.they were how excited

名詞性從句（87-2006）

1._____________ you have done might do harm to other people.(87)

A.That B.What C.Which D.This 2.They have no idea at all ____________.(87)

A.where he has gone

B.where did he go

C.which place he has gone D.where he had gone 3._____________ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.(88)

A.Anyone B.The person C.Whoever D.Who 4.Upon graduation he asked to be sent to _______________.(88)

A.where he is most needed B.where he needed

C.where he is mostly needed D.where is he mostly needed 5.These photographs will show you _____________.(89)

A.what does our village look like B.what our village looks like

C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like 6.Can you make sure _____________ the gold ring?(90)

A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put

C.where Alice has put D.where has Alice put 7.No one can be sure _____________ in a million years.(91)

A.what man will look like B.what will man look like

C.man will look like what D.what look will man like 8._____________ the Games will be held in Beijing is not known.(92)

A.Whenever B.If C.Whether D.That 9.It worried her a bit _____________ her hair was turning gray.(92)

A.what B.that C.if D.for 10._____________ you don’t like him is none of my business.(92)

A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether 11._____________ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.(93)

A.What B.That C.The fact D.The matter 12.He asked _____________ for the violin.(93)

A.did I pay how much

B.I paid how much

C.how much did I pay

D.how much I paid 13.— Do you remember ____________ he came?

— Yes, I do, he came by car.(94)

A.how B.when C.that D.if 14._________ _ is a fact that English is accepted as an international language.(95)

A.There B.This C.That D.It 15.Sarah hopes to become a friend of _____________ shares her interests.(95)

A.anyone B.whomever C.whoever D.no matter who 16.____________ we can’t get seems better than ____________ we have.(96)

A.What;what B.What;that C.That;that D.That;what 17._____________ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.(96)

A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where 18.It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____________ he or she wants.(97)

A.however B.whatever C.whichever D.whenever 19.___________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.(98)

A.What B.That C.How D.Where 20.It was a matter of ____________ would take the position.(98)

A.who B.whoever C.whom D.whomever 21.— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.— Is that ____________ you had a few days off?(99)A.why B.when C.what D.where 22.___________ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.(99)

A.Who B.The one C.Anyone D.Whoever 23.These wild flowers are so special I would do _____________ I can to save them.(00)

A.that B.which C.whichever D.whatever 24._____________ she couldn’t understand was _____________ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.(00)

A.That;what B.What;why C.What;because D.Why;that 25.What the doctors really doubt is _____________ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.(01)

A.when B.how C.whether D.why 26._________ is no possibility ___________ Bob can win the first prize in the match.(01)

A.There;that B.It;that C.There;whether D.It;whether 27.When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the mokey exactly ____________ he wants.(2002上海)

A.what B.which C.when D.that 28.There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _________ road conditions need ____________.(2003上海)

A.that;to be improved B.which;to be improved

C.where;improving D.when;improving 29.— Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?

— Oh, that’s ____________.(2003 北京春季)

A.what makes me feel excited B.whatever I feel excited about

C.how I feel about it

D.when I feel excited 30.We cannot figure out _______ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out.(2004 北京)

A.that B.as C.why D.when 31.I think Father would like to know ___________ I've been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note.(04 湖南)

A.which

B.why C.what D.how 32.A modern city has been set up in ________ was a wasteland ten years ago.(04 天津)A.what

B.which C.that D.where 33.Parents are taught to understand ______ important education is to their children’s future.(04廣東)

A.that

B.how C.such D.so 34.The road is covered with snow.I can't understand ______they insist on going by motor-bike.(04)A.why B.whether C.when D.how 35.After Yang Li Wei succeeded in circling the earth, _______ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.(04上海)

A.where B.what C.that D.how 36.A story goes ______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.(04上海)

A.when B.where C.what D.that 37.The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ________ I thought was a dangerous speed.(04上海春季)A.as B.which C.what D.that 38.Along with the letter was his promise ________ he would visit me this coming Christmas.A.which B.that C.what D.whether 39.Mary wrote an article on ________the team had failed to win the game.（05 北京）

A.why B.what C.who D.that 40.Danby left word with my secretary ____________ he would call again in the afternoon.(05 浙江)

A.who B.that C.as D.which 41.The way he did it was different _________we were used to.(05 江西)

A.in which

B.in what C.from what D.from which 42.I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize ___ silly mistakes I had made.(05 湖南)

A.what

B.that C.how

D.which 43.With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased _____ he was a man of action.(06 湖南)

A.which

B.that C.what D.whether 44.We haven't settled the question of ______________ it is necessary for him to study abroad.（06江蘇）

A.if B.where C.whether D.that 45._________makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.（06遼寧）

A.What B.Who C.Whatever D.Whoever 46.See the flags on top of the building? That was _______we did this morning.（06全國I）

A.when B.which C.where D.what 47.Please remind me _____he said he was going.I may be in time to see him off.（06全國I）

A.where B.when C.how D.what 48.---What did your parents think about your decision?

---They always let me do _______ I think I should.（06全國III）

A.when B.that C.how D.what 49.Engines are to machines _________ hearts are to animals.（06山東）

A.as B.that C.what D.which 50.I just wonder __________ that makes him so excited.（06山東）

A.why it does B.what he does C.how it is D.what it is 51.One advantage of playing the guitar is _________ it can give you a great deal of pleasure.（06上海）

A.how

B.why

C.that

D.when 52.He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning ________ his teammates had done.（06上海）

A.what B.which C.why D.while 53.---It’s thirty years since we last met.---But I still remember the story, believe it or not, __________ we got lost on a rainy night.（06四川）

A.which

B.that C.what D.when 54.There is much chance __________Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.（06天津）

A.that

B.which

C.until D.if 55.Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ________he had to meet his uncle at the airport.（06重慶）

A.why

B.that

C.where

D.because 56.These shoes look very good.I wonder __________.（06上海春季）

A.how much cost they are

B.how much do they cost

C.how much they cost

D.how much are they cost 57.Doris' success lies in the fact _________ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.（06上海春季）

A.which

B.that

C.when

D.why 58.---Could you do me a favor?

---It depends on ________it is.A.which

B.whichever

C.what D.whatever

答案：

1------5 BACAB 6------10 CACBC 11------15 ADADC 16------20 ABBAA 21-----25 ADDBC 26------30 AAAAC 31------35 CABAB 36-----40 DCBAB 41------45 CABCA 46------50 DBDCD 51-----55 CABAB 56------58 CBC

第三篇：名詞從句講解加題目

判斷句型

1.What I want to do is taking a bath.2.The news that they won the game spread the whole school.3.I don’t think(that)he is an honest boy.4.The fact is that he stole the car.5.Do you know the fact that he stole the car?

6.Do you know the man who is standing over there?

7.It is said that they won the game.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞

I really feel that he needs more experience.I want to know whether/if she still lives here.What she said is not true.Who broke the window has not been found out.He asked whose handwriting is the best in our class.That is why she left home yesterday.Have you heard the news that Mary will be back soon?

8.I will give it to whoever needs it.9.It is unwise to give your child whatever he wants.10.I’ve just bought five new books;you can take whichever book you like.賓語從句

She said(that)she is going to learn English.I want to know whether/if she still lives there.I don’t know who all these people are.She wants to know which film I like best.Please tell me where she lives.注意：that在從句中不充當任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常常被省去。但如果從句是并列句時,第二個及以后的分句前that不可省.We all think(that)she is working hard and that she will surely go to a good college.注意：在賓語從句中，表示“是否”既可以用whether,也可以用if.但是，whether常與or not連用；作介詞賓語只用whether;從句是否定句時一般用if。

I don’t know whether/if he will come.I want to know whether he will come or not.Are you talking about whether he will come?

He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.4.He always thinks ______ he can do better.（how, who）

5.I really don't know ________ the bridge will be finished.（how long, how soon）

They don't know __________ we are going hiking.7.She wanted to know ___________ her coat would be ready the next day.8.I was really surprised at ______ I saw.9.I don't know ______ so many people crowding round him

10.Do you know _________ shirt it is?

賓語從句的時態(tài)和語序

Could you tell me if it _____ tomorrow?

A.rainsB.is raining

C.will rainD.rain

2.The teacher told his students the sun_____

in the east.A.riseB.rises

C.roseD.risen

Peter knew _______.A.whether he has finished reading the book

B.why the boy had so many questions

C.there were 12 months in a year

D.when they will leave for Paris

Could you tell me ______?

A.where is the nearest railway station

B.where the nearest railway station was

C.where the nearest railway station is

D.where was the nearest railway station

I really don't know if she _______ it when she ________.A.finds/ arrives

B.finds/ will arrive

C.will find/ will arrive

D.will find/ arrives

─Where do you think _____ he ____ the TV set? ─ Sorry, I've no idea.A./, bought

B.has, bought

C.did, buy

D.did bought

句型轉(zhuǎn)換

1.When does the train arrive? Please tell me.（改為賓語從句）→

Please tell me ________ _________ _________________.2.What does he do? Do you know?（改為賓語從句）→

Do you know _______ he _______?

3.Do they want fried chicken? He asked the boys.（改為賓語從句）→

He asked the boys ___________ they _______ fried chicken.表語從句

在句中充當表語的從句(即放在be動詞后面)叫做表語從句

我們的目的是他能認識到錯誤。

Our purpose is that he can realize his faults.注意：引導(dǎo)表語從句的連接詞一般不省略。

問題是它是否值得做。

The question is whether it is worth doing.注意：表語從句表示“是否” 只用“whether” 而不用“if”

試區(qū)分以下句子

Is this museum what you visited?

Is this the museum that you visited?

Is this museum the one that you visited?

注意：這種句子考試時一定要記住這句話：名詞前（尤其是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前）一定要有限定詞。然后把句子變換成陳述句，接著判斷句子是屬于哪種從句再完成。

It appears that they are in need of help.It happened that he had no money on him.That house is _______ the garden tools are stored.The reason I don’t want to go there is ______ I’ve just got a new job here.That was ______ they had made the mistake.Everything in the room is _____ it was ten years ago.The dream Jack has in mind is ______ he will become a scientist in the future.6.What we care about is _________ it will be a fine day tomorrow.主語從句

he will come here on Wednesday is certain.他星期三來這里是肯定的he will come here on Wednesday is

not certain.他星期三是否來這里還不肯定的。

What he said is not true.Who broke the window has not been found out.How he escaped is still a mystery.Whom she borrowed money from still puzzled him.she said puzzled him._______ she said such a thing puzzled him._____________ we should send to take part in the party is to be discussed._______ they don’t want to drop the plan is clear._______ he finished the work in so short time remains a question.________ it is going to snow this evening is not certain._____________________________(她離開他)cut him to the cut.______________________________________(月球上沒有生命)is known to all.it 做形式主語

That he can’t attend the party is a pity.It is a pity that he can’t attend the party.How much money is needed is hard to say.It is hard to say how much money is needed.That the moon moves around the earth is known to all.It is known to all that the moon moves around the earth.用it形式主語的that從句有以下四種不同的搭配：

It + be + 形容詞 ＋ that從句

It is necessary that?有必要?

It is important that ?.重要的是?

It is obvious that??很明顯??

It + be +-ed分詞 ＋ that從句

不及物動詞 ＋ that從句?

t appears that?似乎?

It happens that ?.碰巧?

It occurred to me that??我突然想起??

It is a wonder _____ you weren't injured.It is still unknown ______ and ______ this took place.It doesn't matter _______ you are going to do it.你昨天錯過了這部新的電影，真是太遺憾了。

同位語從句

在句中用作同位語的從句叫做同位語從句。同位語從句一般放在如idea, news, fact, promise, suggestion, belief, truth等含有豐富內(nèi)涵的抽象的詞語后面，用來說明前面那個詞的具體內(nèi)容。一般說來，同位語從句都用that來作連接詞，而且不能省略。也可用how, when, where等。

他給了她一個承諾，他會在兩個月后回來。

He gave her a promise that he would come back after two months.試區(qū)分以下句子

Do you know the fact that he stole the car?

Do you know the fact that they were talking about?

注意：1.如果是定語從句，它的從句肯定是不完整的，關(guān)系詞肯定在句中充當成分的；而同位語從句中的that只起連接作用。

2.定語從句是對先行詞起修飾作用，而同位語從句則解釋說明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容。Tell the difference

1.The news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy.2.The news that is spreading around the airport isthat a heavy storm is coming.3.The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.1.The question is ____the film is worth seeing.A.ifB.whatC.whetherD.how

2.They received orders _____ the work be done at once.A.whichB.whenC./D.that

3.The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed.A.why;whyB.why;becauseC.why;thatD.that;because

4.___ I can’t understand is ___ she wants to change her mind.A.What;whyB.Which;howC.That;whyD.What;because

5.____ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain.A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Even if

6.It is known to us ___ where there is pollution, there is harm.A.whichB.whereC.whatD.that

7.I have the information ____.A.of what he’ll come soonB.that he’ll come soon

C.of that he’ll come soonD.his coming soon

8.---I saw your neighbor break your window with a basketball.---____ it made me nearly mad.A.That he brokeB.What he brokeC.He brokeD.His break

9.It remains a question ____ we can get so much money in such a

short time.A.howB.thatC.whenD.what

10.---Can I help you?

---Yes, do you know ____?

A.when comes the busB.when will come the bus

C.when does the bus comeD.when the bus comes

11.He made a promise ___ anyone set him free he would make him very rich.A.thatB.ifC.whatD.that if

12.They lost their way in the forest and ____ made matters worse was ___ night began to fall.A.what;thatB.it;that

C.what;whenD.which;what

第四篇：從句

從句

名詞性從句

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句（Noun Clauses）。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組，它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。主語從句

作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當從句的成分。例如：

What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。如果what-分句本身明顯表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，比如what分句的動詞和補語都是復(fù)數(shù)，那么主句動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。

如：What I say and think are none of your business.(我說的和我想的都與你無關(guān)。)注意：當what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句作主語時，主謂一致問題極為復(fù)雜。著名學(xué)者周海中教授在論文《關(guān)于what-分句作主語的主謂一致問題》中就這一問題做了深入研究，并給出了10種的主謂一致關(guān)系。這些一致關(guān)系值得英語學(xué)習(xí)者和使用者特別注意。有時為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下： ⑴It + be + 名詞+ that從句 ⑵It + be + 形容詞+ that從句

⑶It + be + 動詞的過去分詞+ that從句 ⑷It +不及物動詞+ that 從句

另注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語氣時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣“（should)+do”，常用的句型有：

It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that … It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that… 賓語從句

名詞句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語。1.由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時，第二個分句前的that不可省。例如： He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。

We must never think(that)we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.我們決不能認為自己什么都好，別人什么都不好。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后，賓語從句常用“（should）+ 動詞原形”。例如：

I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我堅持要她自己工作。

The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.司令員命令部隊馬上出發(fā)。

2.用who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句相當于特殊疑問句，應(yīng)注意句子語序要用陳述語序。例如：

I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告訴了你什么。

3.用whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，其主語和謂語的順序也不能顛倒，仍保持陳述句語序。此外，whether與if 在作“是否”的意思講時在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if：

a.引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首時；b.引導(dǎo)表語從句時；c.引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語時；d.從句后有“or not”時；e.后接動詞不定式時。例如：

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有沒有生命是個有趣的問題。

4.注意賓語從句中的時態(tài)呼應(yīng)，當主句動詞是現(xiàn)在時，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用

不同時態(tài)。例如：

He studies English every day.（從句用一般現(xiàn)在時）He studied English last term.（從句用一般過去時）

I know(that)he will study English next year.（從句用一般將來時）he has studied English since 1998.（從句用現(xiàn)在完成時）

當主句動詞是過去時態(tài)（could, would除外），從句則要用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)，如一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時等；當從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。例如：

The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．

5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等動詞引起的否定性賓語從句中，要把上述主句中的動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ健＜磳木渲械姆穸ㄐ问揭频街骶渲小＠纾?/p>

We don’t think you are here.我們認為你不在這。

I don’t believe he will do so.我相信他不會這樣做。

表語從句

在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語從句位于聯(lián)系動詞后，有時用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+ 系動詞+ that從句。例如：

The fact is that we have lost the game.事實是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場比賽。That’s just what I want.這正是我想要的。

This is where our problem lies.這就是我們的問題所在。

That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.那就是他為什么不到會的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，當主語是reason時，表語從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。例如：

The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.【注意】whether 可引導(dǎo)表語從句，但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語從句。

同位語從句

同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，可用于同位語從句的名詞有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：

The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動。

I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么時候回來。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能瑪麗生病了。

同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別：

that作為關(guān)系代詞，可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，充當句子成分，在從句中作賓語時可以省略；that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，起連詞的作用，沒有實際意義，不充當句子成分，一般不能省略。試比較下面兩個例句：

I had no idea that you were here．（that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引導(dǎo)定語從句，作賓語，可以省略）

其他從句 that從句 5.1）由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。That只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，本身也沒有詞義。名詞性that-從句在句中能充當主 語、賓語、表語、同位語和形容詞賓語，例如：

主語：That she is still alive is her luck.她還活著全靠運氣。

賓語：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.約翰說他星期三要到倫敦去。

表語：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事實是最近誰也沒有見過他。

同位語：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.最近誰也沒有見過他，這一事實令辦公室所有的人不安。

形容詞賓語：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你對工作滿意我感到很高興。

5.2)That-從句做主語通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末，例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整個計劃注定要失敗。

It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系： a.It + be +形容詞+ that-從句

It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明顯…… b.It + be +-ed分詞+ that-從句 It is believed that… 人們相信……

It is known to all that… 眾所周知…… It has been decided that… 已決定…… c.It + be +名詞+ that-從句

It is common knowledge that… ……是常識 It is a surprise that… 令人驚奇的是…… It is a fact that… 事實是…… d.It +不及物動詞+ that-從句 It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧……

It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… wh-從句 6.1）由wh-詞引導(dǎo)的名詞從句叫做名詞性wh-從句。Wh-詞包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞和where, when, how, why等連接副詞。Wh-從句的語法功能除了和that-從句一樣外，還可充當介詞賓語、賓語補語和間接賓語等，例如：

主語：How the book will sell depends on its author.書銷售如何取決于作者本人。

直接賓語：In one's own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以隨心所欲。

間接賓語：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱樂部將給得勝者設(shè)獎。

表語：My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的問題是誰將接任該基金會主席職位。

賓語補足語：She will name him whatever she wants to.她高興給他起什么名字就取什么名字。

同位語： I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么時候回來。

形容詞賓語：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她為什么拒絕他們的邀請。

介詞賓語：That depends on where we shall go.那取決于我們?nèi)ツ膬骸?/p>

6.2)Wh-從句做主語也常用先行詞it做形式主語，而將wh-從句置于句末，例如： It is not yet decided who will do that job.還沒決定誰做這項工作。

It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他們何時結(jié)婚依然不明。if,whether從句

7.1)yes-no型疑問從句 從屬連詞if, whether引導(dǎo)的名詞從句是由一般疑問句或選擇疑問轉(zhuǎn)化而來的，因此也分別被稱為yes-no型疑問句從句和選擇型疑問從句，其功能和wh-從句的功能相同，例如：

主語：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.這一計劃是否可行還有等證實。

賓語：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.請讓我們知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章寫完。

表語：The point is whether we should lend him the money.問題在于我們是否應(yīng)該借錢給他。同位語：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他們調(diào)查他是否值得信賴。

形容詞賓語：She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她懷疑我們是否能夠前來。

介詞賓語：I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我擔(dān)心他是否能度過疾病的危險期。7.2）選擇性疑問從句

選擇性疑問從句由關(guān)聯(lián)詞if/whether…or或whether…or not構(gòu)成，例如： Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.請告訴我他們是瑞典人還是丹麥人。

I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜歡該計劃。if和whether的區(qū)別：

1、在動詞不定式之前只能用whether。如：

I can’t decide whether to stay.我不能決定是否留下。

2、在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如：

I want to know whether it’s good news or not.我想知道是否是好消息。3、在介詞后，只能用whether。如：

His father is worried about whether he lose his work.他的父親擔(dān)心是否會失去工作。

4、賓語從句放在句首表示強調(diào)時，只能用whether。如： Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know.這是否真的，我真的不知道。

5、用if會引起歧義時，只用whether。如：

Could you tell me if you know the answer

這句話有兩種意思：“你能告訴我是否知道答案嗎？”或“如果你知道答案，請告訴我，好嗎？”。如用whether可避免歧義。

形容詞性從句

定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。

含義：在定語的位置上是個句子。why 關(guān)系副詞why主要用于修飾表原因的名詞（主要是the reason），同時它在定語從句中用作原因狀語。如：

We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up.我們不知道他為什么沒有來。

She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer.她沒跟我講她拒絕這項工作的原因。

與關(guān)系副詞when和where不同，why可以換成that或省略。如： That’s one of the reasons(why, that)I asked you to come.這就是我請你來的原因之一。

另外，與關(guān)系副詞when和where可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句不一樣，why只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。如：

他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。

誤：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.when

關(guān)系副詞when主要用于修飾表時間的名詞，同時它在定語從句中用作時間狀語。如：

There comes a time when you have to make a choice.你必須作出抉擇的時候到了。

Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.他們?yōu)樗麨榈娜兆右蝗ゲ粡?fù)返了。

We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.我們將把野餐推遲到下星期，那時天氣可能會好一點。

注意不要一見到先行詞為時間名詞，就以為一定要用關(guān)系副詞when來引導(dǎo)定語從句，同時還要看它在定語從句中充當什么成分——如果在定語從句中用作時間狀語，就用when；如果在定語從句中不是用作時間狀語，而是用作主語或賓語，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：

Don’t forget the time(that, which)I’ve told you.不要忘記我告訴你的時間。關(guān)系代詞that / which在定語從句中用作動詞told的賓語，正因為是用作賓語，所以也可以省略。where

關(guān)系副詞where主要用于修飾表地點的名詞，同時它在定語從句中用作地點狀語。如：

This is the village where he was born.這就是他出生的村子。

That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer.這就是我們?nèi)ツ晗奶熳〉穆灭^。

Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奧伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽車去上班。

與前面when的情況一樣，注意不要一見到先行詞為地點名詞，就以為一定要用關(guān)系副詞where來引導(dǎo)定語從句，同時還要看它在定語從句中充當什么成分——如果在定語從句中用作地點狀語，就用where；如果在定語從句中不是用作地點狀語，而是用作主語或賓語，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如： He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets.他在一家電視機廠工作。

關(guān)系代詞that / which在定語從句中用作主語。

另外注意，where有時還可用于抽象名詞后引導(dǎo)定語從句。如： We have reached a point where a change is needed.我們到了必須改一改的地步。

There are cases where the word “mighty”is used as an adverb.在一些情況下，mighty一詞可用作副詞。

He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.他陷入一種難以分辨是非的局面。

I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐辦公桌前的工作。

第五篇：名詞

一、名詞：

教學(xué)目標：名詞的概念

名詞的分類

教學(xué)重難點：可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成和不可數(shù)名詞 教學(xué)類型：復(fù)習(xí)課 教學(xué)手段：投影儀 教學(xué)過程

1、名詞的概念：名詞是指表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱的詞。

2、名詞的分類：專有名詞：China, Mike, English, the Great Wall…

普通名詞：可數(shù)名詞(有單、復(fù)數(shù)之分, 在可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)之

前要用a/an)table, life, tomato…

不可數(shù)名詞（無復(fù)數(shù)形式）food, duty, news, knowledge…

3、可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成：

⑴一般情況是在名詞后加-s ⑵以s, x, sh, ch結(jié)尾的加-es ⑶以輔音字母+ y結(jié)尾的，要變y為i再加-es，如：city--family –

以元音字母(Aa ,Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu)+ y結(jié)尾的，加-s, 如：boy--⑷以f /fe 結(jié)尾的變f/fe為v再加-es，如：half--self--shelf--leaf--knife--wife--life--⑸以o結(jié)尾的，只有tomato和potato是加-es，其余的都加-s，如：photo--radio--kilo--zero--zoo--⑹特殊情況：man--woman--policeman--Englishman--Frenchman--但：German--child--foot--tooth--⑺單、復(fù)同形：Chinese--Japanese--sheep--⑻形式上是單數(shù)，實際上表復(fù)數(shù)概念：people，police 如：The people / police are working hard.⑼有兩種形式的：fish作“魚”時，可數(shù)，其復(fù)數(shù)是 fish或fishes

作“魚肉”時，不可數(shù)。

⑽復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：man player--men players，woman doctor--women

doctors，apple tree--apple trees

4、不可數(shù)名詞：無復(fù)數(shù)形式，不能與a /an或數(shù)詞連用，必須用a cup of… , a piece of …, a pair of… , some , much , so much , too much , little , a little , a lot of , lots of…等表數(shù)量。如：much work, a little money, two bags of rice…

注：一條褲子 a pair of trousers is … The trousers are …

一雙襪子/鞋子 a pair of socks / shoes is … My new shoes are …

一副眼鏡 a pair of glasses is … 數(shù)杯橘子汁 glasses of oranges 數(shù)張紙 pieces of paper 如果這些短語中需要用形容詞，形容詞應(yīng)該放在冠詞后。a full bottle of milk ten big pieces of paper 如果…of 短語后的名詞為可數(shù)名詞時，必須用復(fù)數(shù)。

a bag of books a basket of apples a box of pens

5、名詞的所有格：

⑴單數(shù)名詞的所有格：①加 ’s the student’s book

②以s結(jié)尾的單詞, 加 ’ James’ book ⑵復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格：①以s結(jié)尾的, 加 ’ the students’ books a few years’ time twenty minutes’ walk

②不以結(jié)尾的,加 ’s children’s dolls men’s shoes ⑶以and連接的：①共同擁有，共同一個 ’s Lily and Lucy’s father is

②分別擁有，每個名詞后加 ’s Li Lei’s and Jim’s fathers ⑷無生命名詞的所有格：①表時間、距離、重量、世界、國家、城鎮(zhèn)等的加’s 或 s’

an hour’s walk , ten minutes’ talk , China’s capital ,(in)today’s

newspaper

world’s population

②用of短語。（語序與漢語不一致）

a picture of my family , the classroom of our school ，teachers of Class 1 ⑸雙重所有格：a friend of my brother’s a new photo of mine

an old friend of Kate’s some flowers of hers the name of her cat ⑹表“在……辦公室”“在……店/家”的名詞所有格后面的名詞常省去： at the doctor’s in Uncle Wang’s in the teachers