第一篇:國際英文合同范本
國際英文合同在現代國際化的時代越來越重要,是國際的交易、國際的合作等活動的基礎。下面又小編來給大家提供一篇國際英文合同范本,給予參考。
關于英文銷售合同范本
合 同 CONTRACT
日期:
合同號碼: Date: Contract No.:
買 方:(The Buyers)
賣方:(The Sellers)
茲經買賣雙方同意按照以下條款由買方購進,賣方售出以下商品: This contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers;whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned goods subject to the terms and conditions as stipulated hereinafter:
(1)商品名稱: Name of Commodity:
(2)數 量: Quantity:
(3)單 價: Unit price:
(4)總 值: Total Value:
(5)包 裝: Packing:
(6)生產國別: Country of Origin :
(7)支付條款: Terms of Payment:
(8)保 險: Insurance:
(9)裝運期限: Time of Shipment:
(10)起 運 港: Port of Lading:
(11)目 的 港: Port of Destination:
(12)索賠:在貨到目的口岸45天內如發現貨物品質,規格和數量與合同不符,除屬保險公司或船方責任外,買方有權憑中國商檢出具的檢驗證書或有關文件向賣方索賠換貨或賠款。Claims: Within 45 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination, should the quality, Specifications or quantity be found not in conformity with the stipulations of the contract except those claims for which the insurance company or the owners of the vessel are liable.The Buyers shall, have the right on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the C.C.I.C and the relative documents to claim for compensation to the Sellers.(13)不可抗力:由于人力不可抗力的原由,發生在制造、裝載或運輸的過程中導致賣方延期交貨或不能交貨者,賣方可免除責任。在不可抗力發生后,賣方須立即電告買方及在14天內以空郵方式向買方提供事故發生的證明文件,在上述情況下,賣方仍須負責采取措施盡快發貨。Force Majeure: The sellers shall not be held responsible for the delay in shipment or non-deli-very of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.The sellers shall advise the Buyers immediately of the occurrence mentioned above the within fourteen days there after.The Sellers shall send by airmail to the Buyers for their acceptance certificate of the accident.Under such circumstances the Sellers, however, are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods.(14)仲裁:凡有關執行合同所發生的一切爭議應通過友好協商解決,如協商不能解決,則將分歧提交中國國際貿易促進委員會按有關仲裁程序進行仲裁,仲裁將是終局的,雙方均受其約束,仲裁費用由敗訴方承擔。Arbitration: All disputes in connection with the execution of this Contract shall be settled friendly through negotiation.In case no settlement can be reached, the case then may be submitted for arbitration to the Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.The Arbitration committee shall be final and binding upon both parties.And the Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing parties.買方: 賣方:
(授權簽字)(授權簽字)
第二篇:國際專利許可合同(附英文譯本)
國際專利許可合同(附英文譯本)
甲方:_________乙方:_________鑒于乙方擁有合同所述專利技術;乙方有權,并且也同意將專利技術的使用權、制造權和合同產品的銷售權授予甲方;甲方希望利用乙方的專利技術制造并銷售合同的產品;雙方授權代表經友好協商,同意就以下條款簽訂本合同。第一條 定義本合同下列詞語的含義:1.1 專利技術,系指乙方目前擁有的或未來獲得的和/或有權或可能有權控制的,或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國家許可轉讓的,適用于或可能適用于制造本合同產品的專利和專利申請。1.2 合同產品,系指本合同附件二中規定的產品及其改進發展的產品。1.3 甲方系指_________,或者該公司的法人代表、代理或財產繼承者;1.4 乙方系指_________,或者該公司的法人代表、代理或財產繼承者;1.5 合同工廠系指生產合同產品的場所,即_________;1.6
備件,系指用以代替合同產品或其任何部分的備用件;1.7 部件,系指乙方隨時書面允許甲方生產和銷售的合同產品的構件及零配件;1.8 技術資料,系指列于附件一與制造和維修合同產品有關的工程、制造及原始資料,包括與制造設備、工具和裝置有關的圖紙、藍本、設計圖表、材料規格、照片、影印資料和一般資料,設計及其說明書等。但上述資料僅限于乙方擁有的資料和甲方用于本合同業務活動的資料;1.9 凈銷售價,是指在扣除合同產品的包裝費、安裝費、運輸費、商業和數量折扣、傭金、保險旨和稅費之后的發票金額;1.10 合同生效日,系指本合同雙方管理機構和有關權力機關中最后一方批準合同的日期。第二條 合同的內容和范圍2.1 甲方同意從乙方獲得,乙方同意向甲方轉讓合同產品的專利技術。這種技術應與乙方最新產品的技術完全一致。2.2 乙方以非獨占方式許可甲方在中國設計和制造合同產品,以及銷售和出口產品 的權利。2.3 乙方須向甲方提供與合同產品有關的專利技術資料和樣機所需的配件,其具體內容和支付時間,詳見本合同附件二。2.4 本合同產品不包括乙方外購件的專利技術,但乙方必須問甲方提供外購件的樣本和技術說明資料與制造廠商的名稱。2.5 乙方有責任接收、安排甲方赴乙方培訓的技術人員,乙方應設法使其掌握上述合同產品專利技術。(詳見本合同附件五)2.6 乙方負責自費派遣技術人員赴甲方進行技術服務。(詳見本合同附件六)2.7 如甲方需要,乙方同意以最優惠的價格向甲方提供合同產品的零件、材料和配件等。具體內容雙方另行協商2.8 乙方同意甲方有權使用其商標,在合同產品上亦可以采取雙方的聯合商標、或者標明根據售證方的許可制造字樣。第三條 合同價格3.1 按照第二條規定的內容和范圍。本合同采用提成方式計算價格,計價的貨幣為_________。3.2 本合同提成費的計算時間從合同生效之日后的
第_________個月開始,按日歷計算,每年的十二月三十一日為提成費的結算日。3.3 提成費按當合同產口銷售后的凈銷售價格計算,提成率為_________%,合同產品未銷售出去的不應計算提成費。3.4 在提成費結算日后10天之內甲方應以書面通知的形式向乙方提交上一合同產品的銷售數量、凈銷售額和應支付的提成費,凈銷售額和提成費的具體計算方法詳見本合同附件三。
第三篇:國際標語英文
學中玩,玩中學,不出國的留學,不一樣教育,不一樣的學生.中文:成長快樂,智慧領航。英文:study your minds,enjoy yourselves!以先進的國際化教育理念關愛您的孩子,讓孩子快樂的走向成功。
快樂學習,陽光生活!
快樂教育快樂求知
簡單并快樂著
1.來吧!給英語插上快樂的翅膀,讓我們飛遍全球!2.國際化理念,歡樂化英語 3.笑伴英語,走向國際 4.快樂英語伴你快樂成長 5.學英語,不亦樂乎? 6.國際化!快樂化!英才化!7.我們是英才,快樂英語小專才!8.專業的國際理念,培養專業的英語人才!
英式的教育,中國的色彩。我快樂所以我學習。
走進新魔法,快樂每一刻;踏入社會,成就每一天!
快樂學習,快樂成長英文口號:happy learning,happy growing!education works wonders 快樂學習,讓教育升級!以最快樂的方式,讓孩子愛上英語。
寓教于樂,共創輝煌
融入世界的起點,接軌國際的橋梁
快樂的起點,成長的鑰匙
原來學習可以如此快樂!
停留一分鐘,別錯過精彩!
致力于讓中國的每一位兒童成為英語方面的no.1!
用更好的方式讓中國的孩子愛上英語,!
拒絕死板,拒絕枯燥,可以讓英語更有趣!
原來英語可以更有趣!
have funwork hardbe myself 新魔法英語,新式教學,開心上課,輕松學會。
雅普教育,先進的教育理念,輕松的學習環境,在歡樂中成長。
內外兼修,告別平凡。
游戲中輕松學英語,說一口流利的英語不再是夢想。
讓孩子的英語令英國人自卑。雅普很自信!
跟我學,你會更輕松-----follow me,you will be more easily!
新魔法,新英語,新起點,新太陽,新教育。在新英語中沉醉,在玩耍中進步,在教育中升華
純正英語從輕松游戲中學來,我們做得到!
讓孩子在快樂學習中變成英語精靈,我們對您的承諾!艷陽中起航,讓家長放心,讓孩子開心
玩樂中學英語,成長中受教育,最新國際理念,雅普教育歡迎您!
寓知識于娛樂,在實踐中培養孩子的能力;立教育之前沿,從素質上造就國際化人才 1 多說多滋味 say more.taste more 2 dont be shy.just try.3 豐富自己的口語吧 abundant own vernacular speech 4 生命的樂趣在于說the vital fun consist in saying 5 無論何時何地都要說say regardless and when and where and all 世紀之星的搖籃,讓您的孩子輕松走世界
有夢有追求,雅普第一步!過硬的師資,全新的理念,是您成功的基石,成才的搖籃!
全新教育方式,挖掘無限潛力!
贏在起點,一生輕松。
視野成就卓越,快樂孕育智慧----國際的雅普,助力孩子跨越人生!different style!different future!非應試教學,玩樂中成長,學習的天堂
never give you up!對孩子的教育成長,雅普(yup)永不放棄!
在歡笑中成長,在快樂中成材,學英語就到“雅普”來!
孩子是主角,從他的角度喊出他的心聲。
和新魔法英語一起成長 作明天的太陽!
興趣是船,新魔法是帆,帆是引導你成功的方向!孩子英語的殿堂,國際視野 的成長。
1、嬉戲的童年,玩耍的學習,雅普英語abc。
2、yup使孩子變得可愛!yup讓孩子熱愛學習!
3、abcde,學習就像玩游戲;12345,天天進步在雅普!
4、呀呀學英語,噗噗玩游戲,雅普英語abc。
5、隨性童趣,寓學于樂;英語天下,盡在雅普。
予學與樂,越樂越學。新魔法英語讓孩子快樂學習。
教學雅俗共賞,普通中卻方見不凡 1;‘英’歌燕舞,寓教于樂。2;英才搖籃。【英;在這里既是英語也是人才的意思。一語雙關。】
成功,我們共同創造!
success , we all create together!i hear, i forget;i see, i remember;i do , i understand.熱愛生活,學會生活,創造生活。learn how to love life;learn how to live a meaningful life;learn how to create your life.學校的目標應當是培養有獨立行動和獨立思考的個人,不過他們要把為社會服務看作是自己人生的最高目標。——愛因斯坦
the goal of the school is to develop the human beings of independent thinking and action, however they should view serving the society as their ullimate goal in life.------einstein 教育是幫助被教育的人,給他發展自己的能力,完成他的人格,于人類文化上能盡一分子的責任。——蔡元培
education is supposed to help those being educated, to enhance their ability to develop themselves, to perfect their personalities, so as to fulfil the duty as a member of the human race.— by cai yuanpei 健康是最大的財富
知識是永恒的追求
health is the greatest fortune, and knowledge is our permanent pursuit.接受生活挑戰 培養全面素質
播種生活,收獲習慣
播種習慣,收獲性格
播種性格,收獲命運 habits are framed in daily life;personalities are accumulations of one’s habits;destiny is partly determined by one’s personality.健康是最大的財富
知識是永恒的追求
health is the greatest fortune, and knowledge is our permanent pursuit.教師最佳的教育方法是做出榜樣。
the best way of the teacher to teach students is to set up a good example.學生的健康成長和未來發展高于一切。
the first priority we should bear in mind is to ensure the healthy growth and promising future of our students.熱愛學生,尊敬家長,團結同事
love your students, respect their parents, and get along well with your peers.每位學生的潛能遠遠超過已經實現的一切
every student can achieve much more than what he has done.創造愉快而又充實的人生
create a merry and full life.插上理想的翅膀,揚起青春的風帆
with my wings i fly to my ideal goal, with my sails i head for my safe harbor.篇二:企業文化標語中英文
標語:
1、人資行政:
耐心對待每一個問題,嚴肅對待每一項制度,細心對待每一件事情,愛心對待每一位同仁
every problem needs to be patient, every system be strict, everything be very careful, and every colleague needs caring with love 敢為正直,勇于正氣,堅持正義,倡導廉潔 dare to integrity, encourage healthy trends, persist in justice, advocate incorruption 弄虛作假,心懷不軌,私利團體,背叛公司
保護環境是每一個公民應盡的義務,請節約每一滴水,每一度電,每一張紙。。
protecting the environment is the obligation of every citizen, please save every drop of water, each unit of electricity, every piece of paper...2、客服部飲水機兩旁
感到困難是能力不足,覺得麻煩是方法不對
feel difficulty because of incapability,feel trouble because of wrong way 認真做事,能把事做對。用心做事,才能把事做好
work seriously can do right things,work diligently can do things well
3、第二接待室墻上:
創新是企業的生命之源,創新就是創造新的價值!
innovation is the sources of an enterprise’s life, innovation is to create new value!只有步入國際標準的軌道,才能步入無限延伸的空間!
only into the orbit of international standard, there will be infinite space!考核目的是提升,考核來源是目標。目標導向!the purpose for assessment is to improve, the source is target.target is guidance.沒有完美的個人,只有完美的團隊!團隊無敵!
there is no perfect individual, only a perfect team!team, the greatest power!
4、會議室
會而必議,議而必決,決而必行,行而必果 necessary, execution, action and result 無事不學,無時不學,無處不學,成功之道也
learning in any time at any places, it is way of success.匯報工作說結果,請示工作說方案,總結工作說經驗
report means a result, request means a solution, summary means the experience 學習改變觀念,觀念改變行動,行動改變命運
an idea change from learning, action from an idea, fate from an action
5、采購部
供應商優化——雙贏、高效、廉潔合作
supplier optimization: cooperation based on win-win, efficiency and sincerity 關注技術的改進與創新,促進采購成本的改善和績效的提高
to pay attention to technology improvement & innovation and facilitate to improve the cost and performance
6、財務部
真實性、可比性、準確性、及時性是財務分析的基本要求 want to be a good man, not to offend people, is essentially a cunning man, useless people.7、市場部
左右溝通求進步,上下溝通達共識,內外溝通做方案
8、銷售部
用計劃和行動管理,用事實和數據說話
management through a plan & action, speaking with facts & data 二十一世紀唯一不變的就是變,創造變化,并帶來績效突破性的提高
in 21 century, the only unchanging thing in the world is changing.create change to bring the break through
9、總經理辦公室:
抓住不落實的事+抓住不落實的人=落實
pending work + pending person = implementation 正確指導+強制執行=管理
correct guidance + enforcement = management
10、東邊樓梯:態度篇
只想到成功與失敗而不要想到放棄,只為成功找方法,不為失敗找理由,把平凡做到不平凡
“impossible” will be only in the dictionary of the eliminated individuals 社會充滿著不公平現象,不要抱怨,抱怨自身的原因是努力還不夠
當你陷入人為困境時,不要抱怨,你只能默默吸取教訓,悄悄的振作起來。
11、大餐廳:為人篇
同心可以走得更遠,同德才能走得更近
more longer with one-heart, more closer with same virtue 你把公司當成別人的公司,公司也會把你當成外面的人 when you treat the enterprise as others, you will be also treated as the outsider 黃金定律:你希望別人如何對你,你就如何對人
golden rule: you hope to treat others as the way to you 白金定律:別人希望你如何對他,你就如何對他
platinum rule: others hope to treat you as the way to him/her 愛護公共設施,保持餐桌衛生
care of public facilities and maintain table clean
12、技術中心:
分析測和試法規辦公室:
文件受控易管理,貫徹執行要落實
it is easy to manage the controlled documents, but the implementation should be carried out.研發大辦公室:
鷹一樣的個人,雁一樣的團隊!要像老鷹一樣看得遠,不斷激發自己的潛能;要像大雁一樣的合作,才能飛得更高!both individuals and team like eagle with far-sighted eye, and constantly stimulate its potential, the team work similar to eagle and will achieve good performance!市場競爭不同情弱者,不創新突破只有出局
大實驗室:
滿足客戶取決于性能價格比,今天,你做到了嗎?
技術總監辦公室:
持續的技術創新,是企業永恒的目標
continuous innovation of technology is an eternal target of the enterprise篇三:標語翻譯
標語翻譯(一)跳出標語譯標語,現場見效最相宜
──中文標語英譯的語句特點與現場效果(作者:吳偉雄)1.標語英譯的通病分析
標語英譯的通病,大體可分三類:硬譯,誤譯和亂譯。1.1鸚鵡學舌的硬譯
例1:創一流服務,迎四海嘉賓。
改譯:first class service to all guests.例2:北嶺旅游度假區是您的投資寶地。
原澤:beiling tourist & holiday spending area? 上譯以“電報譯碼”,逐字注音的方式來譯“度假區”,因而拖泥帶水,令人聽了不舒服,看了很刺目。這和陸谷孫教授2005年8月6日在鳳凰電視臺的世紀大講堂上批評把“收銀臺”譯成silver receiving counter一樣,實在離譜。
改譯:beiling resort is a promising land for investment.愛潑斯坦、林戊蓀、沈蘇儒在《呼吁重視對外宣傳中的外語工作》一文中指出: “死譯”、“硬譯”、“字對字翻譯”之所以不可取,就因為這種作法違反了翻譯的本質,違反了語言的規律,從而達不到交流的目的,甚至造成誤解。可見,標語翻譯之道,不是機械式的對應復制,而要根據原文的意思,運用譯文的語言優勢,進行簡明的表述。有的時候,我們還要“跳出標語譯標語”,即跳過標語原文的語義表述,譯出標語深層的語用真意。1.2 囫圇吞棗的誤譯
例3:創優秀旅游城市,為名城爭光。
原譯:build a china best tourist city to win honor for our famous city.這是筆者的初稿譯文。漢英詞典也譯“爭光”為to win honor for。筆者有個習慣,譯文出來之后,總怕有所不妥,或求同行推敲,或向外賓請教。適逢有朋自澳洲來,于是趨前請教。他問:既是名城,這honor是原有的呢,還是以后才有?真是一語驚醒“囫圇”人。筆者馬上從囫圇吞棗的誤解中跳出來,作出令他稱許的譯文。
改譯:build a top tourist city of china for the honor of our famous city.例4:弘揚體育精神,促進國際往來。
另外,細細咀嚼之下,“弘揚”與“促進”,可用“多枝共干”的譯法,以promote一詞譯之。改譯;promote sportsmanship and int’l exchanges.好的標語,總是很簡潔凝練的。動手翻譯之前,必須以邏輯思維為基礎,即對原文的表象、概念進行分析、綜合、判斷和推理,才能正確理解原文,得出準確的譯文。囫圇吞棗,則消化不良,不可能理解和吸收原文的思想,譯文就無從正確,或無法適用了。1.3 隨心所欲的亂譯
例5:××市人民爭創優秀旅游誠市。
原譯:the peoples of xx want to be an excellent travel city.這是隨心所欲亂譯的典型,用詞不當,拼寫有錯不說,整個句子不合邏輯,“人民”變成“城市”了。就是這條英譯標語,居然在南方一座爭創優秀旅游城市的鬧市區傲視全城市民和八方游客好幾天。認真一點,是可以譯得好的。
改譯:build xx into a top tourist city of china.例6:xx市人民政府?? 原譯:the government of peoples republic of xx.這一有嚴重政治錯誤的譯文曾赫然印在xx市一本對外宣傳畫冊上,而畫冊是在境外印制的。那么,譯者若非別有用心,就是極不負責任了,把一個城市譯成個“共和國”!
應當指出,境外有不少認真嚴謹的譯品,由于文化背景、語言環境和外語思維的緣故,水平是高的或比較高的;但是,要譯起中國大陸的社會、政治、經濟術語,政府機構人員職務,技術職稱,以及有地方特色的專有詞語等,則由于情況不明、背景不清,準確率往往不高。對此,我們應有實事求是的認識。
標語翻譯,是一項嚴謹、認真的學術活動,萬萬馬虎不得,更萬萬不能隨心所欲,不懂裝懂,視嚴肅之事為兒戲。2.標語英譯的語句特點
研究標語問題,先要了解什么是標語。標語的英文是slogan;而slogan的中文是標語、□號。何物slogan?它是古時蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭人的戰爭吶喊battle cry,也是一種集合信號gathering word,有引人注意和令人難忘的特點(striking and easily remembered),有很強的號召力和鼓動力。slogan,喊出來是口號,寫出來是標語,有如下的語句特點: 2.1 引人注意,令人難忘
標語引人注意、令人難忘的特點會產生引起人們興趣的視覺效果,使人易于記憶。海灣戰爭時期,筆者在夏威夷就見過一條畢生難忘的標語:
例7:i want you to the army!
其時,美國出兵伊拉克,國內征兵起高潮,大街上的海報中,征兵官員伸出的手指著觀者的鼻子似的,產生迎頭一喝的效果:我要你去當兵!適齡應征者見了,怎么也忘不了。筆者認 識的一些入了美國籍的華裔青年,頓有惶惶之感。
例8:tobacco kills more people than heroin & cocaine.美國三藩市要求大麻合法化的人拋出上述的口號標語,說明那個社會無奇不有。但標語本身,委實引人注目。
例9:肇慶市公安局報警中心
原譯:zhaoqing city center of reporting to the police.此譯與香港街上常見的“報案中心”的譯文police report centre相比,就遜色多了。先讓police赫然入目,真讓急于找地方報案的人心頭一亮:可找到了!原譯文卻拖泥帶水,不夠利落。
改譯:police report centre of zhaoqing city(其實,此處的of zhaoqing city也不必用上).例10:來肇慶兩天,游兩個名城: 國家級歷史文化名城,國家級風景名勝區。
標語的設計者在一巨幅廣告牌上把“來我市兩天,游兩個名城”寫成較大的字體,把后邊的解釋性文字寫成較小的字。英譯時,可先把引人注意的兩句話譯出來,然后譯解釋的部分,如下:
two days in zhaoqing,a visit to two cities.i.e.the city famous for historical culture and scenic attractions at state level.2.2 語聲鏗鏘,語韻感人
slogan是由戰爭吶喊和集合信號演變而來的,自然應有聽覺效果,使人如聞其聲,易于 上口。
例11:酒后勿駕駛。
譯文:if you drink, you cant drive.用押頭韻的drink和drive一氣呵成,鏗鏘的音響效果,給人以深刻的印象。
例12:服務傳統,以您為尊。
原譯:your satisfaction is our pride 譯文脫乎原文的形式,但忠實地保留了原文的精神。如改用有和諧腳韻的譯法,朗朗上□,效果會更好。
改譯:its our pride(that)youre satisfied.例13:龍舟傳友誼, x x奔世界。(x x 兩字是某市之名)
原譯:dragon boat delivering friendship / x x city facing the outside world.在一場中外交流音樂會上,外賓給音樂會命名為friendship through music,眾人皆曰好。上例可以以此為鑒,再以近韻處理。
改譯:friendship through dragon boats, / x x city towards the world.2.3 語言洗練,言簡意賅
例14:提高生活質素,邁向美好未來。
這是香港地鐵站海報上的標語。如果亦步亦趨地硬譯出來,既破壞了畫面效果,又使匆匆趕乘地鐵的人看不下去。但該譯文洗練簡明,使人過目不忘: better living, brighter future.例15:今年更多新貨,價格更加優惠。more for less this year.2.4 句法獨特,扼要有力
筆者的一位中學英語教師鼓勵學生用簡短的句子時,說:揮舞短棒比舞弄長竹竿更加有力。有時可用省略句和適當的修辭方法,加強標語的感染力。
例16:惠康超級市場,價格始終最平。例17:安全環境齊手創,各行各業樂安康。
原譯:work for a safer,,healthier work place.原譯已無鸚鵡遺風了,然而神似十足。假如以a safer place為一固定的詞組,來點回文韻味,順讀倒讀都一樣,豈不更好? 改譯:work for a safer place for work.例18:立足中華,面向世界,走向未來。
原文是排比句,譯文也排比譯來:
base on china, orient to the world and aim at the future.例19:全面開創社會王義現代化建設的新局面。
原譯:create a new situation of the socialist modernization construction in an all round way.譯文內容準確,語法規范,可謂滴水不漏。但是,念起來要換氣,寫出來又太長,不是一條好標語。用對偶句的形式斷句來譯,效果會好一些。
改譯:create a new situation, modernize in all fields.3.標語英譯的可接受性 3.1文化背景與可接受性
標語翻譯,由于要求簡潔,不便交代背景,又罕有上下文作參考,因而要考慮讀者的欣賞習慣和文化背景,使人容易接受。李長栓在中譯英遣詞造句的經驗之談中說:人們在表達思想時,遵守“成語優先原則”(idiom principle),即首先選用語言中業已存在的表達方式,當找不到現有的表達方式時,再使用自由選擇原則(open-choice principle),即根據語法規則創造新的表達方式。業已存在的表達方式就是指成語、搭配、句套子等。如: 例20:桂林山水甲天下。
桂林市政府和中國翻譯協會2005年4月14日召開新聞發布會,面向世界征集“桂林山水 甲天下”的最佳譯文, 要求譯文優美、貼切,既能準確表達“桂林山水甲天下”的涵義,又符合譯語受眾的欣賞習慣及文字表達方式,易于傳頌。很明顯,這就是文化背景與可接受性的問題了。英諺有云:east or west, home is best.我獲優秀獎第一名的應征譯文是: east or west, guilin landscape is best!我的這一譯文,已經于9月下旬在北京召開的全國首屆公示語翻譯研討會上我的大會主題發言中發表,11月30日在桂林舉行的“桂林山水甲天下”名句譯文研討會上被評為“優秀獎第一名”,可謂摘了“桂”冠。據中新社記者唐咸威的采訪報道,偉人毛澤東在生時的隨身翻譯,中國譯協常務副會長唐聞生評點時認為,這樣翻譯,押韻,比較上口,既能準確地表述這一名句的涵義,也易于英語受眾傳誦和流傳。她還說,天下,指中國還是全世界?這種翻
譯,避開了這些,大家都能接受。這可以說是跳出“天下”譯“天下”了。
例21:發展是硬道理。
原譯:development is the only way.珠海特區原來的譯文,把發展的重要性表達得淋漓盡致,但讓人感到難于接受,可謂過
猶不及。不少人對這種譯法都有參與熱烈討論的興趣。外交界資深翻譯過家鼎大使在一個學術報告中提出如下兩譯:
改譯一:development is the top priority.改譯二:development leads top prosperity.當然,如果是development is the only way to invigorate china(“發展是振興中華的必由之路”),則另當別論。
例22:您的意見是我們決策的重要參考。原譯:your views will be very important reference for us to make our policies.如果是在□譯場合,這樣翻譯還是不錯的。作為標語,就不如下譯更具可接受性了。改譯:your views will help shape our policies.例23:做名城市民,講社會公德。
原譯:be citizens with social morality in our famous city.詞典上確有社會公德的譯文:social morality;social ethics;public-spirited。但英美人士覺得難以理解,不知所云,不如用civic virtues。
改譯:be virtuous citizens in our famous city.例24:請勿亂丟宣傳單張,違者可被檢控。
譯文:it is an offense to litter handbills.這條在香港灣仔天橋上的中英對照標語,一針見血地指出亂宣傳單張是違法行為。違法 可被檢控,照當地的文化背景,也在情理之中,不言自明了。3.2 心理因素與可接受性
標語翻譯,由于要求簡潔,既要考慮讀者的文化背景,還要考慮讀者的心理因素,使人容易接受,而且樂意接受。
例25:法律規定:前面座位必須讓給耆英或傷殘人土。
這是美國三藩市公共汽車上的標語。英美人士,不喜歡被人說老,也不喜歡說別人老。在美國華人社會,連“老人”、“長者”也不寫了,來一個“耆英”。還鄭重聲明,這是法律,叫人不接受也不行。美國的老人公寓,叫golden age village, 敬老院則叫home for golden agers。例23標語的英譯,也須做到不言其“老”而“老”意自明,其譯文是: it’s law.front seats must be vacated for seniors and persons with disabilities.香港,傷殘人土還可用the disabled。美國的這條標語,則要讓他們也可以和正常人一樣,有享用person的權利。而its law的句型,使筆者想起美國進攻伊拉克時夏威夷報紙的通欄大標題:its war!人人都接受了前方的信息:開戰了。
例26:讓wic(婦孺計劃)幫助你。let wic work for you.不用help,而用work,更具可接受性。3.3語句選擇與可接受性
這里說的語句選擇,既包括可接受性詞語的選擇,又包括可接受性句型的選擇。
例27:有困難,找派出所。
第四篇:英文合同
Sales Agreement
銷 售 協 議
Agreement No:---
This Agreement is made on this date as of June 01, 2011 , by and between the following Parties:
下列買賣雙方經友好協商,同意2011年 月日訂立本協議。
The Buyer 買方:BEIJING ZHONGYANG GLOBAL TUNACO.LTD.:北京中洋環球金槍魚有限公司
Address 地址:NO.200 Jingshun Road Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
中國北京市朝陽區京順路200號
Tel 電話:86-10-89669988 Fax 傳真: 86-10-6435 9456
The Seller 賣方:
Address 地址:
Tel 電話:
Fax 傳真:
Consignee and Payer are appointed by the Buyer as below for the time being.The Buyer should inform the Seller in written form if any change of consignee or payer.買方目前指定的收貨人和付款人如下。若收貨人或付款人有變動,買方應以書面形式通知賣方。
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The Consignee 收貨人:BEIJING ZHONGYANG GLOBAL TUNA CO.LTD.北京中洋環球金槍魚有限公司
Address 地址:NO.200 Jingshun Road Chaoyang District, Beijing北京市朝陽區京順路200號
Tel 電話:86-10-89669988 Fax 傳真: 86-10-6435 9456
The Payer 付款人:BEIJING ZHONGYANG GLOBAL TUNACO.LTD
北京中洋環球金槍魚有限公司
Address 地址:NO.200 Jingshun Road Chaoyang District, Beijing北京市朝陽區京順路200號
Tel 電話:86-10-89669988 Fax 傳真: 86-10-6435 9456
Whereas, the Buyer contemplates to import the agreed products and holds all necessary permits for this kind of importation, and the Seller has the capacity to provide these products.買方需要進口協商確定的產品并具有進口該類產品所需的所有許可;賣方具有以供應該類產品的能力。
Therefore, the Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned Product during the period of this Agreement according to the terms and conditions stated below:
為此,買賣雙方同意在本協議有效期內按照以下的條款購買/供應下述產品:
1.PRODUCT & PRICE 產品及價格
Product 產品:------------Frozen Tuna(---------)冷凍金槍魚
COMMODITYGRADENET/CTNQ’TYUNIT PRICEAMOUNT 品 名等級單箱凈重數量單價(CFR 新港)總價
Origin 產地:
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Negotiated and agreed according to market price per season and the Buyer confirmed in written form of Purchase order(See Annex One).The Seller confirmed in form of Invoice.參照市場行情價格每季度協商確定。買方以定單(參見附件一)的書面形式確認價格及數量,賣方以發票形式確認價格及數量。
2.INSURANCE : TO BE COVERED BY THE SELLER
3.保險由賣方負擔。
3.PURCHASE ORDER 訂貨單
During the Period of this Agreement, as for each shipment, the Buyer should contact in advance with the Seller on the quantity, delivery time and other particulars of this shipment, and based on the consultation results, issue a written Purchase Order to the Seller, stating the quantity, unit price and delivery time and other particulars agreed by the Seller.The Seller shall arrange the shipment as agreed and issue an invoice to the Buyer.在本協議期內,對于每批貨,買方應事先與賣方就數量、交貨時間及其它特定條件進行洽談。
在賣方認可這些條件后,買方應向賣方發送注明數量、交貨時間及其它特定條件的訂貨單。賣方應按照訂貨單的要求安排發貨并開具銷售發票。
The Purchase Order will be prepared by the Buyer.Its format is enclosed as Annex One of this Agreement and shall be adopted by the Buyer.買方應使用并填寫本協議附件一所示的訂貨單。
4.DELIVERY TERMS 發貨條款
CFR XINGANG
Period of shipment:
The specific time for each shipment will be showed on the purchase order and should be determined when the Seller receives the Buyer’s purchase order.發貨期:
具體交貨日期會顯示在訂貨單上,并應在賣方接到買方的訂貨單后確定。Transportation 運輸方式:By sea container海運
The seller will provide the completed documents required by Buyer and conform to the law of CIQ and china customs.賣方所提供的單據必須齊全,并符合中國有關法律。
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55.PAYMENT TERMS 付款方式
The Buyer should pay byT/T :15 days after declaration of the goods by the buyer and T/T to the account of the seller.買方應在其收到貨后15天之內將貨款付給賣方
6.收款人賬號信息:
INFORMATION OF BANK ACCOUNT OF THE SELLER:
7.CLAIMS 索賠條款
The products must be checked upon delivery.Claims due to quality of the Tuna must be made in
written immediately and for maximum 7 days after delivery.Tuna subject to claim must not be resold
without Agreement.The seller should issue credit note for the claim within 1 month after claim.買方應在貨物運抵后即刻檢查貨物的狀態。對于提出索賠的貨物,買方不得在未經賣方許可的情況下銷售。賣方在接到買方提交的索賠報告后,應在1個月內開具索賠通知單。
The Invoiced amount must always be paid in full as agreed.Deduction from an invoice can only be
done if the Seller has issued a credit note.只有賣方開具索賠通知單(Credit Note)的情況下,買方才可沖抵發票金額。否則,發票金額必須全額支付。
8.CONFIDENTIALITY 保密條款
Both parties are obliged not to publish the content of this Agreement, also including cases of
disagreement, to competitors, press, TV etc.and not to disclose any content of this Agreement to any
other third party unless the PRC laws and regulations require otherwise.買賣雙方都不得以任何形式向競爭對手、新聞媒體及任何第三方透露本協議中的內容,除非中國的法律和法規要求如此。
9.PERIOD OF AGREEMENT 協議期限
The period of this Agreement is June 2011 – Dec.2011
本協議有效期為自------
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10.TERMINATION OF AGREEMENT 協議的解除
One Party has the right to terminate this Agreement unilaterally prior to the expiry of this Agreement
if any of the above terms/conditions are breached by the other Party.The unilateral termination will
take effect when a written notice has been duly issued to the default Party.若協議一方有任何違反上述條款的行為,則另一方有權在協議到期前單方解除協議。當違約方收到另一方解除協議的書面通知時,本協議自動失效。
The Termination of this Agreement will not relieve the default Party of any responsibility and
obligations under this Agreement which has occurred prior to termination of this Agreement.本協議的終止并不免除違約方在協議終止前、協議中規定的責任和義務。
11.DISPUTE RESOLUTION 爭議的解決
Any dispute arising from or in connection with this Agreement which cannot be amicably settled
between the parties, shall be submitted to No.2 Intermediate People’s Court of Beijing for hearing.If
the disputed amount is too low to meet the acceptance criterion of the above said Court, the dispute
shall be submitted to People’s Court of Beijing Chaoyang District for resolution.任何有關本協議的爭議或糾紛應先通過友好協商解決。若協商仍無法解決,則應提交北京市第二中級人民法院審理。若標的不足以達到上述法院的受理標準,則應遞交北京市朝陽區人民法院受理。
Buyer:Beijing Zhongyang Global TunaCo.Ltd.買方:北京中洋環球金槍魚有限公司
For & On behalf of:
授權代表
Seller:
賣方:
For & On behalf of :
授權代表:
… Page 5/5 …
第五篇:英文合同
美國資深律師經驗:二十一世紀寫好合同的五十招(英漢對照)作者:James.Martin 來源: 梅世杰的日志美國資深律師經驗:二十一世紀寫好合同的五十招(英漢對照)
作者:James.Martin
FIFTY TIPS FOR WRITING THE 21ST CENTURY CONTRACT THAT STAYS OUT OF COURT
二十一世紀寫好合同的五十招
作者:James.Martin
譯者:胡清平
Published in The Florida Bar Journal, Nov.2000
(本文于2000年11月發表于美國佛羅里達州的律師雜志上)
Note: This article is for background purposes only and is not intended as legal advice.作者注:本文僅供參考,并不旨在提供法律意見
譯者注:翻譯本文并未得到原作者同意,故譯文僅供學習和研究使用.------------------Welcome to the 21st Century.Where practicing law requires us to don the garb of computers and the Internet.And where litigation is as costly as ever.Lawyer bills running $10,000 a month are not unusual in a hotly contested breach of contract lawsuit.With every word, phrase and sentence carrying the potential for winning or losing, the stakes are high.Simple logic, therefore, directs us to cautious and thoughtful drafting.新世紀的到來,要求我們在法律實踐中應該多用電腦和互聯網,不過,訴訟成本還是那么地高,面對日益競爭激烈的違約訴訟,律師每月開出1萬美元的賬單也是常有的事。合同中的每一個字,每一個詞,每一句話,都意味著潛在的輸或贏,換句話說,押在這上面下的賭注也很大,所以,在起草合同時要把握兩條原則:小心謹慎和深思熟慮。
Drafting contracts is actually one of the simple pleasures of practicing law.Just 3 years ago at this Convention I presented 50 tips for contract writing.This article updates those tips in the context of our new tools and abilities.Following these tips could result in your writing a contract so clear no one will want to litigate it, saving your client from the trials and tribulations of litigation, truly a good reason to write the contract that stays out of court.然而,起草合同的確又是法律實踐中一件有意思的事兒。大約三年前,也是在這樣一個會議上,我提出了合同起草的50招。本文在那些招數的基礎上,結合一些新的工具和技能,推出了下面這個新版本,但愿它們能幫助你起草無可挑剔的合同,讓你的客戶免受訴訟的困擾。
These tips apply to writing all kinds of agreements: office leases, real estate contracts, sales agreements, employment contracts, equipment leases, prenuptial agreements.They even apply to stipulations and settlements in litigation, where you want an agreement so clear that it avoids future litigation.Wherever clarity and simplicity are important, these tips will guide you there.The Appendix provides a few sample forms to illustrate these tips.這些招數適用于各種合同,比如,辦公租賃合同、不動產合同、買賣合同、勞動合同、設備租賃合同、婚前協議。同樣,如果你不想讓你在訴訟中所起草的和解條款與協議再起爭議的話,也可以參考一下這些招數。另外,通過了解這些招數,你就會明白,起草合同,清晰、簡明是多么地重要。本文的附錄提供了一些簡單的法律文書范本-----這將有助于你理解這些招數。
Before You Write the First Word
第一部分:在動筆之前
1.Ask your client to list the deal points.This can be in the form of a list, outline or narration.Doing this will help the client focus on the terms of the agreement.1.要求你的客戶列出合同交易的要點,也可以說是合同的清單、目錄或概述。這一招首先幫助你的客戶弄清合同的重點所在。
2.Engage your client in “what if” scenarios.A good contract will anticipate many possible factual situations and express the parties' understanding in case those facts arise.Talking to your client about this will generate many issues you may not otherwise consider.2.讓你的客戶提供一些假設可能發生的情況。好的合同不僅能夠預見到許多可能發生的情況,而且還能清楚地描述出發生這些情況后合同雙方的立場。和客戶聊這些情況將有助于你發現一些你可能沒有考慮到的問題。
3.Ask your client for a similar contract.Frequently, clients have had similar transactions in the past or they have access to contracts for similar transactions.3.請求你的客戶提供類似的合同。通常情況下,客戶都保留著過去的交易記錄或者是類似合同。
4.Search your office computer or the Internet for a similar form.Many times you can find a similar form on your computer.It may be one you prepared for another client or one you negotiated with another lawyer.Just remember to find and replace the old client's name.Starting with an existing form saves time and avoids the errors of typing.Here are some Web sites where you can find forms:
http:// 5.Obtain forms in books or CD-ROM.Typical forms of contracts can be found in form books, such as West's Legal Forms(a nationwide set)and Florida Jur Forms, as well as in treatises and Florida Bar CLE publications.These can be used as the starting point for drafting the contract or as checklists of typical provisions and wording to include in the contract.Many treatises and form books now come with forms on disk or CD-ROM.5.從書中或者是光盤上獲取合同范本。典型的合同范本在一些范例書中都可能找到:比如,西方法律文書(全國版)佛羅里達州文書期刊,另外,在有些論文和佛羅里達州律師協會的法律繼續教育出版物中也可以找到一些。起草合同時,你可以把這些范本當做原始資料,利用其中某些典型的條款和措詞。更為方便的是,許多論文和書中的合同范本都有電子文本儲存在磁盤或光盤中。
6.Don't let your client sign a letter of intent without this wording.Sometimes clients are anxious to sign something to show good faith before the contract is prepared.A properly worded letter of intent is useful at such times.Just be sure that the letter of intent clearly states that it is not a contract, but that it is merely an outline of possible terms for discussion purposes.See Appendix C.6.如果沒有特別申明,不要讓你的客戶在意向書上簽字。有時候,在合同未準備好之前,客戶為了表示誠意,往往急于簽署某些東西,當然,在這種情況下,如果客戶急于簽署的是有特別申明的意向書,這也是可以的,但一定要注明:本意向書并非合同,只是雙方為了更好地溝通協商,而擬定的對未來條款的概述。類似意向書的范例見附錄C。
Writing that First Word
第二部分:開始起草合同
7.Start with a simple, generic contract form.The form in Appendix A is such a form.It provides a solid starting point for the structure of the contract.Like a house, a contract must have a good, solid foundation.7.從簡單、典型的合同入手。附錄A就是一個簡單、典型的合同,它提供了一個合同的基本支架。像房子一樣,一個合同必須有一個牢固的根基。
8.State the correct legal names of the parties in the first paragraph.As obvious as this is, it is one of the most common problems in contracts.For individuals, include full first and last name, and middle initials if available, and other identifying information, if appropriate, such as Jr., M.D., etc.For corporations, check with the Secretary of State where incorporated.8.在合同的第一段要寫清楚雙方的名稱。,這是個簡單而又不得不引起重視的問題。如果是個人,要寫清姓和名,中間有大寫字母和其他身份信息的,也要注明,例如:jr.,M.D,等等;如果是公司,為避免弄錯,寫名稱時可以到公司注冊地的相應機構去核對一下。
9.Identify the parties by nicknames.Giving each party a nickname in the first paragraph will make the contract easier to read.For example, James W.Martin would be nicknamed “Martin.”
9.確定合同雙方的別稱(簡稱)。為便于閱讀,一般要在合同的第一段為雙方弄一個別稱,如:將詹姆士.馬丁簡寫為“馬丁”。
10.Be careful when using legal terms for nicknames.Do not use “Contractor” as a nickname unless that party is legally a contractor.Do not use “Agent” unless you intend for that party to be an agent, and if you do, then you better specify the scope of authority and other agency issues to avoid future disagreements.10.使用法定術語作為雙方當事人的別稱時,要小心。除非一方當事人在法定上就是承包人,否則不要將“承包人”作為其別稱。同樣,除非你想讓一方當事人成為法定上的代理人,否則不要稱其為“代理人”,如果堅持要用,最好明確一下代理范圍并找到其他可以避免將來爭執的方案。
11.Include a blank for the date in the first paragraph.Putting the date in the first paragraph makes it easy to find after the contract is signed.It also makes it easy to describe the contract in other documents in a precise way, such as the “December 20, 2000, Contract for Sale of Real Estate.”
11.在合同的第一段要為書寫簽約時間留下空格。把簽約時間放在第一段,當合同簽署后,你就能夠很容易地找到它,而且,這樣做還可以給你在其他相關文件中準確地描述這個合同提供幫助,范例如:不動產買賣合同,訂立于2000年12月20日
12.Include to provide background.Recitals are the “whereas” clauses that precede the body of a contract.They provide a simple way to bring the contract's reader(party, judge or jury)up to speed on what the contract is about, who the parties are, why they are signing a contract, etc.The first paragraph in the body of the contract can incorporate the recitals by reference and state that they are true and correct.This will avoid a later argument as to whether or not the recitals are a legally binding part of the contract.12.書寫引述語。引述語是指那些放在合同主體前面的“鑒于”條款。書寫此類條款的目的是為了讓讀者(通常指合同雙方,法官,陪審團)很快地了解到合同的主要內容是什么,合同雙方是誰,以及他們為什么簽訂合同,等等。當然,合同主體的第一段也可以加上引述語并陳述其是真實準確的,如果這樣做了,合同雙方將來就不會爭執:引述語作為合同的一部分是否具有法律效力?
13.Outline the contract by writing out and underlining paragraph headings in their logical order.The paragraphs should flow in logical, organized fashion.It is not necessary to write them all at once;you can write them as you think of them.Try to group related concepts in the same paragraphs or in adjacent paragraphs.For example, write an employment contract's initial paragraph headings like this: Recitals.Employment.Duties.Term.Compensation.13.按邏輯順序列出合同段落的標題詞.合同的段落是按一定的邏輯順序組織起來的,當然,你并不需要一下子列出所有段落的標題詞,想到多少就寫多少,不過,這些標題詞要力求總結出每個段落或相關段落的內容。比如:撰寫勞動合同時列出的標題詞就像下面這些:
引述語
聘用
職責
期限
賠償
14.Complete each paragraph by writing the contract terms that apply to that paragraph.This is simple.You learned this in elementary school.Just explain in words what the parties agree to do or not do paragraph by paragraph.14.在撰寫每一段時要注意內容集中,不要東拉西扯,是的,這很簡單,你可能上小學時就學過,但我還是要提醒你,要集中火力,一段一段地分別說明合同雙方同意做什么,不同意做什么。
15.Keep a pad at hand to remember clauses to add.It is normal to think of additional clauses, wording and issues while writing a contract.Jot these down on a pad as you write;they are easily forgotten.Also keep your client's outline and other forms in front of you as you write, and check off items as you write them.15.放一個便箋簿在手邊,以便記下需要添加的條款。在書寫合同的同時,你可能隨時會想到一些需要添加條款、措詞和問題,要盡快記在便箋簿上,因為他們太容易忘了。另外,你最好將客戶列出的要點和一些類似的合同范本也放在眼前,以便在書寫過程中隨時查對。
16.Repeat yourself only when repetition is necessary to improve clarity.Ambiguity is created by saying the same thing more than once;it is almost impossible to say it twice without creating ambiguity.Only if the concept is a difficult one should you write it in more than one way.In addition, if you use an example to clarify a difficult concept or formula, be sure that all possible meanings are considered and that the example is accurate and consistent with the concept as worded.16.除非是為了更清晰地說明問題,否則不要在合同中重復陳述某個內容。將一個事實來回地說很容易讓人模棱兩可。如果你將一個概念重復地解釋,那理解起來就更有困難。另外,如果你想通過一個例子來闡明一個難以理解的概念或規則時,一定要考慮到其所有的含義、這個例子的準確性以及它和概念的相符性。
What to Watch Out for When Writing
第三部分:撰寫時的注意事項
17.Title it “Contract.” Do not leave this one to chance.If your client wants a contract, call it a contract.A judge now sitting on the federal bench once ruled that a document entitled “Proposal” was not a contract even though signed by both parties.The lesson learned is, “Say what you mean.” If you intend the document to be a legally binding contract, use the word “Contract” in the title.17.標題上注明“合同”兩字。不要為碰運氣而忽略這個。如果你的客戶需要合同,就要注明是合同。一個仍在聯邦法院里任職的法官就曾經裁定:有雙方簽字,但標有“建議書”的文件并非合同。這給我們的教訓就是,你怎么想,就應該怎么說。如果你想讓你的文件成為具有法律效力的合同,就要在標題中注明“合同”字樣。
18.Write in short sentences.Short sentences are easier to understand than long ones.18.寫短句子,因為短句子比長句子讓人更容易理解。
19.Write in active tense, rather than passive.Active tense sentences are shorter and use words more efficiently, and their meaning is more apparent.Example of active: “Sellers shall sell the Property to Buyer.” Example of passive: “The Property shall be sold to Buyer by Seller.”
19.用主動語態而不用被動語態。相對而言,主動語態的句子更簡短,措詞更精練,表達更明白。還是讓我們來來看一個例子吧,主動語態的句子:賣方將把此物賣給買方;被動語態的句子:此物將被賣方賣給買方。
20.Don't use the word “biweekly.” It has two meanings: twice a week and every other week.The same applies to “bimonthly.” Instead, write “every other week” or “twice a week.” 20.不要用“雙周”之類的詞,因為這有可能產生歧義----是兩周還是每隔一周?類似的詞還有“雙月”,所以最好這樣寫:“兩周”或“每隔一周”。
21.Don't say things like “active termites and organisms”.Avoid ambiguity by writing either “active termites and active organisms” or “organisms and active termites.” When adding a modifier like “active” before a compound of nouns like “termites and organisms”, be sure to clarify whether you intend the modifier to apply to both nouns or just the first one.If you intend it to apply to both, use parallel construction and write the modifier in front of each noun.If you intend it to apply to just one noun, place that one noun at the end of the list and the modifier directly in front of it.21.不要說“活動著的白蟻和有機體”之類的話,為了避免模棱兩可,最好這樣寫:“活動著的白蟻和活動著的有機體”或是“白蟻和活動著的有機體”。當一組名詞(如“白蟻和有機體”)前有一個修飾語(如“活動著的”)時,你一定要弄清楚這個修飾語是修飾兩個名詞還是僅僅修飾第一個名詞。如果是修飾兩個詞,可以用排比的手法分別在這兩個詞之前加上修飾語,如果你只想修飾一個名詞,那么你就應該把這個詞放在這組詞的最后,然后在它的前面加上修飾語。
22.Don't say “Lessor” and “Lessee.” These are bad nicknames for a lease because they are easily reversed or mistyped.Use “Landlord” and “Tenant” instead.The same applies to lienor and lienee, mortgagor and mortgagee, grantor and grantee, licensor and licensee, party A and party B.This is where you can use your creativity to come up with a different nickname for a party, as long as you use it consistently throughout the contract.22.不要說“出租人”和“承租人”。這對一個租賃合同來說是些不好的別稱,因為他們容易被顛倒或者出現打印錯誤。可以用“房東”和“房客”來代替他們。同樣,在合同中也不要說留置權人和留置人,抵押權人和抵押人,保證人和被保證人,許可人和被許可人,當事人A和當事人B......到底怎么說,這就要看你駕馭語言的能力了,不過,要把握的一條原則,即在整個合同中,對合同一方只能用一個別稱。
23.Watch out when using “herein.” Does “wherever used herein” mean anywhere in the contract or anywhere in the paragraph? Clarify this ambiguity if it matters.23.使用術語“本文(herein,也可譯為”“在這里”)時要當心。為了避免含糊不清,使用“本文”時最好特別申明一下“本文”是指整個合同,還是指其所在的某一段落。
24.Write numbers as both words and numerals: ten(10).This will reduce the chance for errors.24.寫數目時要文字和阿拉伯數字并用,如:拾(10)。這將減少一些不經意的錯誤。
25.When you write “including” consider adding “but not limited to.” Unless you intend the list to be all-inclusive, you had better clarify your intent that it is merely an example.25.如果你想用“包括”這個詞,就要考慮在其后加上“但不限于.....”的分句。除非你能夠列出所有被包括的項,否則最好用“但不限于....”的分句,來說明你只是想舉個例子。
26.Don't rely on the rules of grammar.The rules of grammar that you learned in school are not universal.The judge or jury interpreting the meaning of your contract may have learned different rules.Write the contract so that no matter what rules they learned, the contract is clear and unambiguous.Follow this test for clear writing: Remove all periods and commas, then read it.Choosing the right words and placing them in the right place makes the writing clear without punctuation.26.不要依賴于語法規則。那些你在學校里得到的語法規則并不是放之四海而皆準的東西,因為有權力來解釋此合同的法官或陪審團成員學的語法規則可能和你學的不一樣,但不管學的是什么規則,撰寫合同都要遵循一個基本原則:簡潔、明確。檢測你寫的東西是否達到這個要求有個好辦法,那就是去掉所有的句號和逗號,然后去讀它。在沒有標點符號的情況下,選擇正確的詞語放在正確的位置上,這將使你寫出來的東西更簡明,更流暢。
27.Don't be creative with words.Contract writing is not creative writing and is not meant to provoke reflective thoughts or controversies about nuances of meaning.Contract writing is clear, direct and precise.Therefore, use common words and common meanings.Write for the common man and the common woman.27.不要創造詞語。合同文書不是創造性的作品,也就不能因為意思的細微差別而引起思考或爭論。合同文書應該是清晰、直接而準確的。因此,要使用普通的詞語,表達普通的意思,為普通人撰寫合同。
28.Be consistent in using words.If you refer to the subject matter of a sales contract as “goods” use that term throughout the contract;do not alternately call them “goods” and “items.” Maintaining consistency is more important than avoiding repetition.Don't worry about putting the reader to sleep;worry about the opposing lawyer a year from now hunting for ambiguities to get your contract into court.28.用詞一致。在一份銷售合同中,如果你想用“貨物”來指整個合同的標的物,就不要時而稱它們為“貨物”,時而又改稱它
們為“產品”。保持用詞一致性比避免重復更加重要。不要擔心這會讓讀者打瞌睡;你應該提防的是對方律師會因為含糊不清的合同而將你告上法庭。
29.Be consistent in grammar and punctuation.The rules of grammar and punctuation you learned may differ from others, but you had better be consistent in your use of them.Be aware of such things as where you put ending quote marks, whether you place commas after years and states, and similar variations in style.29.在文法和標點符號上保持一致。你可能學過許多不同類的文法和標點符號規則,但在使用它們時最好保持一致。要特別注意句末的引號、時間和地點之后的逗號以及文風的相似性。
30.Consider including choice of law, venue selection, and attorneys fee clauses.If your contract gets litigated, you might as well give your client some “ammunition” for the fight.Examples of these clauses appear in Appendices A and C.30.可以在合同中加入準據法、審判地、律師費等條款。有了這些條款,一旦合同引起訴訟,你就已經為了你的客戶打這場訴訟戰準備了一些“彈藥”。類似的條款見附錄A和B。
Write for the Judge and Jury
第四部分:要為法官和陪審團考慮
31.Assume the reader is a knowledgeable layman.If your writing is so clear that a layman could understand it, then it is less likely it will end up in court.31.要假設合同的讀者是一個受過教育的外行,如果你書寫的合同簡明得連一個外行都能理解,那么即使到了法庭上,你也不用害怕。
32.Define a word by capitalizing it and putting it in quotes.Capitalizing a word indicates that you intend it to have a special meaning.The following are two sample clauses for defining terms: Wherever used in this contract, the word “Goods” shall mean the goods that Buyer has agreed to purchase from Seller under this contract.Buyer hereby agrees to purchase from Seller ten(10)frying pans, hereinafter called the “Goods.” 32.強調一個合同術語可以這樣做:加上雙引號并將其開頭的字母大寫。將一個詞語的開頭字母大寫表明你想讓它有一個特別的意思。下面有兩個定義術語的例子:
一.本合同中使用的“貨物”(“Goods”)是指買方已經同意向賣方購買的貨物;
二.本合同中買方同意向賣方購買的拾(10)只平底鍋,即下文中的“貨物”(“Goods”)。
33.Define words when first used.Instead of writing a section of definitions at the beginning or end of a contract, consider defining terms and concepts as they first appear in the contract.This will make it easier for the reader to follow.33.第一次使用某個術語時就要下定義。定義合同術語不是在合同的開頭,也不是在合同的結尾,而是在這個術語第一次出現的時候,這樣做,有利于讀者更好地理解合同。
34.Explain technical terms and concepts.Remember that the parties might understand technical jargon, but the judge and jury who interpret and apply the contract do not.Therefore, explain the contract's terms and concepts within the contract itself.Let the contract speak for itself from within its four corners.34.勤于解釋合同中的術語和概念。要記住合同雙方的當事人可能會理解合同中某些專用術語,但法官和陪審團卻可能一無所知。所以撰寫合同時要讓合同自己為自己釋義。
Keep Your Client Informed While You Write
第五部分:書寫時要常和你的客戶溝通
35.All contracts should come with a cover letter.This gives you a place to instruct your client on how to use and sign the contract.35.所有的合同都應該有一封說明書---用來告訴你的客戶如何使用和簽署合同。
36.Tell your client the ideas that come as you write.Many ideas will occur to you as you write: things that could go wrong with the deal, things that might happen in the future, things that happened in the past, ways to structure things better.Write these in your letter to the client.36.告訴客戶你在撰寫過程中的一些想法。比如:哪些事情可能會隨著交易變得很遭,哪些事可能會在將來發生,哪些事情已經發生了,哪些可以讓事情朝好的方向發展的方法.....你最好在給客戶的說明書中都將這些都寫上。
37.Inform your client of the risks.Writing a letter to the client as you write the contract is the perfect way to inform the client of the risks and rewards of entering into the contract.Frequently, problems do not become apparent until time is spent trying to word a contract.37.告訴客戶合同的風險所在。在撰寫合同時,你最好向客戶說訂立合同需要承擔的風險和能夠得到的利益。通常情況下,只要你花時間來起草合同,你就會發現真正的風險在哪里。
What To Do After the First Draft Is Written
第六部分:完成初稿后做什么
38.Check spelling, paragraph numbering, and cross references both manually and with your word processor's sp
elling and grammar checker.This almost goes without saying today, especially since Microsoft Word now checks your spelling and grammar as you type.(Unfortunately it also changes “per stirpes” to “per stupid” if you fail to watch it closely.)And now there are even computer programs that check contract documents for undefined terms.DealProof is packaged with Corel WordPerfect for law offices, and DocProofReader is available for download for MS Word 97 and 2000.38.核實合同的拼寫情況、段落序號以及上下文的注解,你可以自己手動來做,也可以用文字編輯軟件中的拼寫和語法檢查功能來完成,特別是自從有了微軟的 word軟件后,做這樣的工作你似乎不要費多少精力(但機器有時也不可靠,如果你不看仔細,它就會把“per stirpes”改變為 “per stupid”)。現在,這類專業的軟件甚至可以幫你檢測到合同中沒有釋義的術語,如:Corel公司專門為法律辦公開發的文字處理軟件包中的 DealProof軟件,還有可供word97和word2000下載安裝的DocProofReader軟件。
39.Let your secretary or paralegal read it.Not only will your staff frequently find spelling and grammar errors missed by your word processor's spell checker, but they will find inconsistencies and confusing areas that you missed when drafting.39.讓你的秘書或者助手閱讀你草擬的合同。你的同事不僅能通過文字處理軟件來幫你檢查到你沒有查到的拼寫和語法錯誤,而且他們還能發現你起草時沒有察覺到的矛盾和混淆之處。
40.Sta