第一篇：國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論習(xí)題集

《國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論》練習(xí)題第一章國(guó)際貿(mào)易概述 一單項(xiàng)選擇

1、能夠比較確切地反映一國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易實(shí)際規(guī)模，便于各個(gè)時(shí)期進(jìn)行比較的是（D）指標(biāo)。

A貿(mào)易順差 B對(duì)外貿(mào)易額 C對(duì)外貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu) D對(duì)外貿(mào)易量

2、海島國(guó)家，如英國(guó)、日本，也常用（D）來(lái)表示對(duì)外貿(mào)易。A國(guó)外貿(mào)易 B外國(guó)貿(mào)易 C商業(yè)貿(mào)易 D海外貿(mào)易

3、一國(guó)在其境內(nèi)設(shè)有自由港和自由貿(mào)易區(qū)時(shí)，其關(guān)境（B）A 大于國(guó)境 B 小于國(guó)境 C 等于國(guó)境 D 與國(guó)境無(wú)關(guān)

4、一國(guó)關(guān)境與其國(guó)境相比（D)

A關(guān)境可以小于國(guó)境 B關(guān)境可以大于國(guó)境 C關(guān)境可以等于國(guó)境 D以上都對(duì)

5、以貨物通過(guò)關(guān)境為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)統(tǒng)計(jì)的進(jìn)出口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)稱為（D）A有形貿(mào)易

B無(wú)形貿(mào)易

C總貿(mào)易

D專門(mén)貿(mào)易

6、轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易又稱（A）

A間接貿(mào)易

B進(jìn)口貿(mào)易

C出口貿(mào)易

D對(duì)外貿(mào)易

7、貿(mào)易順差是指（A）

A．出口總額大于進(jìn)口總額

B．進(jìn)口總額大于出口總額 C．國(guó)際收支為正

D．國(guó)際收支為負(fù) 元，這—年該國(guó)貿(mào)易依存度為(C)。

A．出口貿(mào)易依存度力16.6%

B．進(jìn)口貿(mào)易依存度為20% C．對(duì)外貿(mào)易依存度為36.6%

D．對(duì)外貿(mào)易依存度為16.6%

9．能指明一國(guó)出口貨物和服務(wù)的去向與進(jìn)口貨物和服務(wù)的來(lái)源，并能反映出一國(guó)與其他國(guó)家或國(guó)家集團(tuán)之間經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易聯(lián)系程度的指標(biāo)是：（B）

A、對(duì)外貿(mào)易方向

B、國(guó)際貿(mào)易地理方向

C、對(duì)外貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)

D、國(guó)際貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu)

10、當(dāng)一定時(shí)期內(nèi)一國(guó)進(jìn)口總額超過(guò)出口總額時(shí)，稱為（B）

A貿(mào)易順差

B貿(mào)易逆差

C貿(mào)易失衡

D貿(mào)易平衡

11、在世界貿(mào)易中，（A）國(guó)家是世界貿(mào)易的主體，是各國(guó)主要市場(chǎng)。

A發(fā)達(dá)資本主義

B發(fā)展中

C不發(fā)達(dá)資本主義

D轉(zhuǎn)型

12、通常所說(shuō)的國(guó)際貿(mào)易額是單指（B）而言。

A世界進(jìn)口總額

B

世界出口總額

C世界進(jìn)出口總額

D世界進(jìn)口差額

13、一個(gè)單位的出口商品可以換回多少個(gè)進(jìn)口商品，即出口價(jià)格與進(jìn)口價(jià)格之間的比率是（B）

A貿(mào)易依存度

B貿(mào)易條件

C貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)

D貿(mào)易比率

14、具體商品的進(jìn)出口屬于（A）

A有形貿(mào)易

B無(wú)形貿(mào)易

C進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易

D商品貿(mào)易

15、當(dāng)貨物運(yùn)輸?shù)倪^(guò)程中經(jīng)過(guò)第三國(guó)的國(guó)境，對(duì)第三國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)這種貿(mào)易是（C）

A進(jìn)口貿(mào)易

B出口貿(mào)易

C過(guò)境貿(mào)易

D轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易

二、多項(xiàng)選擇題

1、當(dāng)進(jìn)口總額超過(guò)出口總額時(shí)，可稱之為(B C E)

A.貿(mào)易順差

B.貿(mào)易逆差

C.貿(mào)易赤字

D.出超

E.入超

2、反映國(guó)際貿(mào)易地理方向的指標(biāo)有（A B）

A.一國(guó)的出口額占世界出口總額的比重 B.一國(guó)的進(jìn)口額占世界進(jìn)口總額的比重

8、某國(guó)1988年國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值為1 200億美元，同年該國(guó)出口貿(mào)易為240億美元，進(jìn)口貿(mào)易額為200億美

C.各國(guó)的制成品出口額占世界出口總額的比重 D.各國(guó)的制成品進(jìn)口額占世界進(jìn)口總額的比重 E.各國(guó)的進(jìn)出口總量占世界進(jìn)出口總量的比重

3、按貨物移動(dòng)方向不同，國(guó)際貿(mào)易可分為（BCD）

A.直接貿(mào)易

B.進(jìn)口貿(mào)易

C.出口貿(mào)易

D.過(guò)境貿(mào)易

E.轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易

4、某國(guó)在1992年貿(mào)易規(guī)模為：出口380億美元，進(jìn)口312億美元，這一年該國(guó)貿(mào)易狀況為(ABE)。

A．順差68億美元

B．凈出口68億美元

C．入超68億美元

D．凈進(jìn)68億美元 E．貿(mào)易總額692億美元

5、按貿(mào)易是否有第三國(guó)參加，國(guó)際貿(mào)易可分為（ADE）

A.直接貿(mào)易

B.進(jìn)口貿(mào)易

C.出口貿(mào)易

D.間接貿(mào)易

E.轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易

6、下列屬于無(wú)形貿(mào)易是（BCDE）

A服裝貿(mào)易

B技術(shù)服務(wù)

C勞務(wù)輸出

D運(yùn)輸

E保險(xiǎn)

7、按參加國(guó)的情況國(guó)際貿(mào)易可分為（CD）

A單方貿(mào)易

B多方貿(mào)易

C雙邊貿(mào)易

D多邊貿(mào)易

E單邊貿(mào)易

8、對(duì)外貿(mào)易依存度的指標(biāo)包括（ABC）

A外貿(mào)總依存度

B出口依存度

C進(jìn)口依存度

D進(jìn)口比例

E出口比例

9、關(guān)于貿(mào)易條件的說(shuō)法正確的有（ABC）

A又稱交換比價(jià)

B又稱貿(mào)易比價(jià)

C其值大于100貿(mào)易條件轉(zhuǎn)好

10、補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易的方式有（ABC）

Ａ返銷(xiāo)

Ｂ互購(gòu)

Ｃ部分補(bǔ)償

Ｄ以貨換貨

Ｅ協(xié)作生產(chǎn)

三、名詞解釋

1、國(guó)際貿(mào)易：是指不同國(guó)家（或地區(qū)）之間進(jìn)行的商品交換活動(dòng)。

2、對(duì)外貿(mào)易量：

從某個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的角度來(lái)看，是指該國(guó)（或地區(qū)）同別國(guó)（或地區(qū)）進(jìn)行的商品交換活動(dòng)。3國(guó)際貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu)：

一國(guó)在一定時(shí)期里（如一年）各類商品在進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易額中所占的比重，叫做該國(guó)的對(duì)外貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu)。

4、易貨貿(mào)易：

是指兩國(guó)之間不使用貨幣而是以貨物作為償付工具的商品交換活動(dòng)，即以貨換貨。

四、簡(jiǎn)答題

1、簡(jiǎn)述國(guó)際貿(mào)易與對(duì)外貿(mào)易的區(qū)別。

答：國(guó)際貿(mào)易與對(duì)外貿(mào)易的區(qū)別是看待問(wèn)題的角度不同。國(guó)際貿(mào)易是從整個(gè)世界范圍來(lái)看這種商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動(dòng)的；而對(duì)外貿(mào)易是從一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的角度來(lái)看這種商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動(dòng)的。

2、簡(jiǎn)述總貿(mào)易與專門(mén)貿(mào)易的聯(lián)系與區(qū)別。

答：總貿(mào)易與專門(mén)貿(mào)易對(duì)進(jìn)出口的統(tǒng)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同。總貿(mào)易是以貨物經(jīng)過(guò)國(guó)境作為統(tǒng)計(jì)進(jìn)出口的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；而專門(mén)貿(mào)易是以貨物經(jīng)過(guò)關(guān)境作為統(tǒng)計(jì)進(jìn)出口的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

3、簡(jiǎn)述轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易與間接貿(mào)易的差異。

答：由于某些原因，商品的生產(chǎn)國(guó)與消費(fèi)國(guó)不能直接進(jìn)行交易，而只能通過(guò)第三國(guó)商人轉(zhuǎn)手來(lái)間接地進(jìn)行買(mǎi)賣(mài)。對(duì)于生產(chǎn)國(guó)和消費(fèi)國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)進(jìn)行的是間接貿(mào)易，而對(duì)第三國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)進(jìn)行的是轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易。

4、簡(jiǎn)述過(guò)境貿(mào)易與轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易的區(qū)別。

答：過(guò)境貿(mào)易中第三國(guó)不直接參與商品的交易過(guò)程，只對(duì)過(guò)境的商品收取少量的手續(xù)費(fèi)和印花稅；而轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易是由轉(zhuǎn)口商人來(lái)完成的交易，是以營(yíng)利為目的的。

5、貿(mào)易差額與一國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展有何關(guān)系。

答：一個(gè)國(guó)家的貿(mào)易收支是其國(guó)際收支中經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目的主要部分，貿(mào)易差額對(duì)一國(guó)的國(guó)際收支有著重大的影響。長(zhǎng)期的貿(mào)易不平衡對(duì)一國(guó)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展會(huì)產(chǎn)生一定的影響。

D其值小于100貿(mào)易條件轉(zhuǎn)好

E其值等于100貿(mào)易條件轉(zhuǎn)好

6、簡(jiǎn)述當(dāng)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易的主要特點(diǎn)。

答：

1、國(guó)際貿(mào)易發(fā)展速度很快

2、國(guó)際貿(mào)易集團(tuán)化

3、自由貿(mào)易是世界貿(mào)易發(fā)展的主流

4、科學(xué)技術(shù)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的地位日益重要

5、“綠色環(huán)保”日益受到重視

7、對(duì)外貿(mào)易依存度指標(biāo)說(shuō)明什么問(wèn)題？

答：對(duì)外貿(mào)依存度反映了一國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的地位，同其它國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系的密切程度及該國(guó)加入國(guó)際分工、世界市場(chǎng)的廣度和深度。

五、論述題

1、論述對(duì)外貿(mào)易與國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的異同？

要點(diǎn)：國(guó)際貿(mào)易與對(duì)外貿(mào)易的區(qū)別是看待問(wèn)題的角度不同。國(guó)際貿(mào)易是從整個(gè)世界范圍來(lái)看這種商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動(dòng)的；而對(duì)外貿(mào)易是從一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)的角度來(lái)看這種商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動(dòng)的.2、如何正確看待國(guó)際貿(mào)易地理方向的集中與分散？

要點(diǎn)：一國(guó)與某個(gè)或某幾個(gè)國(guó)家的貿(mào)易額占其對(duì)外貿(mào)易總額的比重比較高，則對(duì)外貿(mào)易地理方向比較集中；反之，則比較分散。說(shuō)明對(duì)外貿(mào)易地理方向集中與分散的優(yōu)劣。

3、試述國(guó)際貿(mào)易對(duì)一國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的作用。

要點(diǎn)：

1、促進(jìn)一國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)

2、提高各國(guó)的勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率

3、調(diào)節(jié)各國(guó)市場(chǎng)的供求關(guān)系

4、促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)要素的充分利用

5、優(yōu)化國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)

6、加強(qiáng)各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系

4、談?wù)劗?dāng)今我國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)展的概況及特點(diǎn)。

六、計(jì)算題：

1、如果以2003年為基期（即2003年出口單位價(jià)格為100），2004年和2005年中國(guó)的出口價(jià)格指數(shù)分別為

105和107.8，同期出口額分別為5933.2億美元和7620億美元，請(qǐng)通過(guò)計(jì)算貿(mào)易量來(lái)判斷中國(guó)2004年相對(duì)于2005年出口的實(shí)際規(guī)模的變動(dòng)幅度。

中國(guó)2004年的貿(mào)易量=（2004年的貿(mào)易額/以2003年為基期的出口價(jià)格指數(shù)）×100＝5933.2 ÷ 105 ×100 ＝5650.67(億美元)

要點(diǎn)：

1、貿(mào)易規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大

2、貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)繼續(xù)優(yōu)化

3、貿(mào)易的商品結(jié)構(gòu)和地理方向在不斷地調(diào)整

中國(guó)2005年的貿(mào)易量=（2005年的貿(mào)易額/以2003年為基期的出口價(jià)格指數(shù)）×100＝7620 ÷ 107.8 ×100 ＝7068.65(億美元)

2005比2004出口實(shí)際規(guī)模變動(dòng)幅度=（7068.65-5650.67）/5650.67×100%＝25.09% 答：中國(guó)2005年相對(duì)2004年出口的實(shí)際規(guī)模增加了25.09%。

2、以2002年為基準(zhǔn)年，某國(guó)進(jìn)出口價(jià)格指數(shù)均為100，到2006年該國(guó)出口價(jià)格上漲了9%，進(jìn)口價(jià)格下降了6%，其貿(mào)易條件如何變化？

貿(mào)易條件=（出口價(jià)格指數(shù)/進(jìn)口價(jià)格指數(shù)）×100=[（1+9%）/（1-6%）]×100 =116 答：貿(mào)易條件轉(zhuǎn)好。

第二章、國(guó)際分工與世界市場(chǎng)

一.單項(xiàng)選擇題：

1、國(guó)際分工形成的階段是在（D）世紀(jì)時(shí)期。

A.11-12

B.14-15

C.16-18

D.18-19

2、國(guó)際分工產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)是（D）。

A.自然條件

B.人口規(guī)模

C.資本的國(guó)際化

D.國(guó)家的出現(xiàn) 3、各國(guó)的（A）決定著其在國(guó)際分工中的地位。

A.生產(chǎn)力水平

B.市場(chǎng)規(guī)模

C.自然條件

D.社會(huì)制度

4、在資本原始積累時(shí)期，國(guó)際分工主要是在（D）之間進(jìn)行的。A.發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家與發(fā)展中國(guó)家

B.發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 C.發(fā)展中國(guó)家與發(fā)展中國(guó)家

D.宗主國(guó)與殖民地

5、以自由競(jìng)爭(zhēng)為特征的世界市場(chǎng)是（B）

A.封閉市場(chǎng)

B.自由市場(chǎng)

C.壟斷市場(chǎng)

D.北美市場(chǎng)

6、幾個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家進(jìn)行專業(yè)化協(xié)作，聯(lián)合生產(chǎn)，這是（A）國(guó)際分工

A.水平型

B.垂直型

C.混合型

D.交叉型

7、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平不同的國(guó)家之間的縱向分工是一種（A）

A．垂直型分工

B水平型分工

C混合型分工

D三大產(chǎn)業(yè)分工

8、絕對(duì)利益論和相對(duì)利益論都是一種主張（A）的傳統(tǒng)理論。

A.自由貿(mào)易 B.保護(hù)貿(mào)易 C.國(guó)家干預(yù) D.國(guó)家干預(yù)與自由放任相結(jié)合

9、絕對(duì)利益論提出的國(guó)際分工基礎(chǔ)是各國(guó)間（B）的差異。

A.比較成本 B.絕對(duì)成本 C.要素稟賦 D.要素組合比例

10、在相對(duì)利益論中，國(guó)與國(guó)之間進(jìn)行分工的基礎(chǔ)是各國(guó)（A）的差異。

A.產(chǎn)品比較優(yōu)勢(shì) B.產(chǎn)品壟斷優(yōu)勢(shì) C.產(chǎn)品密集程度 D.產(chǎn)品保護(hù)程

11、赫克歇爾——俄林提出（D）學(xué)說(shuō)。

A.絕對(duì)成本

B.比較成本

C.動(dòng)態(tài)比較成本

D.要素稟賦

12、根據(jù)比較利益論假定A、B兩國(guó)生產(chǎn)X產(chǎn)品的單位生產(chǎn)成本分別為100和90人勞動(dòng)一年，生產(chǎn)Y產(chǎn)品的單位生產(chǎn)成本分別為120和80人勞動(dòng)一年，則（C）

A.B國(guó)同時(shí)生產(chǎn)X、Y 產(chǎn)品，A國(guó)不生產(chǎn)

B.A國(guó)生產(chǎn)Y 產(chǎn)品，B國(guó)生產(chǎn)X產(chǎn)品

C.A國(guó)生產(chǎn)X產(chǎn)品，B國(guó)生產(chǎn)Y產(chǎn)品

D.A國(guó)同時(shí)生產(chǎn)X、Y 產(chǎn)品，B國(guó)不生產(chǎn)

13、里昂惕夫反論說(shuō)明了什么之間存在的矛盾（C）。

A.絕對(duì)利益論，相對(duì)利益論

B.相對(duì)利益論，要素稟賦論

C.實(shí)踐的驗(yàn)證結(jié)果，要素稟賦論理論結(jié)論

D.實(shí)踐的驗(yàn)證結(jié)果，相對(duì)利益論理論結(jié)論

14、在當(dāng)代的國(guó)際分工格局中（C）

A發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之間的分工占主要地位

B發(fā)展中國(guó)家之間的分工占主要地位

C發(fā)展中國(guó)家與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之間的分工占主要地位

D發(fā)展中國(guó)家內(nèi)部的分工占主要地位

15、國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格由于受到供求關(guān)系的影響，總是圍繞著：(D)A國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)值上下波動(dòng)

B國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)價(jià)格上下波動(dòng)

C個(gè)別價(jià)值上下波動(dòng)

D國(guó)際生產(chǎn)價(jià)格上下波動(dòng)

二、多選題：

1、按照參加國(guó)際分工的各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平狀況，國(guó)際分工可分為：(ABD)

A垂直型分工

B水平型分工

C國(guó)際三次產(chǎn)業(yè)分工

D混合型分工

E技術(shù)分工

2、隨著國(guó)際分工的發(fā)展，國(guó)際商品結(jié)構(gòu)與各國(guó)的進(jìn)出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)不斷發(fā)生變化，表現(xiàn)在（ABCD）

A工業(yè)制成品在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的比重上升

B發(fā)展中國(guó)家出口產(chǎn)品的工業(yè)制成品增長(zhǎng) C中間性機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的比重提高

D服務(wù)貿(mào)易迅速發(fā)展

E貨物貿(mào)易比重上升

3、自然條件是國(guó)際分工產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，這種條件包括（BCDE）

A人口分布

B地理地質(zhì)條件

C氣候

D自然資源狀況

E國(guó)土面積（AC）。

A.各國(guó)要素稟賦的差異

B.各國(guó)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)程度差異

C.各國(guó)要素組合比例不同

D.各國(guó)貿(mào)易政策不同

E產(chǎn)品價(jià)格

5、若德國(guó)和英國(guó)在同一勞動(dòng)時(shí)間內(nèi)分別生產(chǎn)8碼毛呢，15碼麻布和10碼毛呢，20碼麻布，那么，基于比較利益原則的分工格局為（BC）。

4、要素稟賦論認(rèn)為，在國(guó)與國(guó)之間勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率相同的條件下，形成各國(guó)間比較成本差異的原因有

A.英國(guó)生產(chǎn)并出口毛呢

B.英國(guó)生產(chǎn)并出口麻布

C.德國(guó)生產(chǎn)并出口毛呢

D.德國(guó)生產(chǎn)并出口麻布

E兩種產(chǎn)品都由德國(guó)生產(chǎn)并出口

6、對(duì)于“里昂惕夫之迷”的解釋，其中有代表性的觀點(diǎn)包括（BCE）

A． 決對(duì)成本說(shuō)

B． 技術(shù)差距說(shuō)

C．要素價(jià)格均等化說(shuō)

D． 勞動(dòng)熟練說(shuō)

E． 人力資本說(shuō)

7． 世界市場(chǎng)中有固定組織形式的國(guó)際貿(mào)易市場(chǎng)包括（ABCD E）

A．商品交易所

B拍賣(mài)

C博覽會(huì)

D展覽會(huì)

E集市

8、國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格根據(jù)商品交易中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)狀況，有世界“封閉市場(chǎng)”價(jià)格和世界“自由市場(chǎng)”價(jià)格之分，在“封閉市場(chǎng)”價(jià)格中又可分為（ABCD）

A 調(diào)撥價(jià)格

B壟斷價(jià)格

C區(qū)域性貿(mào)易集團(tuán)內(nèi)的價(jià)格

D商品協(xié)定下的協(xié)定價(jià)格

E國(guó)際價(jià)格

9、影響國(guó)際分工的因素有（ABC）

A社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力

B自然條件

C政治、文化因素

D人口因素

E地理因素

10、穆勒的相互需求論的觀點(diǎn)包括（ABDE）

A國(guó)際供求關(guān)系決定商品的國(guó)際價(jià)值

B國(guó)際價(jià)值是國(guó)際商品交換的比例

C需求決定于國(guó)際供給

D供給決定于國(guó)際需求

E一國(guó)的商品需求是另一國(guó)的供給

三、名詞解釋：

1、世界市場(chǎng)：

是世界各國(guó)交換產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)、科技的場(chǎng)所，是由世界范圍內(nèi)通過(guò)國(guó)際分工聯(lián)系起 來(lái)的各個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)部及各國(guó)之間的市場(chǎng)綜合組成。

2、國(guó)際分工：

是指超越了國(guó)家界限的專業(yè)化勞動(dòng)分工，是社會(huì)分工的延伸和發(fā)展。

3、絕對(duì)成本論

認(rèn)為國(guó)際分工的基礎(chǔ)是各國(guó)商品之間存在絕對(duì)成本差異。

4、壟斷價(jià)格

是指在世界市場(chǎng)具有一定壟斷地位的跨國(guó)公司，利用其經(jīng)濟(jì)力量和市場(chǎng)控制力量所決定的價(jià)格

四、簡(jiǎn)答題

1、國(guó)際分工分成哪幾個(gè)階段？

答：國(guó)際分工的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展是一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的歷史過(guò)程，是社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力不斷發(fā)展提高的必然產(chǎn)物。國(guó)際分工的發(fā)展大致經(jīng)歷了萌芽、形成、發(fā)展與深化四個(gè)階段

2、簡(jiǎn)述世界市場(chǎng)的含義及其分類構(gòu)成。

答：世界市場(chǎng)是世界各國(guó)交換產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)、科技的場(chǎng)所，是由世界范圍內(nèi)通過(guò)國(guó)際分工聯(lián)系起來(lái)的各個(gè)國(guó)家內(nèi)部及各國(guó)之間的市場(chǎng)綜合組成。世界市場(chǎng)是由各種類型的國(guó)家、訂約人、商品和勞務(wù)、國(guó)際食品生產(chǎn)與銷(xiāo)售渠道、國(guó)際生產(chǎn)運(yùn)輸與信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)和各種市場(chǎng)組織機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)成。

3、影響國(guó)際分工發(fā)展的因素有哪些？

答：

1、社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力是國(guó)際分工形成和發(fā)展的決定因素；

2、自然條件對(duì)國(guó)際分工有一定的影響；

3、政治、文化等因素也會(huì)制約著國(guó)際分工的發(fā)展；

4、國(guó)際分工的性質(zhì)受?chē)?guó)際生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的制約。

4、為什么說(shuō)社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展是國(guó)際分工形成和發(fā)展的決定因素？

答：因?yàn)橐粐?guó)的社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平高，技術(shù)水平也就高，而技術(shù)水平?jīng)Q定了一國(guó)在分工中的位置。生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平高的國(guó)家在國(guó)際分工中就處于領(lǐng)先的位置。

5、在亞當(dāng).斯密的絕對(duì)利益論中，對(duì)外貿(mào)易產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的原因主要表現(xiàn)在哪些方面？

答：

1、國(guó)際分工的基礎(chǔ)是各國(guó)商品之間存在絕對(duì)成本差異

2、以絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品去進(jìn)行貿(mào)易，能使各國(guó)的資源、勞動(dòng)力和資本得到最有效的利用，將會(huì)大大地提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和增加各國(guó)的物質(zhì)福利。

6、絕對(duì)利益論和比較利益論在闡述國(guó)際貿(mào)易分工格局的決定方面有何不同

答：絕對(duì)利益論強(qiáng)調(diào)國(guó)際分工的基礎(chǔ)是各國(guó)商品之間存在絕對(duì)成本差異，而比較成本論強(qiáng)調(diào)各國(guó)按生產(chǎn)力比較差異和生產(chǎn)成本比較差異進(jìn)行分工和交換。

7.大衛(wèi).李嘉圖的比較利益論是在什么樣的背景下產(chǎn)生的？

答：在斯密的絕對(duì)成本論無(wú)法解釋幾乎所有產(chǎn)品都處于絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家與幾乎所有產(chǎn)品都處于絕對(duì)劣勢(shì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之間仍然存在貿(mào)易現(xiàn)象時(shí)，李嘉圖提出了比較利益論。

五、論述題

1． 試述國(guó)際分工對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的影響。

要點(diǎn)：

1、國(guó)際分工的發(fā)展與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展速度成同方向變化

2、國(guó)際分工導(dǎo)致國(guó)際貿(mào)易商品結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了較大的變化

3、國(guó)際分工極大地影響著國(guó)際貿(mào)易的地區(qū)分布和地理流向

4、國(guó)際分工使各國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易依存度不同程度地提高

2．試述世界市場(chǎng)形成的特點(diǎn)。

要點(diǎn)：世界市場(chǎng)的萌芽和初步形成時(shí)期的特點(diǎn) 世界市場(chǎng)的迅速擴(kuò)大時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)

世界市場(chǎng)的最終形成時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)

3． 試述當(dāng)代世界市場(chǎng)的基本特征。

要點(diǎn)：

1、參與世界市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的國(guó)家和地區(qū)增多，世界市場(chǎng)在動(dòng)蕩中不斷擴(kuò)大

2、世界市場(chǎng)在全方位開(kāi)放的同時(shí)，集團(tuán)化趨勢(shì)在發(fā)發(fā)展

3、國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易、合作方式的多樣化

4、世界市場(chǎng)以價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)為主轉(zhuǎn)向以非價(jià)格競(jìng)爭(zhēng)為主

4、對(duì)里昂惕夫反論加以評(píng)述。

要點(diǎn)：里昂惕夫反論是西方國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論發(fā)展史上的一個(gè)重大轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)，它引發(fā)了人們對(duì)二戰(zhàn)后國(guó)際貿(mào)易新現(xiàn)象、新問(wèn)題的深入探索，使當(dāng)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論的研究更接近現(xiàn)實(shí)，補(bǔ)充了生產(chǎn)要素稟賦理論。

六、計(jì)算題分析

1．假設(shè)有甲、乙兩國(guó)生產(chǎn)小麥和布匹，在國(guó)際分工前各國(guó)的投入產(chǎn)出如下：

小麥

布匹

勞動(dòng)投入量 產(chǎn)出量 勞動(dòng)投入量 產(chǎn)出量

甲 15

120

乙 10

120

問(wèn)：甲、乙兩國(guó)分別在哪種產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)上具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)？

要點(diǎn)：甲國(guó)在生產(chǎn)布匹上有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，乙國(guó)在生產(chǎn)小麥上有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。

2．在古典貿(mào)易模型中，假設(shè)A國(guó)有120名勞動(dòng)力，B國(guó)有50名勞動(dòng)力，如果生產(chǎn)棉 花的話，A國(guó)的人均產(chǎn)量是2噸，B國(guó)也是2噸；要是生產(chǎn)大米的話，A國(guó)的人均產(chǎn)量是10噸，B國(guó)則是16噸。分析兩國(guó)中哪一國(guó)擁有生產(chǎn)大米的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)？哪一國(guó)擁有生產(chǎn)大米的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)？

要點(diǎn)：A國(guó)生產(chǎn)大米有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)，B國(guó)生產(chǎn)大米有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。

5、世界市場(chǎng)上商品的相對(duì)性過(guò)剩和結(jié)構(gòu)性的供給不足并存

2、非關(guān)稅壁壘比關(guān)稅更能直接達(dá)到限制進(jìn)口的目的

3、非關(guān)稅壁壘比關(guān)稅更具有隱蔽性和歧視性

2、技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘的主要措施及應(yīng)對(duì)策略的分析

要點(diǎn)：（1）嚴(yán)格、繁雜的技術(shù)法規(guī)和技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

（2）衛(wèi)生檢疫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

（3）復(fù)雜的合格評(píng)定程序（4）嚴(yán)格的商品包裝和標(biāo)簽規(guī)則（5）信息技術(shù)壁壘

3、試論述非關(guān)稅壁壘不斷強(qiáng)化的原因與對(duì)策。

要點(diǎn)：

1、分清非關(guān)稅壁壘各種措施的性質(zhì)

2、應(yīng)付進(jìn)口配額的辦法

3、提高科技水平

4、增強(qiáng)與貿(mào)易伙伴國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系

5、完善外貿(mào)管理制度

4、論述關(guān)稅壁壘與非關(guān)稅壁壘對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的影響

要點(diǎn)：從對(duì)外貿(mào)易發(fā)展的速度上、范圍上以及對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的貿(mào)易影響上加以討論。

六、計(jì)算題

1、美國(guó)進(jìn)口鎢砂5000磅，單價(jià)200美元，征收40%的從價(jià)稅或每磅征收60美元的從量稅，試計(jì)算征收的稅額并選擇征稅的方式。

從價(jià)稅=200×5000×40%=40（萬(wàn)美元）從量稅=60×5000=30（萬(wàn)美元）答：選擇從價(jià)稅。

2、日本進(jìn)口手表300只，單價(jià)5，000日元，每只征收從價(jià)稅15％，并加征從量稅150日元。計(jì)算應(yīng)征收的稅額。

應(yīng)征收的稅額=5000×300×15%+150×300=27（萬(wàn)日元）答：應(yīng)征收的稅額27萬(wàn)日元。

第五章鼓勵(lì)出口和出口管制措施

一、單選題

1、買(mǎi)方信貸是指(B)A.出口方銀行向本國(guó)出口商提供的貸款 B.出口方銀行向外國(guó)進(jìn)口商提供的貸款

C.進(jìn)口方銀行向外國(guó)出口商提供的貸款

D.進(jìn)口方銀行向本國(guó)進(jìn)口商提供的貸款

2、買(mǎi)方信貸是為了促進(jìn)商品的出口，是一種約束性貸款，其貸款必須用于（C）

A進(jìn)口商品

B出口商品

C購(gòu)買(mǎi)債權(quán)國(guó)的商品

D購(gòu)買(mǎi)債務(wù)國(guó)的商品

3、賣(mài)方信貸是指(A)

A.出口方銀行向本國(guó)出口商提供的貸款 B.出口方銀行向外國(guó)進(jìn)口商提供的貸款 C.進(jìn)口方銀行向外國(guó)出口商提供的貸款 D.進(jìn)口方銀行向本國(guó)進(jìn)口商提供的貸款

4、賣(mài)方信貸是一種向進(jìn)口商提供（D）的方式

A短期貸款

B中期貸款

C長(zhǎng)期貸款

D延期付款

5、出口信貸國(guó)家擔(dān)保制為政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)提供擔(dān)保的金額一般為合同金額的（A）

A、80%—95%

B、70%—85%

C、75%—90%

D、80%—90%

6、出口信貸國(guó)家擔(dān)保制的擔(dān)保期限可分為短期、中期和長(zhǎng)期，其短期的期限為（A）A半年左右

B一年

C一年左右

D二年

7、出口直接補(bǔ)貼的形式是（D)A.提供給廠商比其在國(guó)內(nèi)銷(xiāo)售貨物時(shí)更優(yōu)惠的運(yùn)費(fèi) B.退還或減免出口商品的直接稅 C.超額退還間接稅

D.給予廠商現(xiàn)金補(bǔ)貼

8、出口補(bǔ)貼問(wèn)題是貿(mào)易談判的長(zhǎng)期話題，在烏拉圭回合任何產(chǎn)品禁止使用出口補(bǔ)貼，（B）除外。

A工業(yè)品

B農(nóng)產(chǎn)品

C半制成品

D制成品

9、關(guān)于掠奪性傾銷(xiāo)，下列說(shuō)法中正確的是（C）

A．以傾銷(xiāo)方式在國(guó)外時(shí)常拋售“剩余貨物”

B．長(zhǎng)期以低于國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上的價(jià)格在國(guó)外市場(chǎng)上出售商品

C．通過(guò)傾銷(xiāo)排擠競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者后再提高價(jià)格

D．對(duì)進(jìn)口國(guó)損害相對(duì)較小

10、出口企業(yè)以低于國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，甚至低于商品生產(chǎn)成本的價(jià)格，在國(guó)外市場(chǎng)拋售商品，打擊競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手以占領(lǐng)市場(chǎng)的行為，稱為（D）

A出口配額

B出口國(guó)家壟斷

C出口行政組織措施

D商品傾銷(xiāo)

二、多選題

1、在出口信貸中，按照借貸關(guān)系可劃分為（DE)

A長(zhǎng)期信貸

B 短期信貸

C中期信貸

D賣(mài)方信貸

E 買(mǎi)方信貸

2、買(mǎi)方信貸的是向（BC）提供貸款

A 出口商

B進(jìn)口商

C進(jìn)口方銀行

D出口方銀行

E商業(yè)銀行

3、出口信貸國(guó)家擔(dān)保制的擔(dān)保項(xiàng)目主要包括（AB）

A 政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

B經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

C商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

D市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

E經(jīng)營(yíng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

4、間接補(bǔ)貼是政府對(duì)某些出口商品給予財(cái)政上的優(yōu)惠等措施，主要包括（ABCD）A 減免或退還有關(guān)的國(guó)內(nèi)稅

B 暫時(shí)免稅進(jìn)口

C 退還進(jìn)口關(guān)稅

D免出口稅

E 免運(yùn)費(fèi)

5、按傾銷(xiāo)的具體目的將商品傾銷(xiāo)可分為（ABC）

A持續(xù)性傾銷(xiāo)

B掠奪性傾銷(xiāo)

C偶然性傾銷(xiāo)

D暫時(shí)性傾銷(xiāo)

E永久性傾銷(xiāo)

6、外匯傾銷(xiāo)對(duì)出口的促進(jìn)作用受到多因素的制約，出現(xiàn)下列情況作用被抵消的是（ABC）A 國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格上漲

B 進(jìn)口國(guó)同等程度貶值貨幣

C進(jìn)口國(guó)征報(bào)復(fù)性關(guān)稅

D 調(diào)整生產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)

E 減少進(jìn)口

7、經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)的基本形式有（ABCDE）

A 貿(mào)易型經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)

B工業(yè)型經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)

C 保稅區(qū)

D自由邊境區(qū)

E 過(guò)境區(qū)

8、出口管制的形式主要有（AB）

A單邊出口管制

B多邊出口管制

C自動(dòng)出口管制

D共同出口管制

E國(guó)別出口管制

9、屬于對(duì)外貿(mào)易管理的經(jīng)濟(jì)杠桿調(diào)控措施的是（BCDE）A 貨幣政策

B 價(jià)格

C 稅收

D信貸

E 匯率

10、對(duì)外貿(mào)易管理的主要行政措施有（ACE）

A進(jìn)出口配額管理

B 進(jìn)出口價(jià)格管理

C 進(jìn)出口許可證管理

D進(jìn)出口生產(chǎn)管理

E 對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)管理

三、名詞解釋題

1、出口信貸

是指出口國(guó)為了鼓勵(lì)商品出口，加強(qiáng)本國(guó)商品在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力，通過(guò)銀行對(duì)本國(guó)出口廠商或外國(guó)進(jìn)口廠商提供的貸款。

2、出口信貸國(guó)家擔(dān)保制

是出口國(guó)政府為了擴(kuò)大出口，對(duì)于本國(guó)出口廠商或銀行向國(guó)外進(jìn)口廠商或銀行提供的信貸，由國(guó)家設(shè)立的專門(mén)機(jī)構(gòu)出面擔(dān)保。

3、外匯傾銷(xiāo)

就是利用本國(guó)貨幣對(duì)外貶值來(lái)擴(kuò)大出口。

4、多邊出口管制

四、簡(jiǎn)述題

1、簡(jiǎn)述買(mǎi)方信貸與賣(mài)方信貸的異同。

相同：都是為了鼓勵(lì)出口而提高信貸，放貸者都是出口方銀行。

不同：貸款對(duì)象不同，買(mǎi)方信貸對(duì)象是進(jìn)口國(guó)的商人和銀行，其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小；賣(mài)方信貸的對(duì)象是出口商，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大。

2、為什么出口信貸國(guó)家擔(dān)保制可以起到促進(jìn)出口的作用。

當(dāng)外國(guó)債務(wù)人由于政治或經(jīng)濟(jì)原因拒絕付款時(shí)，國(guó)家擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)即按照承保的數(shù)額給予補(bǔ)償，降低了出口商的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這是出口國(guó)政府為鼓勵(lì)出口而較為常用的一種手段。

3、簡(jiǎn)述政府在促進(jìn)出口中的作用。

1、設(shè)立機(jī)構(gòu)研制出口戰(zhàn)略

2、建立商業(yè)情報(bào)網(wǎng)

3、組織國(guó)際貿(mào)易中心和貿(mào)易展覽會(huì)

4、組織貿(mào)易代表團(tuán)互訪

5、組織出口商的評(píng)優(yōu)評(píng)獎(jiǎng)活動(dòng)

4、商品傾銷(xiāo)有哪幾種？判斷商品傾銷(xiāo)的條件是什么？

答：傾銷(xiāo)可分為：偶然性傾銷(xiāo)；間歇性或掠奪性傾銷(xiāo)；持續(xù)性傾銷(xiāo)。

條件：(1)進(jìn)口國(guó)生產(chǎn)同類產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)是否受到低價(jià)沖擊，以使其市場(chǎng)份額明顯減少；(2)進(jìn)口國(guó)同類企業(yè)的利潤(rùn)水平是否明顯降低；(3)是否威脅進(jìn)口國(guó)新興工業(yè)的建立。

5、外匯傾銷(xiāo)發(fā)揮作用的條件是什么？

（1）、貨幣貶值遲早會(huì)引起國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格的上漲，當(dāng)國(guó)內(nèi)價(jià)格上漲的程度趕上或超過(guò)貨幣對(duì)外貶值的程度時(shí)，外匯傾銷(xiāo)的條件也就不存在了；（2）如果其他國(guó)家也實(shí)行同幅度的貨幣貶值或采取提高關(guān)稅等其他報(bào)復(fù)性的措施，外匯傾銷(xiāo)的作用也將被抵消；

6、各國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)有何共同點(diǎn)？

1、目的相同

2、投資環(huán)境開(kāi)放

3、具有一定的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

4、具有良好的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件

5、有良好的自然條件

7、出口限制的具體措施一般有哪些？

1、國(guó)家專營(yíng)

2、征收出口稅

3、實(shí)行出口許可證制

4、實(shí)行出口配額制

5、出口禁運(yùn)

五、論述題

1、聯(lián)系實(shí)際論述建立經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)的作用。

要點(diǎn)

1、促進(jìn)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的發(fā)展，2、鼓勵(lì)轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易和出口加工貿(mào)易，3、繁榮本地區(qū)和鄰近地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)，4、增加本國(guó)的財(cái)政收入和外匯收入。

2、聯(lián)系實(shí)際論出口管制的利與弊。

要點(diǎn)：利：可以維護(hù)本國(guó)或國(guó)家集團(tuán)的政治利益與安全，限制某些短期 和重要物資的外流，保護(hù)本國(guó)文化藝術(shù)遺產(chǎn)。

弊:助長(zhǎng)了國(guó)內(nèi)壟斷集團(tuán)，限制了貿(mào)易自由化的進(jìn)程。

3、聯(lián)系實(shí)際談?wù)勀銓?duì)商品傾銷(xiāo)的認(rèn)識(shí)。

要點(diǎn)（1）存在傾銷(xiāo)事實(shí)

（2）存在損害國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)的事實(shí)（3）傾銷(xiāo)與損害之間有因果關(guān)系

4論述一國(guó)貨幣貶值對(duì)進(jìn)出口的作用。

要點(diǎn)：這種手段也能起到限制進(jìn)口的作用。因?yàn)椋編艑?duì)外幣貶值，出口商用外幣表示的價(jià)格就會(huì)下降，從而提高了商品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力，有利于擴(kuò)大出口。

1、根據(jù)重商主義的觀點(diǎn)一國(guó)必須保持貿(mào)易順差在兩國(guó)模型中是否可能為什么? 思路：在兩國(guó)模型中一國(guó)的貿(mào)易順差等于另一國(guó)的貿(mào)易逆差不可能出現(xiàn)兩國(guó)都順差的情況 重商主義貿(mào)易順差的目標(biāo)必有一國(guó)無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)。

2在分析中國(guó)加入世界貿(mào)易組織WTO的利弊時(shí)有人說(shuō)為了能夠打開(kāi)出口市場(chǎng)我們不得不降 關(guān)稅進(jìn)口一些外國(guó)產(chǎn)品這是我們不得不付出的代價(jià)請(qǐng)分析評(píng)論這種說(shuō)法？ 思路：這種說(shuō)法實(shí)際是重商主義認(rèn)為出口有利進(jìn)口受損實(shí)際上降低關(guān)稅多進(jìn)口本國(guó)不具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品把資源用在更加有效率的產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)中去再出口能大大提高一國(guó)的福利，對(duì)一國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)反而是好事。下表列出了加拿大和中國(guó)生產(chǎn)1單位計(jì)算機(jī)和1單位小麥所需的勞動(dòng)時(shí)間。假定生產(chǎn)計(jì)算機(jī)和小麥都只用勞動(dòng)，加拿大的總勞動(dòng)為600小時(shí)，中國(guó)總勞動(dòng)為800小時(shí)。

計(jì)算機(jī)

小麥

中國(guó) 100小時(shí) 4小時(shí)

加拿大 60小時(shí) 3小時(shí)

1】 計(jì)算不發(fā)生貿(mào)易時(shí)各國(guó)生產(chǎn)計(jì)算機(jī)的機(jī)會(huì)成本。

中國(guó)生產(chǎn)計(jì)算機(jī)的機(jī)會(huì)成本為100/4=25，加拿大為60/3=20 棉花

大米 A國(guó) 240 100 B國(guó) 800 1200

2】 哪個(gè)國(guó)家具有生產(chǎn)計(jì)算機(jī)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)？哪個(gè)國(guó)家具有生產(chǎn)小麥的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)？

因?yàn)榧幽么笊a(chǎn)計(jì)算機(jī)的機(jī)會(huì)成本比中國(guó)低，所以加拿大具有生產(chǎn)者計(jì)算機(jī)的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，中國(guó)就具有生產(chǎn)小麥的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。

3】 如果給定世界價(jià)格是1單位計(jì)算機(jī)交換22單位的小麥，加拿大參與貿(mào)易可以從每單位的進(jìn)口中節(jié)省多少勞動(dòng)時(shí)間？中國(guó)可以從每單位進(jìn)口中節(jié)省多少勞動(dòng)時(shí)間？如果給定世界價(jià)格是1單位計(jì)算機(jī)交換24單位的小麥，加拿大和中國(guó)分別可以從進(jìn)口每單位的貨物中節(jié)省多少勞動(dòng)時(shí)間？

如果各國(guó)按照比較優(yōu)勢(shì)生產(chǎn)和出口，加拿大進(jìn)口小麥出口計(jì)算機(jī)，中國(guó)進(jìn)口計(jì)算機(jī)出口小麥。加拿大進(jìn)口一單位小麥需要出口1/22單位計(jì)算機(jī)，折合成勞動(dòng)時(shí)間來(lái)算，生產(chǎn)一單位小麥本國(guó)要用3小時(shí)，但生產(chǎn)1/22單位計(jì)算機(jī)本國(guó)要用60/22小時(shí)勞動(dòng)，所以加拿大進(jìn)口一單位小麥相當(dāng)于用60/22小時(shí)的勞動(dòng)換回本國(guó)3小時(shí)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，節(jié)省了3-60/22=3/11小時(shí)的勞動(dòng)時(shí)間。中國(guó)進(jìn)口一單位計(jì)算機(jī)需要出口22單位小麥，相當(dāng)于用22*4=88小時(shí)勞動(dòng)換回本國(guó)需用100小時(shí)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，節(jié)省了100-88=12小時(shí)。

如果世界價(jià)格是1單位計(jì)算機(jī)交換24單位的小麥，則相當(dāng)于用60/24小時(shí)的勞動(dòng)換回本國(guó)3小時(shí)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，節(jié)省了3-60/24=1/2小時(shí)的勞動(dòng)時(shí)間。中國(guó)進(jìn)口一單位計(jì)算機(jī)需要出口24單位小麥，相當(dāng)于用24*4=96

小時(shí)的勞動(dòng)換回本國(guó)需用100小時(shí)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，節(jié)省了100-96=4小時(shí)的勞動(dòng)時(shí)間。

4】在自由貿(mào)易的情況下，各國(guó)應(yīng)生產(chǎn)什么產(chǎn)品，數(shù)量是多少？整個(gè)世界的福利水平是提高還是降低了？試用圖分析。（以效用水平來(lái)衡量福利水平）加拿大應(yīng)專業(yè)生產(chǎn)計(jì)算機(jī)，數(shù)量為600/60=10單位；中國(guó)應(yīng)專業(yè)生產(chǎn)小麥，數(shù)量為800/4=200單位。中國(guó)的福利水平從U01上升到U11，加拿大的福利水平從U02上升到U12，整個(gè)世界福利水平上升了。

4、在古典貿(mào)易模型中，假設(shè)A國(guó)有120名勞動(dòng)力，B國(guó)有50名勞動(dòng)力，如果 生產(chǎn)棉花的話，A國(guó)的人均產(chǎn)量是2噸，B國(guó)也是2噸；要是生產(chǎn)大米的話，A國(guó)的人均產(chǎn)量是10噸，B國(guó)則是16噸。畫(huà)出兩國(guó)的生產(chǎn)可能性曲線并分析兩國(guó)中哪一國(guó)擁有生產(chǎn)大米的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)？哪一國(guó)擁有生產(chǎn)大米的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)？

思路：B國(guó)由于每人能生產(chǎn)16噸大米，而A國(guó)每人僅生產(chǎn)10噸大米，所以B 國(guó)具有生產(chǎn)大米的絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。從兩國(guó)生產(chǎn)可能性曲線看出A國(guó)生產(chǎn)大米的機(jī)會(huì)成本為0.2，而B(niǎo)國(guó)為0.125，所以B國(guó)生產(chǎn)大米的機(jī)會(huì)成本或相對(duì)成本低于A國(guó)，B國(guó)生產(chǎn)大米具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。

5、兩種產(chǎn)品多個(gè)國(guó)家的情況。下表給出了4個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)1單位大米和小麥的 勞動(dòng)投入量。

美國(guó) 法國(guó) 中國(guó) 泰國(guó) 大米 2 5 9 8 小麥 0.5 2 3 6

已知國(guó)際市場(chǎng)均衡的大米相對(duì)價(jià)格為2，則按照比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的原則，各國(guó)的貿(mào)易模式如何？當(dāng)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)對(duì)大米需求增加導(dǎo)致大米的相對(duì)價(jià)格上升至3.5，各國(guó)貿(mào)易模式會(huì)受到影響嗎？如果有，怎樣變化？

思路：各國(guó)大米的相對(duì)成本按照從低到高排列依次為美國(guó)4，中國(guó)3,法國(guó)2.5, 泰國(guó)4/3, 國(guó)際市場(chǎng)均衡的大米相對(duì)價(jià)格為2,介于法國(guó)和泰國(guó)之間,所以按照比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的原則,泰國(guó)出口大米進(jìn)口小麥,美國(guó)、中國(guó)和法國(guó)出口小麥進(jìn)口大米。當(dāng)大米的國(guó)際價(jià)格上升到3.5時(shí),就只有美國(guó)出口小麥進(jìn)口大米,其它國(guó)家出口大米進(jìn)口小麥。

6、兩個(gè)國(guó)家多種產(chǎn)品的情況。下表給出了兩國(guó)生產(chǎn)四種產(chǎn)品所需的單位勞動(dòng) 時(shí)間。

芯片 香蕉 單放機(jī) 汽車(chē) 美國(guó) 25 5 10 50 菲律賓 100 1 20 250

如果美國(guó)工資是＄10/小時(shí)，菲律賓的工資水平是＄3/小時(shí)，兩國(guó)發(fā)生貿(mào)易，按照比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的原則，各應(yīng)生產(chǎn)和出口什么產(chǎn)品？如果美國(guó)的工資上升為＄11/小時(shí)，貿(mào)易模式會(huì)受影響嗎？

思路：美國(guó)生產(chǎn)這四種產(chǎn)品的相對(duì)勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率從高到低為汽車(chē)5,芯片4，單放 機(jī)2,香蕉0.2, 而同時(shí)美國(guó)的相對(duì)工資為10/3，介于芯片和單放機(jī)之間，按照比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的原則，美國(guó)應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)和出口汽車(chē)和芯片，進(jìn)口單放機(jī)和香蕉；菲律賓應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)和出口單放機(jī)和香蕉，進(jìn)口汽車(chē)和芯片。如果美國(guó)的工資上升為$11/小時(shí)，美國(guó)的相對(duì)工資還是介于芯片和單放機(jī)之間，所以貿(mào)易模式不會(huì)受影響。

7、假設(shè)A、B兩國(guó)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)相同且在短期內(nèi)不變：生產(chǎn)一單位衣服需要的資本為1，需要的勞動(dòng)為3；生產(chǎn)一單位食品需要的資本為2，需要的勞動(dòng)為2。A國(guó)擁有160單位勞動(dòng)和100單位資本；B國(guó)擁有120單位勞動(dòng)和80單位資本。則

（1）哪個(gè)國(guó)家為資本充裕的國(guó)家？（2）哪種產(chǎn)品為勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)品？

（3）假設(shè)所有要素都充分利用，計(jì)算各國(guó)各自最多能生產(chǎn)多少服裝或多少食 品？（4）假設(shè)兩國(guó)偏好相同，兩國(guó)間進(jìn)行貿(mào)易，哪個(gè)國(guó)家會(huì)出口服裝？哪個(gè)國(guó)家 出口食品？

思路：（1）由于B國(guó)的資本勞動(dòng)比例高于A國(guó)，所以B國(guó)為資本充裕的國(guó)家。（2）由于衣服的勞動(dòng)資本比例高于食品，所以衣服為勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)品。

（3）A國(guó)最多能生產(chǎn)160/3單位的衣服和50單位的食品；B國(guó)最多能生產(chǎn) 40單位的衣服和40單位的食品。

（4）根據(jù)H-O模型的結(jié)論，服裝是勞動(dòng)密集型的產(chǎn)品應(yīng)由勞動(dòng)充裕的國(guó)定 即A國(guó)出口，食品為資本為密集型的產(chǎn)品應(yīng)由資本充裕的國(guó)家即B國(guó)出口。

8、假設(shè)A國(guó)是個(gè)勞動(dòng)力充裕的國(guó)家，以勞動(dòng)力和土地兩種要素生產(chǎn)服裝和玉 米。服裝是勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)品，玉米是土地密集型產(chǎn)品。給定A國(guó)作為一個(gè)小國(guó)參加自由貿(mào)易。

（1）A國(guó)會(huì)出口什么產(chǎn)品？

（2）A國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)服裝和玉米的價(jià)格會(huì)發(fā)生什么變化？

（3）假設(shè)突然有大批移民進(jìn)入A國(guó)，對(duì)該國(guó)的生產(chǎn)、貿(mào)易量和福利有什么影響？請(qǐng)簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明。

（4）如果A國(guó)是個(gè)大國(guó)，上述3題的結(jié)論還會(huì)一樣嗎？ 思路：（1）A國(guó)會(huì)出口服裝。

（2）A國(guó)作為一個(gè)小國(guó)參加自由貿(mào)易后會(huì)出口服裝進(jìn)口玉米，從而導(dǎo)致服 裝價(jià)格上升，玉米價(jià)格下降。

（3）由羅勃津斯基定理，大量移民的涌入會(huì)使該國(guó)密集使用勞動(dòng)的品— —服裝的生產(chǎn)增加，同時(shí)使另一種產(chǎn)品——玉米的生產(chǎn)下降，貿(mào)量擴(kuò)大，社會(huì)總體的福利也會(huì)擴(kuò)大。

（4）如果A國(guó)是大國(guó)，則前兩問(wèn)不變。由于大國(guó)的貿(mào)易條件會(huì)隨著進(jìn)出口 量的變化而變化，第三問(wèn)的結(jié)論有被大國(guó)貿(mào)易條件惡化所抵消，這種貿(mào)易條件惡化的程度取決于進(jìn)出口產(chǎn)品的供需彈性。

9、設(shè)中國(guó)是汽車(chē)進(jìn)口的小國(guó)，對(duì)汽車(chē)的需求和供給分別Dc = 2000-0.02P Sc = 1200 + 0.02P 并設(shè)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上汽車(chē)的價(jià)格為10000，請(qǐng)用數(shù)字和圖形說(shuō)明下列問(wèn)題：

1】貿(mào)易前，中國(guó)汽車(chē)的產(chǎn)量和價(jià)格； 令Dc =Sc，得貿(mào)易前中國(guó)汽車(chē)價(jià)格為20000，產(chǎn)量為2000-0.02×20000=1600。

2】自由貿(mào)易下，中國(guó)汽車(chē)的產(chǎn)量及進(jìn)口或出口量； 自由貿(mào)易下中國(guó)進(jìn)口汽車(chē)，由于假設(shè)中國(guó)為汽車(chē)進(jìn)口小國(guó)，則國(guó)內(nèi)汽車(chē)價(jià)格等于國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格10000，汽車(chē)的需求為Dc =1800，生產(chǎn)為Sc =1400，進(jìn)口量為1800-1400=400。3】自由貿(mào)易對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)者、廠商和整個(gè)社會(huì)的福利影響價(jià)格

消費(fèi)者福利增加a+b=1/2*(1800+1600)*10000=1.7*107

生產(chǎn)者利潤(rùn)減少a=1/2*(1400+1600)*10000=1.5*107 社會(huì)福利增加b=(a+b)-a=2*106

第二篇：國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論

國(guó)際貿(mào)易額：是以貨幣表示現(xiàn)行世界市場(chǎng)價(jià)格計(jì)算的各國(guó)與各地區(qū)的進(jìn)口總額或出口總額之和，它能夠反映某一時(shí)期內(nèi)的貿(mào)易總額。國(guó)際貿(mào)易量：是以一定時(shí)期的不變價(jià)格為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)算的各個(gè)時(shí)期的國(guó)際貿(mào)易額，即用出口價(jià)格指數(shù)去除出口額，得出消除價(jià)格變動(dòng)的近似值。

對(duì)外貿(mào)易依存度：是指一國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易總額在該國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）或國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值(GNP)中所占的比重。

貿(mào)易差額：是一國(guó)在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)出口貿(mào)易額與進(jìn)口貿(mào)易額之間的差額。貿(mào)易條件：是用來(lái)衡量在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)一個(gè)國(guó)家出口相對(duì)于進(jìn)口的盈利能力和貿(mào)易利益的指標(biāo)

總貿(mào)易：以國(guó)境作為為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)統(tǒng)計(jì)貨物進(jìn)出口的方法，凡進(jìn)入國(guó)境的商品一律列為總進(jìn)口，凡離開(kāi)國(guó)境的商品一律列為總出口。

對(duì)外貿(mào)易地理方向：又稱對(duì)外貿(mào)易地區(qū)分布或?qū)ν赓Q(mào)易國(guó)別結(jié)構(gòu)，指一定時(shí)期內(nèi)世界各國(guó)、各地區(qū)、各國(guó)家集團(tuán)在一國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易中所占地位，通常以它們對(duì)該國(guó)的進(jìn)出口總額占該國(guó)出進(jìn)口總額的比重來(lái)表示。

轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易：也稱中轉(zhuǎn)貿(mào)易，是指一國(guó)或地區(qū)進(jìn)口某種商品不是以消費(fèi)為目的，而是將它作為商品在向別國(guó)出口的貿(mào)易活動(dòng)。

垂直型國(guó)際分工：是指經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平不同的國(guó)家之間的縱向分工，主要指發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的制造業(yè)與發(fā)展中國(guó)家的農(nóng)業(yè)、礦業(yè)之間的分工。

水平型國(guó)際分工：是指經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平基本相同或相似的國(guó)家之間的分工，主要指發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之間在工業(yè)部門(mén)間的分工。

世界市場(chǎng)：或國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，是世界各國(guó)相互間進(jìn)行商品、服務(wù)和科技交換的場(chǎng)所，是由世界范圍內(nèi)通過(guò)對(duì)外貿(mào)易聯(lián)系起來(lái)的各國(guó)商品流通領(lǐng)域的總和。

重商主義：是資本主義早期的國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論。絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論：一個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)某單位商品所使得資源少于另一個(gè)國(guó)家同類商品的生產(chǎn)。

比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論：在兩國(guó)都能生產(chǎn)兩種產(chǎn)品的條件下，其中一國(guó)在兩種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上都處于優(yōu)勢(shì)地位，而另一國(guó)均處于劣勢(shì)地位，則處于優(yōu)勢(shì)地位的國(guó)家應(yīng)專門(mén)生產(chǎn)相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)最大的那種產(chǎn)品，處于劣勢(shì)地位的國(guó)家應(yīng)專門(mén)生產(chǎn)相對(duì)劣勢(shì)最小的那種產(chǎn)品，然后參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易，雙方均可以獲得利益。要素稟賦：是指一國(guó)所擁有的可用于生產(chǎn)商品和勞務(wù)的各種生產(chǎn)要素的總量。

要素密集度：是指商品生產(chǎn)中所需要的各種要素之間的投入比例。要素豐裕度：是指一國(guó)的生產(chǎn)要素稟賦中某要素供給所占比例大于別國(guó)同種要素的供給比例而相對(duì)價(jià)格低于別國(guó)同種要素的相對(duì)價(jià)格。要素價(jià)格均等化理論：可表述為，在滿足要素稟賦理論的全部假設(shè)條件下，國(guó)際貿(mào)易會(huì)使得各國(guó)同質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)因素獲得相同的相對(duì)于絕對(duì)收入。

貿(mào)易條件：是指商品的污物交換比例，是以商品表示的貿(mào)易條件，它適用于抽象的理論分析，但不能用于分析一國(guó)一定時(shí)期貿(mào)易地位的變化。四種形式：

1、商品貿(mào)易條件或凈貿(mào)易條件

2、收入貿(mào)易條件

3、單因素貿(mào)易條件

4、雙因素貿(mào)易條件

里昂惕夫之謎：不同解釋：

1、勞動(dòng)者技能水平的差異

2、人力資本的差異

3、貿(mào)易壁壘的差異

4、自然資源因素被忽略

5、要素密集型逆轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)生 產(chǎn)品生命周期：是解釋工業(yè)制品貿(mào)易流向最有說(shuō)服力的理論之一。三個(gè)階段：分為

1、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新階段。創(chuàng)新國(guó)發(fā)明并壟斷技術(shù)、技術(shù)尚需改進(jìn)、工藝流程尚未定型；創(chuàng)新國(guó)生產(chǎn) ；需要科學(xué)家、工程師等高度技術(shù)熟練工人的大量勞動(dòng)，是技術(shù)密集型 ；對(duì)于企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)不是最重要的問(wèn)題 ；價(jià)格比較高 ；創(chuàng)新國(guó)出口，國(guó)外富有者進(jìn)口

2、產(chǎn)品成熟階段。生產(chǎn)技術(shù)已定型，技術(shù)訣竅擴(kuò)散到國(guó)外，仿制開(kāi)始；在東道國(guó)設(shè)立子公司進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)；半熟練勞動(dòng)力，產(chǎn)品由技術(shù)密集型轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橘Y本密集型；成本要比創(chuàng)新國(guó)的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品低 ；降低價(jià)格擴(kuò)大銷(xiāo)路；創(chuàng)新國(guó)對(duì)東道國(guó)的出口有所下降，但對(duì)其他絕大多數(shù)市場(chǎng)的出口仍可繼續(xù)

3、產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化階段。產(chǎn)品已完全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，發(fā)展中國(guó)家也開(kāi)始掌握這種技術(shù)；生產(chǎn)地已開(kāi)始向一般發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，甚至發(fā)展中國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)移；勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)品；產(chǎn)品成本開(kāi)始下降；價(jià)格大眾化；創(chuàng)新國(guó)開(kāi)始從產(chǎn)品出口轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檫M(jìn)口

規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)：指的是隨著廠商生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大，產(chǎn)量的增加，產(chǎn)品的平均成本下降，廠商因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大而獲得額外的報(bào)酬，規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)也稱為“規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增”。

產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易：是指一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)，在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，同一產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)產(chǎn)品既進(jìn)口又出口的現(xiàn)象。產(chǎn)品必須具備兩個(gè)基本條件：

1、是產(chǎn)品中使用的生產(chǎn)要素相近或相似；

2、是消費(fèi)具有相互替代性。形成原因：

1、產(chǎn)品的異質(zhì)性是產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的重要基礎(chǔ)

2、規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)收益遞增是產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易形成的重要原因

3、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平是產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的重要制約因素 新貿(mào)易理論：是指80年代初以來(lái)，以保羅·克魯格曼(Paul Krugman)為代

表的一批經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家提出的一系列關(guān)于國(guó)際貿(mào)易的原因。

內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易：主要來(lái)源于企業(yè)本身規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大。一個(gè)企業(yè)享有內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，它的成本就隨著產(chǎn)量增加而減少，從而得到了生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。這樣它的產(chǎn)品在貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力必然大大提高，占據(jù)貿(mào)易優(yōu)勢(shì)，取得貿(mào)易利益。外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易：主要來(lái)源于行業(yè)內(nèi)數(shù)量的增加所引起的產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大。外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)同樣影響國(guó)際貿(mào)易。當(dāng)存在外部經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)，大規(guī)模從事某一行業(yè)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的國(guó)家，往往在該產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上具有較低的平均成本，這樣，該國(guó)在該種產(chǎn)品上就具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。在存在外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效果的行業(yè)，該行業(yè)在哪一國(guó)最先建立，最先擴(kuò)大了規(guī)模，降低了成本，在很大程度上取決于歷史原因。

國(guó)際貿(mào)易額：是以貨幣表示現(xiàn)行世界市場(chǎng)價(jià)格計(jì)算的各國(guó)與各地區(qū)的進(jìn)口總額或出口總額之和，它能夠反映某一時(shí)期內(nèi)的貿(mào)易總額。國(guó)際貿(mào)易量：是以一定時(shí)期的不變價(jià)格為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)計(jì)算的各個(gè)時(shí)期的國(guó)際貿(mào)易額，即用出口價(jià)格指數(shù)去除出口額，得出消除價(jià)格變動(dòng)的近似值。

對(duì)外貿(mào)易依存度：是指一國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易總額在該國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）或國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值(GNP)中所占的比重。

貿(mào)易差額：是一國(guó)在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)出口貿(mào)易額與進(jìn)口貿(mào)易額之間的差額。貿(mào)易條件：是用來(lái)衡量在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)一個(gè)國(guó)家出口相對(duì)于進(jìn)口的盈利能力和貿(mào)易利益的指標(biāo)

總貿(mào)易：以國(guó)境作為為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)統(tǒng)計(jì)貨物進(jìn)出口的方法，凡進(jìn)入國(guó)境的商品一律列為總進(jìn)口，凡離開(kāi)國(guó)境的商品一律列為總出口。

對(duì)外貿(mào)易地理方向：又稱對(duì)外貿(mào)易地區(qū)分布或?qū)ν赓Q(mào)易國(guó)別結(jié)構(gòu)，指一定時(shí)期內(nèi)世界各國(guó)、各地區(qū)、各國(guó)家集團(tuán)在一國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易中所占地位，通常以它們對(duì)該國(guó)的進(jìn)出口總額占該國(guó)出進(jìn)口總額的比重來(lái)表示。

轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易：也稱中轉(zhuǎn)貿(mào)易，是指一國(guó)或地區(qū)進(jìn)口某種商品不是以消費(fèi)為目的，而是將它作為商品在向別國(guó)出口的貿(mào)易活動(dòng)。

垂直型國(guó)際分工：是指經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平不同的國(guó)家之間的縱向分工，主要指發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的制造業(yè)與發(fā)展中國(guó)家的農(nóng)業(yè)、礦業(yè)之間的分工。

水平型國(guó)際分工：是指經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平基本相同或相似的國(guó)家之間的分工，主要指發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家之間在工業(yè)部門(mén)間的分工。

世界市場(chǎng)：或國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，是世界各國(guó)相互間進(jìn)行商品、服務(wù)和科技交換的場(chǎng)所，是由世界范圍內(nèi)通過(guò)對(duì)外貿(mào)易聯(lián)系起來(lái)的各國(guó)商品流通領(lǐng)域的總和。

重商主義：是資本主義早期的國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論。絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論：一個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)某單位商品所使得資源少于另一個(gè)國(guó)家同類商品的生產(chǎn)。

比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論：在兩國(guó)都能生產(chǎn)兩種產(chǎn)品的條件下，其中一國(guó)在兩種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上都處于優(yōu)勢(shì)地位，而另一國(guó)均處于劣勢(shì)地位，則處于優(yōu)勢(shì)地位的國(guó)家應(yīng)專門(mén)生產(chǎn)相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)最大的那種產(chǎn)品，處于劣勢(shì)地位的國(guó)家應(yīng)專門(mén)生產(chǎn)相對(duì)劣勢(shì)最小的那種產(chǎn)品，然后參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易，雙方均可以獲得利益。要素稟賦：是指一國(guó)所擁有的可用于生產(chǎn)商品和勞務(wù)的各種生產(chǎn)要素的總量。

要素密集度：是指商品生產(chǎn)中所需要的各種要素之間的投入比例。要素豐裕度：是指一國(guó)的生產(chǎn)要素稟賦中某要素供給所占比例大于別國(guó)同種要素的供給比例而相對(duì)價(jià)格低于別國(guó)同種要素的相對(duì)價(jià)格。要素價(jià)格均等化理論：可表述為，在滿足要素稟賦理論的全部假設(shè)條件下，國(guó)際貿(mào)易會(huì)使得各國(guó)同質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)因素獲得相同的相對(duì)于絕對(duì)收入。

貿(mào)易條件：是指商品的污物交換比例，是以商品表示的貿(mào)易條件，它適用于抽象的理論分析，但不能用于分析一國(guó)一定時(shí)期貿(mào)易地位的變化。四種形式：

1、商品貿(mào)易條件或凈貿(mào)易條件

2、收入貿(mào)易條件

3、單因素貿(mào)易條件

4、雙因素貿(mào)易條件

里昂惕夫之謎：不同解釋：

1、勞動(dòng)者技能水平的差異

2、人力資本的差異

3、貿(mào)易壁壘的差異

4、自然資源因素被忽略

5、要素密集型逆轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)生 產(chǎn)品生命周期：是解釋工業(yè)制品貿(mào)易流向最有說(shuō)服力的理論之一。三個(gè)階段：分為

1、產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新階段。創(chuàng)新國(guó)發(fā)明并壟斷技術(shù)、技術(shù)尚需改進(jìn)、工藝流程尚未定型；創(chuàng)新國(guó)生產(chǎn) ；需要科學(xué)家、工程師等高度技術(shù)熟練工人的大量勞動(dòng)，是技術(shù)密集型 ；對(duì)于企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)不是最重要的問(wèn)題 ；價(jià)格比較高 ；創(chuàng)新國(guó)出口，國(guó)外富有者進(jìn)口

2、產(chǎn)品成熟階段。生產(chǎn)技術(shù)已定型，技術(shù)訣竅擴(kuò)散到國(guó)外，仿制開(kāi)始；在東道國(guó)設(shè)立子公司進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)；半熟練勞動(dòng)力，產(chǎn)品由技術(shù)密集型轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橘Y本密集型；成本要比創(chuàng)新國(guó)的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品低 ；降低價(jià)格擴(kuò)大銷(xiāo)路；創(chuàng)新國(guó)對(duì)東道國(guó)的出口有所下降，但對(duì)其他絕大多數(shù)市場(chǎng)的出口仍可繼續(xù)

3、產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化階段。產(chǎn)品已完全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，發(fā)展中國(guó)家也開(kāi)始掌握這種技術(shù)；生產(chǎn)地已開(kāi)始向一般發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，甚至發(fā)展中國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)移；勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)品；產(chǎn)品成本開(kāi)始下降；價(jià)格大眾化；創(chuàng)新國(guó)開(kāi)始從產(chǎn)品出口轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檫M(jìn)口

規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)：指的是隨著廠商生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大，產(chǎn)量的增加，產(chǎn)品的平均成本下降，廠商因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大而獲得額外的報(bào)酬，規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)也稱為“規(guī)模報(bào)酬遞增”。

產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易：是指一個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)，在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，同一產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)產(chǎn)品既進(jìn)口又出口的現(xiàn)象。產(chǎn)品必須具備兩個(gè)基本條件：

1、是產(chǎn)品中使用的生產(chǎn)要素相近或相似；

2、是消費(fèi)具有相互替代性。形成原因：

1、產(chǎn)品的異質(zhì)性是產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的重要基礎(chǔ)

2、規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)收益遞增是產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易形成的重要原因

3、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平是產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)貿(mào)易的重要制約因素 新貿(mào)易理論：是指80年代初以來(lái)，以保羅·克魯格曼(Paul Krugman)為代

表的一批經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家提出的一系列關(guān)于國(guó)際貿(mào)易的原因。

內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易：主要來(lái)源于企業(yè)本身規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大。一個(gè)企業(yè)享有內(nèi)部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，它的成本就隨著產(chǎn)量增加而減少，從而得到了生產(chǎn)的優(yōu)勢(shì)。這樣它的產(chǎn)品在貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力必然大大提高，占據(jù)貿(mào)易優(yōu)勢(shì)，取得貿(mào)易利益。外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易：主要來(lái)源于行業(yè)內(nèi)數(shù)量的增加所引起的產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大。外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)同樣影響國(guó)際貿(mào)易。當(dāng)存在外部經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)，大規(guī)模從事某一行業(yè)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的國(guó)家，往往在該產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上具有較低的平均成本，這樣，該國(guó)在該種產(chǎn)品上就具有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。在存在外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效果的行業(yè)，該行業(yè)在哪一國(guó)最先建立，最先擴(kuò)大了規(guī)模，降低了成本，在很大程度上取決于歷史原因。

第三篇：國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)習(xí)題集

習(xí)題集

山東工商學(xué)院中加學(xué)院

國(guó)際貿(mào)易教研室

國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)（雙語(yǔ)）

國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)（雙語(yǔ)）綜合習(xí)題集

Part I: Multiple Choices(Choose the Best Answer for Each of the Following Questions)

1.The one who buy insurance is called()A.an insurance company

C.the insured

B.a broker

D.an insurer 2.What is the name given to the sum of money which a person agrees to pay to an insurance company? A.compensation

C.investment

B.premium

3.An insurance agreement is called an()? A.insurance policy

C.insurance cover

B.insurance contract

D.insurance document D.commission 4.Under FOB contract, the()is to arrange insurance.A.seller

C.buyer

B.insurer

D.carrier 5.When the seller contracts for insurance, it is a(n)()contract.A.CFR

C.FAS

B.FCA

6.The one who lodges a claim is known as an().A.insurer

C.insurance broker

B.the insured

D.claimant D.CIF 7.()does not have the normally accepted meaning, but means loss in the insurance business.A.Partial loss

C.Coverage

B.Total loss

D.Average8.()is the broadest kind of coverage but does not include all risks.A.Free of Particular Average

C.With particular Average

B.All Risks 9.Risk of breakage is considered to be the()A.Free of Particular Average

C.General additional risks

B.With Average

D.Special additional risks D.TPND 10.The person to whom the goods are shipped is called _______.A.the consignor

C.the shipper

B.the consignee

D.the manufacturer 11.As Swedish arbitrators often are()lawyers, the arbitrators’ fees are usually in line with those of lawyers.A.practice

C.practising

B.practise

D.practised 12.The Institute may also decide to discharge an arbitrator on the()of any lawful excuse or failure to perform his duties in an adequate manner.A.basis

C.excuse

B.reason

D.ground 13.If the institute has requested a party to perform any act within a()time, such time limit may be extended by the Institute.A.specified

C.specifying

B.specify

D.limited14.If an arbitrator is replaced in the course of the proceedings, the newly()tribunal shall decide whether and to what extent a prior oral hearing shall be repeated.A.comprised

C.consisted

B.composed

D.built 15.The arbitrators are()to receive remuneration for their work in accordance with the principles stated above and, in addition, to receive reimbursement of their expenses.A.entitled

C.subject

B.qualified

D.required 16.The international uniform customs practice in written for documentary collection is().A.UCP600

C.Incoterm2000

B.ISP98 17.The payer of promissory note is the().A.drawer

C.payee

B.drawee 18.（）needn’t draft generally.A.Open Negotiation L/C

C.Deferred payment L/C

B.Sight Payment L/C 19.The Opening Banks of L/C deal with（）.A.services

B.goods

C.documents

D.performance to which the documents may relate 20.According to UCP600, if there is no indication in the credit of the insurance coverage required, the amount of insurance coverage must be at least（）of the CIF or CIP value of the goods.A.110%

B.10%

D.Restricted Negotiation L/C D.creditor D.URC522 2 C.100%

D.130%

21.If the cargoes are not discharged from the ship or lighter, then the time of insurance duty under war risks shall be limited to()days counting from the midnight of the day when the vessel arrives at the port of destination.A.15 days

C.60 days

B.30 days

22.WPA is（）in Chinese.A.平安險(xiǎn)

C.一切險(xiǎn)

B.水漬險(xiǎn)

D.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)險(xiǎn) D.2 years 23.The Ad.V.standard for liner freight is calculated on the basis of().A.CIF price

C.CFR price

B.FCA price

24.Unless the Credit stipulates otherwise,().A.Partial shipments and transshipments are allowed B.Partial shipments and transshipments are not allowed C.transshipments are not allowed, but Partial shipments are allowed D.transshipments are allowed, but Partial shipments are not allowed 25.The net weight and G.W for some goods is 28kgs per piece and 30kgs respectively.Its measurement is 45CMX35CMX22CM per piece.If the calculation standard for liner’s freight tariff is W/M10, the shipping company will calculate the freight（）

A.on the basis of net weight

C.on the basis of measurement

B.at the shipper’s option

26.The most frequently used pricing methods is()A.fixed pricing

C.Partial fixed price and partial unfixed price

B.flexible pricing

D.Floating pricing).D.at the carrier’s option D.FOB price 27.In international export practice, in case we conclude a FOB or CFR contract with the buyer abroad, unless otherwise agreed, we must give the buyer notice that the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, so as to enable him to()in time.A.arrange shipment

C.take delivery

B.cover insurance

D.open L/C 28.The CIF contract is a typical “document transaction” or “()”.A.dependent transaction

C.symbolic delivery

B.physical delivery

D.arrival contract 29.The variations of CFR involve only the problem of who is to pay()charges, with nothing to do with the place of delivery or the place of risk separation.A.loading

B.demurrage

C.freight

D.unloading

30.In INCOTERMS 2000, under()trade term, the customs declaration for import is the responsibility of seller.A.EXW

C.CIF

B.DDP

D.FOB 31.Which of the following expressions to quality is right and proper?()A.Chinese Groundnut, Moisture 13%, Admixture 5%, Oil content 44%.B.Cloth Doll Sample No.123, quality to be completely equal to the sample.C.Tetracycline HCL Tablets, Sugar Coated, 250mg, B.P.D.grey duck's down, duck's down content 18%(1% more or 2% less)“.32.If no expiry date for presentation of documents is stipulated in L/C, banks will not accept documents presented to them later than()days after the date of shipment.A.15

C.7

B.21

D.60 33.In Credit operations all parties concerned deal with().A.goods

B.services

C.documents

D.other performances to which the documents may relate 34.If the cargoes are not discharged from the ship or lighter, then the time of insurance duty under war risks shall be limited to()days counting from the midnight of the day when the vessel arrives at the port of destination.A.15 days

C.60 days

B.30 days

D.2 years 35.Under ICC, the insurer will bear the maximum responsibility if ICC()is adopted.A.A

C.C

B.B

D.Malicious risks 36.The net weight and G.W.for some goods is 30kgs per piece and 34kgs respectively.Its measurement is 45CMX35CMX20CM per piece.If the calculation standard for liner’s freight tariff is W/M10, the shipping company will calculate the freight（）

A.on the basis of net weight

C.on the basis of measurement

B.on the basis of gross weight

D.at the carrier’s option

37.As for the(), the charter will employ the master and take charge of the deployment and management of the ship.A.Voyage Charter

C.Bare-boat Charter

B.Time Charter

D.Liner 38.The Ad.V.standard for liner freight is calculated on the basis of().4 A.CIF price

C.CFR price

B.FCA price

little damaged” on the B/L.This B/L is a/an().A.Clean B/L

C.To order B/L

B.Unclean B/L

D.Shipped B/L D.FOB price 39.The shipping company makes a notation such as “Few carton bottom little wet”、“Some carton 40.When a company negotiates payment through bank, which kind of B/L will the bank accept?().A.Clean on board B/L

C.Unclean B/L

B.Received for shipment B/L 41.COD is the abbreviation of().A.Cash of Delivery

C.Cash of Document

B.Cash on Delivery

D.Cash on Document D.Ante-dated B/L42.It should be stressed that the scope of INCOTERMS is limited to matters relating to the rights and obligations of the parties to the S/C with respect to the delivery of goods sold in the sense of,()A.“merchantable”

C.“tangible” such as stationary

B.“negotiable”

D.“intangible” such as software

43.If the parties to a sales contract do not in advance agree upon whether the quantity of goods is determined by gross weight or net weight, it will be determined by().A.gross weight or net weight

C.tare weight

B.net weight

D.gross weight 44.According to the CISG, if the quantity delivered by the seller is greater than of the contract, the buyer can refuse().A.all the goods

C.the quantity stipulated in S/C

B.the excess part of the whole quantity

D.the quantity stipulated in L/C 45.Suppose you are an export and your business place is in China, which one of the following quotation is correct?()A.USD150 PER BALE FOB NEW YORK

B.$200 FOB SHANGHAI C.EURO500 PER SETS DEQ VANCOUVER

D.HKD50 PER PAIR GUANGZHOU 46.Contracts must renewed one week _____their expiration.A.on

C.the moment of

B.against

D.before

47.The commodities you offered are _____line with the business scope of our clients.5 A.outside

C.out

B.out of

D.without

48.We are arranging for an inspection tour of _____the material was processed.A.place

C.where

B.the place

D.there 49.We are reconsidering those trade terms _____might be adverse to the interest of our principals.A.what

C.when

B.that

D.where

50.We find that there is no stipulation of transshipment _____in the relative L/C.A.allowing

C.which allowed

B.which allows

D.being allowed 51.After unpacking the case we found that the goods did not ______with the original sample.A.match

C.agree

B.come up

D.measure 52.If the first shipment ______ , we guarantee that we will send you many repeat orders.A.match

C.agree

B.come up

D.measure 53.It is necessary that an arbitration clause ________in the contract.A.will be included

C.be included

B.must be included

D.has been included 54.Please see that your written confirmation ________by the end of this month, otherwise we will be free form the obligation for this offer.A.reaches us

C.reach us

B.will reach us

D.reached us 55.That helps to explain ______businesses are setting up Net sites even though profits aren’t yet very big.A.that

C.why

B.the reason for

D.why that 56.We wish to stress that shipment must be made within the prescribed time limit, as a further ______will not be considered by our end-users.A.prolong

C.extension

B.protract

D.expansion

57.With computer users linked to the Internet growing _____every year, business is trying to cash in on the worldwide network.A.at million

C.with one million

B.with a million

D.by millions

58.We regret having to remind you that 30% of the freight is still______.A.owned

C.outstanding

B.owning

D.understanding

59.________you fulfill the terms of the L/C, we will accept the drafts drawn under this credit.A.Provided

C.In the case

B.To provide

D.Only if 60.Kindly advise us of the steamers that call _______your port every month.A.at

C.in

B.on

D.for61.It should be _____if you could immediately ________what quantity you can supply us at present.A.thankful, advise

C.appreciated, advise

B.appreciate, advise

D.appreciating, inform 62.We thank you for your e-mail of November 25__B____your purchase of 10 M/T wild rice.A.confirm

C.to confirm

B.confirming

D.confirmed 63.Subject to satisfactory arrangements ______terms and conditions, we should be pleased to act as your sole agent.A.as

C.as if

B.as per

D.as to 64.Our usual terms of payment are _______L/C and we hope they will be satisfactory ______you.A.by, for

C.for, to

B.by, to

D.for, with 65.That helps to explain why businesses are setting up Net sites ______ profits aren’t yet very big.A.even

C.even though

B.although

D.why that 66.The contract between a party who agrees to accept the risk and a party seeking protection from the risk a contract of _________.A.payment

C.shipment

B.production

D.insurance 67.The customs duties act _______an essential leverage on regulating import and export behavior.A at

C.in

B.as

D.to 68.The Chinese word “運(yùn)單” is translated as________.7 A.invoice

C.Waybill

B.B/L

D.Contract 69.When we want to buy something from other countries, we should make ________ first.A.an offer

C.a confirmation

B.a inquiry

70.Swedish Krona is the currency of ________.A.Singapore

C.Sri Lanka

B.Spain

71.Cairo is a city of _______.A.Sri Lanka

C.Egypt

B.Denmark

D.Indonesia D.Sweden D.an acceptance 72.In the contract, usually there is a ________ clause to protect the buyer against loss from delay of the shipment of the goods.A.payment

C.penalty

B.shipment

D.quality 73.This contract is made _______ Dalian International Economical Trade Co.and Kich Boro International Limited.A.among

C.with

B.between

D.by 74.In foreign trade business, the trade terms CFR is often used, CFR is the abbreviation for _______.A.cost, insurance and freight

C.cost and freight

B.commercial invoice

D.consular invoice

Keys to multiple choices:

71

C C A D B B C C 2 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 B D B B C B B C 3 13 23 33 43 53 63 73 A A D C D C D B 4 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 C B A A B A B C 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 D A C A C C C 6 16 26 36 46 56 66 D D A B D C D 7 17 27 37 47 57 67 D A B C B D B 8 18 28 38 48 58 68 B B C D C C C 9 19 29 39 49 59 69 C C D B B A B 10 20 30.40 50 60 70 B A B A D A D

Part II: True or False 1.Exporting gives a manufacturer a large market for his products, while imports have unfavorable effects on the home market.2.Some commodities, like tea and wool, are sold on a tale quail basis and the buyer has to inspect a consignment himself.3.Immediate delivery is known as a future contract.4.Quoting firm prices for many months ahead involves little risk.5.Hedging is an operation adopted by merchants and others in the commodity markets who deal in futures to protect themselves against risk of loss, caused by future changes in price.6.The prices of produce remain unchanged for weeks and months, so buyers can place orders on the basis of printed price lists.7.The manufacturer may appoint a foreign agent who acts as a principal and pays for the goods himself.8.A closed indent is one which names the supplier of the goods required.9.A clearing agent is usually skilled in completing the formalities needed to clear goods through the Customs.10.Advertising aims to make a product or service known to the public in order to sell it.11.An offer may not indicate the terms of payment.12.The price-list and catalogues sent to some companies are also offers with binding effect.13.According to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, an acceptance with non-material alterations or additions can still constitute a valid acceptance..14.According to the CISG, a late acceptance caused by abnormal transmission of the post office is nevertheless effective unless the offeror shows objection without delay.15.Landed quality refers to the quality of the goods re-inspected upon their arrival at the port of destination.16.After issued of the letter of credit, the Issuing Bank may refuse payment if the applicant becomes bankrupt.17.After the negotiating bank negotiates the documents, which are refused by the opening bank later, the negotiating bank may ask the beneficiary for repayment.18.According to the UCP600, a freely negotiable credit must stipulate a place for presentation of documents for negotiation.19.If the L/C prohibits partial shipments and the goods are shipped in full quantity with the price not reduced, a short drawing of 5 percent in the amount is permissible.20.If the Issuing Band appoints the Bank of China as its Advising Bank of L/C, then the Issuing Bank may ask the Bank of Asia to advise amendments to the L/C.21.A bank will only accept a clean transport document.A clean transport document is one bearing no clause or notation expressly declaring a defective condition of the goods or their packaging.The word “clean” need not appear on a transport document, even if a credit has a requirement for that transport document to be “clean on board”.22.The date of the insurance document must be no later than the date of shipment, unless it appears from the insurance document that the cover is effective from a date not later than the date of shipment.23.The war risks both under CIC and ICC are can be covered independently.24.Insurance against F.P.A.means that the insured cannot obtain compensation from the insurer if particular average occurs.25.The insurance endorsement cannot be used as a dependent document.It is only a supplementary document attached to insurance policy or certificate.26.Warsaw-Oxford Rules clearly explain the thirteen kinds of trade terms in current use.27.According to INCOTERMS2000, FCA is suitable for all kinds of transportation.28.The main difference between a CIF contract and a DES contract lies in the fact that the former is a symbolic delivery of goods, whereas the latter is a physical delivery of goods.29.In general, soft currency should be chosen for exports and hard currency for imports.30.The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods does not limit the forms of contracts.31.The “receipt rule” insists that delaying or missing of an acceptance on the way constitutes an effective contract.32.The conformity of goods with samples refers, according to the CISG, to the conformity of the quantity, quality, description and packing of goods with those of the sample.33.When the goods do not conform to the sales contract, the bank may stop payment immediately even if the documents are correct and complete.34.According to INCOTERMS 2000, FAS is suitable for all kinds of transportation.35.Unless otherwise stated in the Credit, a transferable Credit can be transferred more than once.36.After issued of the letter of credit, the Issuing Bank may refuse payment if the applicant becomes bankrupt.37.According to the UCP500, a freely negotiable credit must stipulate a place for presentation of documents for negotiation.38.When the goods are posted, the latest date of shipment refers to the date of Post Receipt.39.If the Issuing Band appoints the Bank of China as its Advising Bank of L/C, then the Issuing Bank may ask the Bank of Asia to advise amendments to the L/C.40.The instrument of payment used in M/T is cheque.41.According to international trade practice, you cannot have the goods insured if you did not have insurable interest in the goods.42.Under CIC, no additional risk can be purchased to insure goods independently.43.The insurance endorsement cannot be used as a dependent document.It is only a supplementary document attached to insurance policy or certificate.44.Institute Cargo Clause(A)has the widest coverage among all its clauses.10 45.When there are optional ports in the S/C, where the goods are to be unloaded must be decided and confirmed by the buyer at least 48 hours before the ship arrives at the first optional port.46.A letter of indemnity is issued by the seller to the buyer to certify that the goods delivered are in good condition.47.When the ship-owner speeds up his ship and arrives at the destination at an earlier date than is stipulated, he can obtain dispatch money from the shipper.48.According to the interpretation of the Revised American Foreign Trade Definition, FAS is suitable for all kinds of transportation.49.The Neutral packing means the packing without the name of the origin.50.Price terms are mainly applied to determining the prices of commodities in international trade.51.Warsaw-Oxford Rules clearly explain the thirteen kinds of trade terms in current use.52.As an exporter, you concluded a deal with an American on basis of EXW;then your transaction risk is reduced the minimum degree.53.According to the interpretation of the Revised American Foreign Trade Definition, FAS is suitable for all kinds of transportation.54.On CIP terms, the seller must pay the freight rate and insurance premium as well as bear all the risks until the goods have arrived at the destination.55.A letter of indemnity is issued by the seller to the buyer to certify that the goods delivered are in goods condition.56.According to the UCP 500, a bill of lading which is issued subject to a Charter Party must be accepted unless the Credit stipulates otherwise.57.When you transport your goods by a Time Charter, you have to pay for loading and unloading.58.When the ship-owner speeds up his ship and arrives at the destination at an earlier date than is stipulated, he can obtain dispatch money from the shipper.59.When the charterer fails to load or unload the goods within the stipulated period of time, he has to pay demurrage to the ship-owner.60.Sometimes when the buyer cannot determine a specific port of discharge, he may require two or three ports to be written on the contract for option.61.When there are optional ports in the contract, the goods may be unloaded at any one of the ports at the shipping company’s disposal.62.When importing on FOB terms, we can generally stipulate the port of discharge.14 An order bill of lading may be negotiable after being endorsed.63.A bill of lading is a transport contract in which the shipping company promises to transport the goods received to the destination.64.In China, insurance companies do not accept insurance based on Institute Cargo Clause.65.Institute Cargo Clause(A)has the widest coverage among all its clauses.66.Almost all the insurance companies provide door-to-door coverage service.67.Insurance against F.P.A.means that the insured cannot obtain compensation from the insurer if particular average occurs.11 68.If you have insured your goods against All Risks, you will get compensated whatever risks occurs to your goods.69.The quantity terms of goods is one the conditions of an effective sales contract.70.In international trade, only the Metric System is allowed to indicate the quantity of goods.71.If the parties to a sales contract do not in advance agree upon whether the quantity of goods is determined by gross weight or net weight, it will be determined by gross weight.72.Net weight refers to the actual tare of all the packing materials.73.Conditioned weight is, in fact, the actual weight of the moisture of a certain commodity.74.The quantity terms of goods is one the conditions of an effective sales contract.75.In international trade, only the Metric System is allowed to indicate the quantity of goods.76.If the parties to a sales contract do not in advance agree upon whether the quantity of goods is determined by gross weight or net weight, it will be determined by gross weight.77.Net weight refers to the actual tare of all the packing materials.78.Conditioned weight is, in fact, the actual weight of the moisture of a certain commodity.79.According to the CISG, if the quantity delivered by the seller is greater than that of the contract, the buyer can refuse all the goods.80.The more or less Clause in a S/C allows the seller to deliver as more or as fewer goods as possible.81.The only weakness of delivering fewer goods than stipulated is that the seller gets less paid.82.The Beneficiary of a letter of credit may indicate his acceptance or rejection of the amendments till when he presents the relevant documents.83.In our country goods for export must go through customs clearance.84.When exporting goods on CFR, CPT or FOB terms, the seller must pay the insurance premium.85.According to UCP500, if documents are in correspondence with L/C’s stipulations, discrepancies between the documents themselves are allowed.86.Banks will refuse to pay if the documents which are not required by the L/C are presented to them.87.When documents are presented to the Opening Bank, they shall be examined carefully within one month.Keys to True or False:

01.F

0 2.T

03.F

04.F

05.T

06.F

07.F

08.T

09.T 11.T

12.F 13.F 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.T 21.T

22.T 23.F 24.F

25.T 26.F

27.T 28.T 29.F 31.F

32.T 33.F 34.F

35.T

36.F 37.F

38.T

39.F 41.F

42.T

43.T 44.T 45.T

46.F 47.F 48.T 49.T 51.F

52.T

53.T 54.F 55.F

56.F

57.T 58.F 59.T 61.F

62.T

63.T 64.T 65.F

66.T 67.T 68.T

69.F

10.T20.F 30.T40.F50.F 60.T 70.T 71.F

72.F

73.F 74.T 75.F

76.F

77.F 78.F

79.F 80.F 81.F

82.T

83.T 84.F

85.F

86.F 87.F

Part III: Definitions 1.tariff 23.clean draft 2.surtax 24.TT 3.anti-dumping duty

25.documentary letter of credit

4.specific duty 26.sight L/C 5.ad valorem duty 27.standby L/C 6.quota 28.particular average 7.import license 29.general average 8.foreign exchange control 30.partial loss 9.shipper 31.constructive total loss

10.charter party

32.open policy 11.shipped B/L 33.warranty 12.clean B/L 34.receipt 13.straight B/L 35.acceptance 14.order B/L 36.force majeure event 15.stale B/L 37.private dispute resolution

16.foreign exchange 38.mediation 17.exchange rate 39.consular invoice 18.offer rate(of foreign exchange)

40.Customs invoice 19.definite offer 41.certificate of origin

20.acceptance 42.pro-forma invoice 21.commercial draft 43.packing list 22.usance draft 44.mate’s receipt

Keys to the Definitions:

1.A tariff is duty or fee is levied on goods being imported into(or exported out of)a country.2.Surtax is an additional tax.It may also be temporary and discriminatory.In international trade, import surtax is often collected to cope with international payment difficulties and to prevent dumping.3.Anti-dumping duty is a fee that is collected by the importing country when it believes that the exporting country is selling a significant amount of goods to the importing country at prices much lower than in the exporting country.4.Specific duty is a tax of a certain sum assessed and collected on an article without reference to its value or market.5.Ad valorem duty is a tax which is graded according to the cost, or market value, of the article taxed.6.A quota is a quantitative restriction or an upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value.7.An import license is a permit for import issued by the government to control the import of goods.8.Foreign exchange control means various forms of restriction imposed by a government on the purchase/sale of foreign currencies by residents or on the purchase/sale of local currency by nonresidents.9.Shipper: the person who makes the contract with the carrier and hands over the goods for carriage.10.Charter party: a written contract in charter shipping between the ship operator and the charterer(shipper)11.Shipped B/L: a B/L indicating that the goods have been shipped or loaded on board on a named vessel, as evidenced by the pre-printed wording or the on board notation on the bill of lading 12.Clean B/L: a B/L bearing an indication that the goods are received without damage, irregularities or short shipment 13.Straight B/L: a non-negotiable B/L in which the goods are consigned to a designated party 14.Order B/L: a negotiable bill of lading in which the goods are consigned to the order of a named party, usually the shipper 15.Stale B/L: a B/L that is negotiated when the L/C has expired or one that will reach the consignee after the arrival of the cargo 16.Foreign exchange is the currency of any foreign country which is the authorized instrument of settlement and the basis for record keeping in that country 17.Like any other commodities, a foreign exchange has a price, which is expressed in another currency.Exchange rate is the price relationship between the currencies of two countries or the price of one currency in terms of the other.18.Offer rate is the price at which a bank is willing to sell foreign exchange to its customers.19.A definite offer is one that clearly expresses the offerer’s willingness in concluding a transaction by providing complete and clear information for the deal.Normally it includes all the necessary items for a transaction, specifies the time by which the offer is valid and the time the acceptance must be received, and uses the phrase “offer firm” meaning that the offer is made without reservations.20.An acceptance is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.21.A commercial draft is a payment order issued by a firm, not a bank, directing another party to pay a specified sum to the payee.22.A usance draft is an order of payment that will be made in a specified number of days after issue or acceptance of the draft or at a fixed future date.23.A clean draft is one that is paid without the presentation of any other documents attached.24.TT is a method of transferring funds by telecommunication system such as telex and cable.25.Documentary letter of credit is a conditional bank undertaking or guarantee of payment.26.A sight L/C is one by which the beneficiary is paid upon presentation of complying document.27.A standby L/C is an L/C representing an obligation by the issuing bank on a designated third party(the beneficiary)which is contingent on the failure of the bank’s customer to perform under the terms of a contract with the beneficiary.28.Particular average means a loss that is borne solely by the owner of the lost property such as damage of cargo by sea water.29.General average means a partial, deliberate and reasonable sacrifice of the ship, freight, or goods, undertaken for the common safety of the adventure in time of peril and/or extraordinary expenditure with the like object such as the charges for towing a stranded ship.30.Partial loss means: 1)total loss of part of the insured cargo and 2)damage to all or part of the insured cargo.31.Constructive total loss means the subject matter insured is reasonably abandoned on account of its actual total loss appearing to be unavoidable or because it would not be preserved from actual total loss without an expenditure greater than its recovered value.In other words, it is unlikely to recover the subject matter or the cost of recovery will exceed the value of the subject matter.32.Open policy is an arrangement in which terms such as types of risks to be covered, validity of the insurance contract, rate, premium, maximum(but not specific)value of each shipment, geographical limits, etc are worked out when the contract is sighed.Each shipment is covered once the assured declares the details.The assured may be authorized to issue against payment a pre-printed insurance certificate which is valid after completion of shipment details and his signature for documentation purposes.33.A warranty is an assurance by one party to a contract of the existence of a fact upon which the other party may rely.It is intended precisely to relieve the promise of any duty to ascertain the fact for himself, and it amounts to a promise to indemnify the promise for any loss if the fact warranted proves untrue.34.Receipt means that the goods have come into the control of the buyer without regard to ownership or to agreement to any aspect of the goods.35.Acceptance means that the buyer has the control of the goods with consent regarding the goods delivered.36.A force majeure event is one that can generally be neither anticipated nor brought under control.37.Private dispute resolution refers to the settlement of dispute privately instead of by litigation.38.Mediation is informal, voluntary process in which an impartial person, trained in facilitation and negotiation techniques, help the parties reach a mutually acceptable resolution.39.Consular invoice: usually a copy or an original of the commercial invoice and transport document that has been recorded and stamped by a consul of the destination country.A consular invoice is a document prepared by the shipper and certified in the country of origin by a consul of the country of importation, e.g., at the consular section of the embassy.It shows the transaction details such as name of exporting firm, name of consignee, country of origin, place of loading, description of goods, quantity, weight/measurement, etc.It is required by the importing country in order for them to compile statistics, to control import, and to check the origin of goods and the credit of exporter.40.Customs invoice: generally a destination country customs form.Such forms duplicate much of the information on the commercial invoice and packing list, and additionally require information or answers to questions of particular interest to customs in determining the admissibility of the goods and assessing duty and/or tax.Such customs invoices are currently required by relatively few countries, and typically only for higher value shipments or shipments of certain commodities, and/or in cases where the importer may be seeking some type of preferential treatment or admissibility by customs.This invoice is required by the destination country in order to clear the goods through Customs, to compile statistics, to verify country of origin for import duty and tax purpose, to compare export price and domestic price, and to fix anti-dumping duty.41.Certificate of origin: a document issued by a government agency, a chamber of commerce or relevant association.An importing country often asks for such a certificate in order to extend preferential duties to goods form acceptable countries, to apply import controls such as sanction, quota, or anti-dumping duty and to collect statistics.42.Pro-forma invoice: a document created in the format of a commercial invoice, but not actually constituting an invoice(i.e., not a demand for the payment of money).It should contain all or most of the information which will or should appear on a prospective commercial invoice should the described transaction materialize.Pro-forma invoice are commonly used as a format for rendering a quotation for the sale of goods, particularly an export sale where the trade terms and/or shipping and other incremental cost must be specially accounted for if they are included within the total transaction price.It is not a record of sales effected already, but a representation of a sales invoice issued before a transaction has been concluded.43.Packing list: a supplement to a commercial invoice to show the details of a shipment when specifications, quantities, weights or contents of individual units in the shipment vary(e.g., car parts).It is used in order to recognize the goods, to clear the Customs, and to check the goods.44.Mate’s receipt: a document issued by the mate of the carrying vessel when loading is completed.Shipper then exchanges the receipt for a B/L at the shipping company.It has no legal authority regarding processing financial settlement of international consignments but merely confirms cargo is placed on board a ship pending issue of a B/L.Part IV: Answer the Following Questions 1.What is international trade? 2.What are the major motivations for private firm to operate international business? 3.What is the most essential motive to pursue international trade? 4.What measures do most companies usually adopt to avoid wild swings in the sales and profits? 5.Pleas give the four major operation forms chosen by most companies.6.What does balance of payments account mean? 7.What are the basic sources of international revenue and expenditure for most countries? 8.Could you find any difference between Direct Investment and Portofolio Investment? If you can, please tell the main reasons.9.What is MNE? What are its synonyms? 10.Please give examples to explain “Services are earnings other than those from goods.” 11.What influences the international operational forms which a company will choose? 12.What limits a firm’s sales?

13.Why is merchandise exports and imports the firs type of foreign operations in which a firm gets involved? 14.What does “royalties” mean? 15.What is “franchising”?

16.What is the definition for contract? What may happen if any party fails to fulfill his contractual obligations? 17.What are the two parties of business negotiations? And give examples as you can.18.Why do the trading parties usually prefer a written contract? What is the difference between a sales contract and a sales(purchase)confirmation? 19.What does the setting up of a contract generally contain? 20.What does the contract proper usually include? 21.Please explain in English what the meaning of chartering is and its character.22.What is time of delivery and what has to be paid attention to in stipulating the time of shipment? 23.Please tell the functions of a bill of lading.24.What are the main kinds of bill of lading in international trade? 1.簡(jiǎn)述國(guó)際貿(mào)易中包裝的重要性及約定包裝條件的意義。2.國(guó)際貿(mào)易中商品運(yùn)輸包裝的要求有哪些？ 3.簡(jiǎn)述運(yùn)輸包裝的分類情況。

4.國(guó)際貿(mào)易中商品銷(xiāo)售包裝的要求有哪些？

5.設(shè)計(jì)和制作銷(xiāo)售包裝時(shí)，應(yīng)做好哪些工作？ 6.條形碼的使用對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易有何促進(jìn)作用？

7.影響定牌生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的原因有哪些？其具體做法是什么？ 8.聯(lián)合國(guó)制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志的原因是什么？其作用有哪些？ 9.買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方制定合同中包裝條款時(shí)應(yīng)注意哪些問(wèn)題？ 10.各國(guó)法律對(duì)實(shí)際履行作為一種救濟(jì)方法的規(guī)定有何不同？ 11.大陸法、英美法和《公約》對(duì)損害賠償責(zé)任的成立各有什么規(guī)定？ 12.各國(guó)法律對(duì)損害賠償范圍的規(guī)定有何不同？

13.各國(guó)法律對(duì)構(gòu)成解決合同的條件的規(guī)定有何不同？我國(guó)又是怎樣規(guī)定的？ 14.處理理賠工作時(shí)應(yīng)該主要哪些問(wèn)題？

15.按英國(guó)法規(guī)定，賣(mài)方行使停運(yùn)權(quán)有幾種方法？行使停運(yùn)權(quán)時(shí)應(yīng)注意拿幾個(gè)條 件？

16.按《英國(guó)貨物買(mǎi)賣(mài)法》的規(guī)定，所交貨物與合同不符違反要件的情況有幾種？

Keys to the questions:

1.International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders.It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications.It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries.Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2.Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3.To gain profit.4.To seek out foreign markets and procurement.5.There are four major forms which are the following: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6.It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation(eg.the United States)and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7.Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8.Yes.There are great differences between them.1)direct investment takes place when control follows the investment.It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad.It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets.Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting.And sometimes it involves two or more parties.18 2)While portfolio investments are not under control.And they are used primarily for financial purposes.Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9.MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise.Its synonyms are NNC(the multinational corporation)and TNC(transnational corporation).10.Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11.The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12.It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13.This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14.Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licensing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15.It is a way of doing business in which one party(the franchiser)the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.16.A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties.And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.17.There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written.The former refers to direct discussions abroad;written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.18.A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction.It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.19.The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements.It generally contains: 1)the title.The type of the contract is indicated in the title;2)the contract proper.It is the main part of a contract;3)the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer;4)the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.20.It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.21.It is also called tramp.A shipping by chartering is a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or fixed schedule of sailing.It is first in one trade and then in another, always seeking those ports where there is a demand at the moment for shipping space.The shipper 19 charters the ship from the ship-owner and uses it to carry the goods.It falls into 3 kinds: voyage charter, time charter and demise charter.22.The time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place by the agreed methods.There are the following ways to stipulate the time of delivery in the contract.In stipulate the time of delivery we have to pay attention to the followings:(1)The shipment date should be made in such a manner that it facilitates the seller and enables the seller to effect shipment on time and perform the relevant obligations stipulated in the contract.For instance, the seller should be given a period of reasonable time for arranging the supply of the contracted goods.(2)Different shipment period should be fixed, based on the availability of shipping space, for contracted goods of different nature.An unreasonable short time for shipment shall cause no little inconvenience to the seller.(3)According to the relevant stipulations of(Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits): Expressions such as “prompt”;“immediately”, “as soon as possible” and the like should not be used.If they are used banks will disregard them.(4)Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, the expression “shipment” used in stipulating an earliest and/or a latest shipment date will be understood to include the expressions “ loading on board”, “dispatch”, “accepted for carriage”, “flight date”, “date of post receipt”, ”date of pickup“ and in the case of a credit calling for or allowing a multi-modal transport document the expression “taking in charge”.(5)If the expression “on or about” and similar expressions are used, banks will interpret them as a stipulation that shipment is to be made during the period from the five days before to five days after the specified date, both end days included.The words “to”, “until”, “till”, “from” and words of similar expressions applied to any date or period in the credit referring to shipment will be understood to include the date mentioned.The word “after” will be understood to exclude the date mentioned.The term “first half”, “second half” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 15th, and the 16th to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.The terms “beginning”, “middle”, or “end” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 10th, the 11th to the 20th', and the 21st to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.23.The Bill of Lading has three important functions.a.It is a receipt for goods signed by the shipping company and given to the shippers;b.It is also evidence of a contract of carriage between the shipping company and shippers.In addition, c.it is a document of title because the legal owner of the Bill of Lading is the owner of the goods.For this reason the Bill of Lading can be used to transfer the goods-from one owner to another.“When the exporters complete it, they can write the buyer’s name in the space, “consignee”.This means the consignee is the legal owner of the goods, 20 as named on Bill of Lading.Otherwise the exporters can write “to other” in the consignee space.Underneath “to order” they write the name and address of the agent.Then the agent in the importing country can endorse the bill to the buyer.In this way the importers can transfer the consignment to their customers.This means that there has to be a separate Bill of Lading for each consignee and several consignments can not be consolidated on to one bill.24.There are several types of Bills of Lading which are categorized in different ways.(1).On board B/L and received for shipment B/L According to whether the goods are loaded or not, the bills of lading can be classified into on board(or shipped)B/L and received(or received for shipment)B/L.A shipped on board B/L is evidence that the goods have been loaded on board a certain steamer.It commences with the wording “Shipped in apparent good order and condition”, According to general foreign trade practices, only the shipped on board B/L is accepted by banks for payment under a L/C.(2).Clean bill and unclean bill According to whether there are notes on the B/L, it falls into 2 kinds: clean B/L and unclean B/L.A clean B/L shows that the goods have been shipped on board a vessel in apparent good order and condition, and there is no modification of the shipowner.This bill of lading is called “clean” or “unclaused”.It confirms that the goods have not suffered apparent or outside damage and there does not seem to be any defect in the packing.By issuing clean bill of lading, the shipowner admits his full liability of the cargo described in the Bill under the law and his contract.This type is much favored by banks for financial settlement purpose.Unclean B/L is generally marked “insufficiently packed”, “covers old and stained”, “wet by rain”, “…packed in damaged condition”, “unclean”, “foul”, etc.There are many recurring types of such clauses including inadequate packaging, unprotected machinery, wet or stained cartons, damaged crates, etc.This type of B/L is usually unacceptable to a bank.But not all B/L(s)which are noted are unclean B/L.(3).A straight B/L, An order B/L and A blank B/L According to whether the B/L is transferable, it is divided into 3 kinds: straight B/L, order B/L and blank B/L.A straight B/L is made out so that only the named consignee at the destination is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.The consignee is designated by the shipper.The carrier has to hand over the cargo to the named consignee, not to any third party in possession of the bill.This kind of B/L is not transferable.The shipper cannot pass the bill to a third party by endorsement.So the bill is of very restricted application.When the goods are shipped on a non-commercial basis, such as samples or exhibits, materials in aid of other countries, or when the goods are extremely valuable, a straight B/L is generally issued.21 An order B/L indicates that the bill is made out to the order of or to order of …any person named in such a bill, which may be transferred /negotiated after endorsement.So it is sometimes called transferable B/L.It is because of this that nowadays, it is commonly used in international practice.A blank B/L is also called open B/L or bearer B/L.It refers to the bill in which the name of a definite consignee is not mentioned.The area in B/L calling for the name of the consignee is left blank, with neither the name of the consignee nor the phraseology of “to order” filled in.This kind of B/L can be transferred/ negotiable without endorsement.There usually appear in the box of consignee words like “to bearer” and holder of the B/L can take delivery of the goods against the surrender of B/L, i.e., ownership of the goods passes when the bill is handed over to anyone.(4).Direct B/L, A transshipment B/L, A through B/L According to the modes of transport, it can be divided into 3 kinds.A direct B/L is referred to the consignment carried to the port of destination directly without transshipment.A transhipment B/L is issued by shipping companies when there is no direct service between the port of loading and port of destination, and the ship owner arranges to tranship the cargo at an intermediate port at his expense.This kind of Bill usually bears such a clause “Transhipment to be made”

A through B/L is issued when the entire voyage involves more than one carrier, where the ocean shipment forms only part of the complete journey and, subsequent thereto, the goods have to be carried by other land or sea carriers.The first carrier issues the bill and collects the freight for the entire voyage, and arranges transshipment and forwarding of the goods at the intermediate port.The shipper prefers this kind of B/L because of the trouble having been saved to deal with other carriers by himself.(5).A long form B/L, A short form B/L According to the contents of the B/L, it can be divided into 2 forms: Long Form B/L and Short Form B/L A long form B/L refers to the B/L on the back of which all the detailed terms and conditions about the rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignor are listed as an integral part of the bill.It is more frequently used.A short form B/L is a document which omits the terms and conditions on the back of B/L.(6).A freight prepaid B/L, A freight to be collected B/L According to the time for payment of freight, it can be divided into 2 types.A freight prepaid B/L means that all the freight is paid by the consignor when B/L is issued by the carrier on which “freight prepaid” is indicated.A freight to be collected B/L refers to the B/L on which “freight payable at destination” is indicated.22(7).A liner B/L, A charter party B/L According to the types of the carrying vessels, it can be classified into a liner B/L and a charter party B/L.(8).Other types of B/L Besides the above-mentioned types of B/L there are some other types such as: container B/L;on Deck B/L;stale B/L;groupage B/L;house B/L;antedated B/L and advanced B/L.1.答：包裝重要性體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：

（1）是實(shí)現(xiàn)商品價(jià)值和使用價(jià)值的重要手段，是商品生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)之間的橋梁。

（2）出口商品需經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)距離輾轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)輸，有時(shí)需多次裝卸、搬運(yùn)和存儲(chǔ)，包裝可保證商品質(zhì)量和數(shù)量完整，方便貨物裝卸、搬運(yùn)、儲(chǔ)存。

（3）商品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，包裝是最后一道工序；在流通領(lǐng)域中，包裝具有保護(hù)商品、美化商品、宣傳商品、提高售價(jià)的重要作用，并可作為對(duì)外競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的重要手段。約定包裝條件的意義在于：

（1）不僅起到保護(hù)和美化商品作用，且包裝本身還是貨物說(shuō)明的組成部分。

（2）按一些國(guó)家法律解釋，如一方違反了所約定的包裝條件，另一方有權(quán)提出索賠，甚至拒收貨物。

2.答：（1）必須適應(yīng)商品特性。（2）必須適應(yīng)各種不同運(yùn)輸方式的要求。（3）必須考慮有關(guān)國(guó)家的法律規(guī)定和客戶要求。

（4）要保證包裝牢固的前提下節(jié)省費(fèi)用，便于各環(huán)節(jié)有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行操作以免使貨物遭受損失。

3.答：（1）按包裝方式，可分為單件運(yùn)輸包裝和集合運(yùn)輸包裝，后者又分為集裝包和集裝袋。

（2）按包裝造型，可分為箱、袋、桶和捆等方式。

（3）按包裝材料，可分為紙制，金屬、木制、麻制品、玻璃制品、陶瓷制品及竹、柳、草制品包裝等。

（4）按包裝質(zhì)地，可分為軟性，半硬性和硬性包裝。（5）按包裝程度，可分為全部包裝和局部包裝。

4.答：（1）便于陳列展銷(xiāo)，以吸引顧客和供消費(fèi)者選購(gòu)。（2）便于識(shí)別商品，以便消費(fèi)者了解，看貨成交。（3）便于攜帶和使用，為消費(fèi)者提供方便。

（4）要有藝術(shù)吸引力，以便吸引顧客、提高售價(jià)、擴(kuò)大銷(xiāo)路。

5.答：（1）包裝的裝潢畫(huà)面要美觀大方，富有藝術(shù)吸引力，突出特點(diǎn)，圖案和色彩要適應(yīng)有關(guān)國(guó)家民族習(xí)慣和愛(ài)好，便于擴(kuò)大出口。

（2）包裝上的文字說(shuō)明應(yīng)同裝潢畫(huà)面緊密配合，互相襯托，以達(dá)到宣傳和促銷(xiāo)目的，使用文字應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)明扼要，并能讓顧客看懂，必要時(shí)可中、外文并用。

23（3）包裝上標(biāo)簽應(yīng)注意有關(guān)國(guó)家的標(biāo)簽管理?xiàng)l例，尤其是食品、藥品、服裝。（4）銷(xiāo)售包裝還應(yīng)注意條形碼技術(shù)的使用問(wèn)題。

6.答：（1）有效提高結(jié)算效率和準(zhǔn)確性，也方便了顧客。

（2）有利于提高國(guó)際間貿(mào)易信息傳遞的準(zhǔn)確性，使交易雙方及時(shí)了解對(duì)方 商品有關(guān)資料和本國(guó)商品在對(duì)方的銷(xiāo)售情況。

（3）條形碼的使用是有效促使名優(yōu)商品打入許多國(guó)家超級(jí)市場(chǎng)的前提條件。7.答：定牌生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的原因有：

（1）世界許多國(guó)家超級(jí)市場(chǎng)、大百貨公司和專業(yè)商店在其經(jīng)營(yíng)出售商品上標(biāo)有本商店使用的商標(biāo)或品牌，以擴(kuò)大本企業(yè)知名度并顯示該商品身價(jià)。

（2）出口廠商為利用買(mǎi)方經(jīng)營(yíng)能力及商業(yè)信譽(yù)和品牌聲譽(yù)，以提高商品售價(jià)和擴(kuò)大銷(xiāo)路，也采用定牌生產(chǎn)。

我國(guó)出口貿(mào)易中定牌生產(chǎn)具體做法有：

（1）在商品或包裝上，打印上外商所指定的商標(biāo)或品牌，而不標(biāo)明生產(chǎn)國(guó)別和出口廠商名稱。

（2）在商品或包裝上，表明我國(guó)的商標(biāo)或品牌，同時(shí)加注國(guó)外商號(hào)名稱或表示其商號(hào)的標(biāo)記。

（3）在商品或包裝上，采用買(mǎi)方指定商標(biāo)或品牌，同時(shí)注明“中國(guó)制造”字樣。8.答：制定原因?yàn)椋海?）運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志內(nèi)容較多。（2）有時(shí)要加進(jìn)一些不必要項(xiàng)目。

（3）各國(guó)和各種運(yùn)輸方式之間對(duì)運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志的要求差異較大，不能適應(yīng)國(guó)際貨物流動(dòng)量的增加和多式聯(lián)運(yùn)的開(kāi)展，不利于電子計(jì)算機(jī)在運(yùn)輸和單證流轉(zhuǎn)方面的應(yīng)用。作用有：

（1）減少了運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志內(nèi)容，節(jié)省出口成本、時(shí)間和費(fèi)用。（2）提高計(jì)算機(jī)操作和審單效率，加速船舶和資金周轉(zhuǎn)。

（3）消除因運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志內(nèi)容過(guò)多和繁雜而可能造成的失誤和困難，保證交貨的順利進(jìn)行。9.答：

（1）對(duì)包裝要求應(yīng)當(dāng)明確具體，做到明確規(guī)定包裝材料、造型、規(guī)格。除傳統(tǒng)商品外不宜采用“按慣常方式包裝”等含糊包裝術(shù)語(yǔ)。另外，除非買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方對(duì)具體內(nèi)容事先充分交換意見(jiàn)或在長(zhǎng)期業(yè)務(wù)往來(lái)中就問(wèn)題取得一致認(rèn)識(shí)，包裝條款一定要明確具體。

（2）應(yīng)訂明包裝費(fèi)用由何方負(fù)擔(dān)。按慣例，包裝費(fèi)用一般在貨價(jià)之內(nèi)，包裝條款中無(wú)須另行訂明。若買(mǎi)方堅(jiān)持要求對(duì)原本不需包裝的商品實(shí)施特殊包裝，導(dǎo)致包裝費(fèi)用超出正常，增加產(chǎn)品成本，或包裝物料剛好構(gòu)成產(chǎn)品成本增加時(shí)，則訂明包裝費(fèi)用負(fù)擔(dān)。若賣(mài)方同意接受買(mǎi)方提供包裝，包裝條款中還應(yīng)訂明寄送包裝方法，包裝送達(dá)日期，送交包裝延遲責(zé)任及運(yùn)送包裝費(fèi)用負(fù)擔(dān)等內(nèi)容。進(jìn)口合同中對(duì)包裝技術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的商品通常在單價(jià)后注明“包括包裝費(fèi)用”，以免發(fā)生糾紛。

24（3）明確由何方提供運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志。按慣例，運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志可由買(mǎi)方提供，也可由賣(mài)方?jīng)Q定。賣(mài)方?jīng)Q定時(shí)可不訂入合同，或只訂明“賣(mài)方標(biāo)志”，由賣(mài)方設(shè)計(jì)后通知買(mǎi)方。買(mǎi)方提供時(shí)應(yīng)在合同中規(guī)定買(mǎi)方提供時(shí)間，如超過(guò)時(shí)間賣(mài)方可提出其他補(bǔ)救方法。

（4）明確包裝不良應(yīng)負(fù)的責(zé)任。保險(xiǎn)公司一般不負(fù)責(zé)因包裝不良造成的損失。在包裝條款中，應(yīng)對(duì)包裝不善所造成損失的索賠問(wèn)題作適當(dāng)規(guī)定，以防止進(jìn)口貨物因包裝不良受到損失，對(duì)儀器、機(jī)器設(shè)備進(jìn)口時(shí)使用的包裝條款，更應(yīng)就索賠問(wèn)題作出詳細(xì)規(guī)定。10.答：（1）大陸法系將實(shí)際履行作為一種主要的救濟(jì)方法。（2）英美法系將實(shí)際履行作為例外的輔助性的救濟(jì)方法。（3）按《公約》的規(guī)定，當(dāng)事人有權(quán)要求對(duì)方實(shí)際履行合同義務(wù)。

11.答：（1）大陸法系認(rèn)為，損害賠償責(zé)任的成立，必須具備以下三個(gè)條件： 必須要有A、必須要有損害事實(shí)。B、須有歸責(zé)于債務(wù)人的原因。

C、損害是由于債務(wù)人應(yīng)予負(fù)責(zé)的原因造成。

（2）英美法認(rèn)為，只要一方違約，就足以構(gòu)成對(duì)方可以提起損害賠償之訴。（3）《公約》認(rèn)為，損害賠償是一種主要的救濟(jì)方法。

12.答：（1）《德國(guó)民法典》認(rèn)為，損害賠償?shù)姆秶鷳?yīng)包括違約所造成的與實(shí)際損失和所得利益兩方面。法國(guó)法關(guān)于損失賠償?shù)姆秶脑瓌t與德國(guó)法是一致的。（2）英美法認(rèn)為，損失賠償?shù)姆秶鞘褂捎趥鶆?wù)人違約而蒙受損害的一方，在經(jīng)濟(jì)上能處于該合同得到履行時(shí)同等地位。另外還規(guī)定，一方違約，另一方有 義務(wù)采取一切合理的措施以減少違約造成的損失，否則本來(lái)可以合理避免的損 失，不能要求給以賠償。

（3）我國(guó)《涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)合同法》對(duì)損害賠償金額的確定，遵循兩個(gè)原則： A、當(dāng)事人賠償責(zé)任應(yīng)相當(dāng)于另一方所受的損失。

B、賠償責(zé)任不得超過(guò)違約方在訂立合同時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)預(yù)見(jiàn)到的因違反合同可能造成的 損失。

（4）《公約》對(duì)此也有規(guī)定、A、一方當(dāng)事人違反合同應(yīng)負(fù)的損害賠償額，應(yīng)與另一方當(dāng)事人因他違反合同而 遭受的包括利潤(rùn)在內(nèi)的損失額相等。

B、為限制守約方漫天要價(jià)，還規(guī)定了守約方可以得到的損害賠償“不得超過(guò)違反合同一方在訂立合同時(shí)，按照他當(dāng)時(shí)已知道或理應(yīng)知道的事實(shí)和情況，對(duì)違反合同預(yù)料和理應(yīng)預(yù)料到的可能損失”。

13.答：（1）大陸法對(duì)此規(guī)定得比較簡(jiǎn)單。大陸法認(rèn)為，只要合同一方當(dāng)事人不履行其合同義務(wù)時(shí)，對(duì)方就有權(quán)解除合同。

（2）英國(guó)法認(rèn)為，一方違約構(gòu)成違反要件，對(duì)方才可要求解除合同；如果一方 僅僅是違反擔(dān)保，對(duì)方只能請(qǐng)求損害賠償，而不能要求解除合同。美國(guó)法與英國(guó) 法的規(guī)定有些相似。

25（3）《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷(xiāo)售合同公約》認(rèn)為，合同一方不履行義務(wù)構(gòu)成根本性違約，另一方有權(quán)解除合同。

（4）我國(guó)《涉外經(jīng)濟(jì)合同法》認(rèn)為，一方違約，另一方在下列兩種情況下才能 要求解除合同：

A、違約必須導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重影響訂立合同所期望的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。

B、如果一方在合同規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)沒(méi)有履行合同義務(wù)，而且在被允許的推遲履行 的合理期限內(nèi)仍未履行，則守約方可要求解除合同義務(wù)。

14.答：（1）認(rèn)真細(xì)致身后國(guó)外買(mǎi)方提出的單證和出證機(jī)構(gòu)的合法性。（2）認(rèn)真做好調(diào)查研究、弄清事實(shí)、分清責(zé)任。（3）要合理確定損失程度、金額、和賠付辦法。15.答：（1）兩種辦法：

A、通過(guò)實(shí)際占有貨物的辦法行使停運(yùn)權(quán)。

B、把行使停運(yùn)權(quán)的要求通知占有貨物的承運(yùn)人和貨物的保管人，但要按賣(mài)方的 指示處置貨物。

（2）未收貨款的賣(mài)方在行使停運(yùn)權(quán)時(shí)要注意必須符合下列三個(gè)條件： A、賣(mài)方已經(jīng)喪失了對(duì)貨物的占有權(quán)。B、賣(mài)方必須在買(mǎi)方無(wú)力償付時(shí)行使停運(yùn)權(quán)。C、賣(mài)方必須在貨物處于運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中行使其停運(yùn)權(quán)。16.答：（1）賣(mài)方所交貨物不具備商銷(xiāo)品質(zhì)。（2）賣(mài)方所交貨物與合同說(shuō)明不一樣。（3）賣(mài)方所交貨物不適合約定的特殊用途。（4）賣(mài)方所交貨物與憑樣成交時(shí)的品種不符。（5）賣(mài)方所交貨物與合同規(guī)定的品種不同。

（6）賣(mài)方所交貨物在數(shù)量上大于或小于合同規(guī)定的數(shù)量。

Part V: Case Study

1.A company concludes a contract under CIF term.It receives a L/C issued abroad on 1 July.The opening date of the L/C is 20 June and the validity of the L/C is 15 August.Suppose that：（1）the L/C stipulates ”P(pán)rompt Shipment“，then the latest date of shipment is（）。（2）the L/C stipulates ”Shipment on or about 20th July"，then the date of shipment is（）。（3）the beneficiary starts the shipment on 10 July and finishes it on 12 July.The ship arrives the port of destination on 20 August.The buyer takes delivery of the goods also on 20 August.Then, the date of B/L should be（）.The date of insurance policy should be（）.The time of document presentation should be not late than（）.The time of delivery for the seller is（）。

2.Company CH exported to a Nigerian company a consignment of torches totaling about 60000 pounds.The relevant L/C from Nigeria stipulated, “The goods shall be shipped by six installments from June to November” Company CH shipped the goods in compliance with the prescription of the L/C in June, July and August, and obtained the relevant installment payments.However, in September the goods could not be loaded on board because a heavy typhoon was attacking the coastal area.Then, company CH decided to continue with the shipment in October.When the documents were sent to Nigeria, the Issuing Bank was justified in refusing payment? Please refer to relative stipulations in the UCP 600 and explain the reasons.3.A ship started on its voyage after loading, but in the course of the journey a fire broke out during transit in Hold A, which had been loaded with stationary and tea.The captain ordered his crew to pour water on the fire.It was found out, after the fire was extinguished, that part of the stationery had been burned, the remainder and the tea had been soaked through.Then, what risk would you have covered if you had wanted to be compensated for the losses? 4.A Chinese export company concluded a business with a British agent in 2005 metric tons of commodity at DM 345 CFR Antwerp per metric ton.The time of shipment was November 2005 and February 2006.The agent issued the relevant letter of credit on time, stipulating the latest date of shipment as December31, 2005.The original ship the Chinese company booked, however, came to the port of shipment on December 31.Because of unidentified reasons, the goods were actually shipped on the 18th of January 2006.The Chinese export company put the issuing date of the bill of lading back to December 31, 2005, and obtained payment from the bank against the relevant documents.The ship reached Antwerp in early April 2006.This aroused doubt from the client, who, after inviting the court surveyors, went aboard and examined the logbook.When the client found out that the actual date of shipment was January 18, 2006, he refused to take delivery and claimed compensation from the Chinese export company.How would you settle this issue? 5.In 2005, a certain export company of China sent a group of businessmen to the United States for purchase of equipment.In New York both parties reached an oral agreement on such items as specifications, unit price, and quantity.Upon leaving, the group indicated to the other party that, when they got back to Beijing, they would draw a contract, which would become effective after being signed by both parties.After going back to Beijing, the group found that the clients withdrew their import of the equipment, and thus the contract was not signed and the L/C was not opened, either.The US side urged the Chinese side to perform the contract;otherwise they would lodge a claim with the Chinese side in the US.Please analyze the case and give an opinion on how the Chinese export company was to deal with this case and why? 6.A Chinese trading company E concluded a transaction in steel with a Hong Kong company W on the basis of FOB China Port.Company W immediately resold the steel to Company H in Libya on the terms of CFR Liberia.The L/C form W required the price terms to be FOB China Port and the goods to be directly delivered to Liberia.The L/C also required “Freight Prepaid” to be indicated on Bill of Lading.Why did Company W perform so? What should we do about it? 7.A Chinese import and export company concluded a Sales Contract with a Holland firm on August 5, 2000, selling a batch of certain commodity.The contract was based on CIF Rotterdam at USD 2500 per metric ton.The Chinese company delivered the goods in compliance with the contract and obtained a clean-on-board Bill of Lading.During transportation, however, 100 metric tons of the goods got lost because of rough sea.Upon arrival of the goods, the price of the contracted goods went down quickly.The buyer refused to take delivery of the goods and effect payment and claimed damages from the seller.How would you deal with this case? 8.The ABC Company exported a consignment of silk.As the shipping marks in the relevant L/C were not clear, the person in charge thought that the L/C did not stipulate the shipping marks.He, then, made the shipping marks himself.As a result, discrepancies occurred between the made shipping marks and those stated in the L/C.The buyers, therefore, refused to pay for the documents.However, after negotiation, the buyers agreed to pay only when the ABC Company had reduced the original prices by 10 percent.What lesson can we learn from this case? 9.Mr.Smith, an American businessman, sold a batch of IBM computers to a Hong Kong importer, Mr.Chen.The sales contract was concluded in the United States of America on the terms of CIF Hong Kong.During execution of this contract, disputes arose between the seller and the buyer on the form and interpretation of the contract.In such a case, did the law of the U.S.A.or the law of Hong Kong apply to the disputes? Why? 10.我某外貿(mào)公司向日本商人以D/P見(jiàn)票即付方式推銷(xiāo)某商品，對(duì)方答復(fù)如我方接受D/P見(jiàn)票后90天付款條件，并通過(guò)他指定的A銀行代收貨款則可接受。請(qǐng)分析日方提出此項(xiàng)要求的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。

11.一載貨船舶在航行途中不慎擱淺，事后船長(zhǎng)下令反復(fù)開(kāi)倒車(chē)，強(qiáng)行起浮，但船上輪機(jī)受損并且船底劃破，致使海水滲進(jìn)貨艙，造成船貨部分受損。該船駛進(jìn)附近的一港口修理并暫卸大部分貨物，共花一周時(shí)間，增加了各項(xiàng)費(fèi)用支出，包括船員工資共8000美元。船修復(fù)后裝上原貨重新啟航后不久，A艙起火，船長(zhǎng)下令灌水滅火。A艙原載有兒童玩具、茶葉等，滅火后發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童玩具一部分被燒毀，另一部分兒童玩具和全部茶葉被水浸濕。試分析上述各項(xiàng)損失的性質(zhì)，并說(shuō)明在投保何種險(xiǎn)別的情況下，保險(xiǎn)公司方負(fù)責(zé)賠償？

12.我國(guó)某出口公司向法國(guó)出口貨物一批，合同中的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)是CIF MARSEILLES，賣(mài)方在合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間和裝運(yùn)港裝船，貨船離港后不久便觸礁沉沒(méi)。次日，當(dāng)賣(mài)方憑提單、保險(xiǎn)單 28 以及發(fā)票等有關(guān)單據(jù)通過(guò)銀行向買(mǎi)方要求付款時(shí)，買(mǎi)方以無(wú)法收到合同中規(guī)定的貨物為由，拒絕接受單據(jù)和付款。問(wèn)：我方應(yīng)該如何處理？

13.某公司向國(guó)外出口一批儀器，合同規(guī)定由買(mǎi)方提供嘜頭，但截至買(mǎi)方提供時(shí)間屆滿為止，仍未見(jiàn)其通知設(shè)計(jì)情況，而該公司貨已備好。問(wèn)：該公司應(yīng)如何處理此事？

14.某公司以FOB條件出口一批茶具，買(mǎi)方要求公司代為租船，費(fèi)用由買(mǎi)方負(fù)擔(dān)。由于公司在約定日期無(wú)法租到合適的船，且買(mǎi)方不同意更換條件，以致延誤了裝運(yùn)期，買(mǎi)方以此為由提出撤銷(xiāo)合同。

問(wèn)：買(mǎi)方的要求是否合理？

15.某公司以CPT條件出口一批冬裝，公司按期將貨物交給指定承運(yùn)人，但運(yùn)輸途中由于天氣原因延期一個(gè)月，錯(cuò)過(guò)了銷(xiāo)售季節(jié)，買(mǎi)方由此向該公司提出索賠。問(wèn)：此項(xiàng)損失應(yīng)由誰(shuí)承擔(dān)？

16.我方按CIF 條件進(jìn)口一批床單，貨物抵達(dá)我方后發(fā)現(xiàn)床單在運(yùn)輸途中部分受潮，而賣(mài)方已如期向我方提交了合同規(guī)定的全套合格單據(jù)并要求我方支付貨款。問(wèn)：我方是否能以所交貨物受潮而拒付貨款或向賣(mài)方提出索賠？

17.英國(guó)某公司以CFR 條件進(jìn)口一批大豆，在約定日期未收到賣(mài)方的裝船通知，卻收到賣(mài)方要求該公司支付貨款的單據(jù)。過(guò)后我方接到貨物，經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)部分貨物在運(yùn)輸途中因海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)而丟失。

問(wèn)：該公司應(yīng)如何處理？

18.我方按CIP 條件進(jìn)口10 頓化肥，先經(jīng)上海運(yùn)輸，抵達(dá)目的港后轉(zhuǎn)為鐵路運(yùn)輸，我方受領(lǐng)貨物后，賣(mài)方要求我方支付貨款和鐵路運(yùn)費(fèi)，請(qǐng)問(wèn)賣(mài)方行為是否合理？

19.我方某公司出口一批凍雞，貨物抵達(dá)目的港后經(jīng)海關(guān)檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)因包裝不良導(dǎo)致部分凍雞變質(zhì)，外商據(jù)此向我方提出索賠，請(qǐng)問(wèn)外商做法是否合理？

20.我方某公司從國(guó)外進(jìn)口一批手套，合同上規(guī)定每箱60 雙，共100 箱。貨物運(yùn)抵大連海關(guān)后，經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)外商擅自改為每箱50 雙，共計(jì)120 箱。請(qǐng)問(wèn)我方若據(jù)此提出拒收和索賠是否合理？

Keys to case study:

1.July 1, 15 July-25 July, 12 July, on or before 12 July, 2 August, 12 July 2.The Issuing Bank was justified in refusing payment because it acted in accordance with the relevant stipulations in the UCP 600 stipulates that If drawing and/or shipments by installments within given periods are stipulated in the Credit and any installments is not drawn and/or a shipped within the period allowed for that installment, the credit ceases to be available for that and any subsequent installments??

In this case, the L/C from Nigeria stipulated installment shipments from June to November, and 29 Company CH shipped the goods from June to August and got paid.However, in September Company CH stopped shipping because of a heavy typhoon.In accordance with article 41, the Credit ceased to be availed for the September installment and the subsequent installments, unless otherwise stipulated in the Credit.In this case, as there no other L/C stipulations, the Issuing Bank was right.3.The loss to the stationary pertained to particular average caused by fortuitous accident while the loss to the tea was a partial one, but general average, the losses of G.A.need to be compensated by the interest parties on the proportion value saved??The insurance company will have compensated for the losses if the goods had been insured against F.P.A.4.In this case the Chinese company had to accept the claim.According to international business practice, the date of delivery is one of the essential terms in a contract, which means that, if one party breaches the date of delivery, the other party may ask for compensation from that party.In this case, the seller put back the real date of shipment so as to cheat the buyer and get paid from the relevant bank, thus trying to escape the responsibilities for the delay of shipment.This is not allowed in business practice because the prices in international markets are frequently changing;therefore, time is money.If the buyer had received his goods in time, he might have been able to grasp a good opportunity and achieve a good profit.On the contrary, as a result of delay on the part of the seller, the buyer lost the chance.5.According to Article 11 of CISG: “A contract of sale need not be concluded in, or evidenced by, writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form.It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.” Though China and the US are both member countries of the CISG, China declared that it won’t be bound by Article 11 and its related articles.That is to say, any kind of contracts in China must be evidencing by writing.In this case, though both companies agreed orally as to the main terms of the sales contract, there is no writing evidencing the contract.This contract, according to Chinese law, is not effective.6 In this case the contract was concluded between Company E and Company W on FOB term, according to which the seller(Company E)ended his responsibilities when he delivered the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment.He did not need to pay for transportation of the goods or the insurance premium.Therefore, it was not right for W to ask E to pay the freight and indicate “Freight Repaid” on the Bill of Lading.The reason why W asked E to do that might be that he wanted to transfer the freight charges to E.However, in practical dealings, foreign trade companies often come across such situations, especially when a contract is concluded with an agent, who wants to resells the goods.In this case, E might comply with W’s request, but he had to indicated that the freight should be borne by W.7.According to Article 11 of CISG: “A contract of sale need not be concluded in, or evidenced by, writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form.It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.” Though China and the US are both member countries of the CISG, China declared that it won’t be bound by Article 11 and its related articles.That is to say, any kind of 30 contracts in China must be evidencing by writing.In this case, though both companies agreed orally as to the main terms of the sales contract, there is no writing evidencing the contract.This contract, according to Chinese law, is not effective.8.The most important lesson we can learn is that, it is essential for the exporter to present documents in accordance with the stipulations of the relevant LC.In this case, finding the shipping marks illegible on the LC, the export salesman in the ABC Company, instead of asking the buyer for clarification, decided the shipping marks himself.This constituted discrepancy between the documents and the LC.Article 14 of the UCP500 clearly indicates, “When the Issuing Bank authorizes another bank to pay, incur a deferred payment undertaking, accept draft(s), or negotiate against documents which appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit…” It is clear that the documents presented must be in conformity with the stipulations in the L/C.9.The law of the United States of America applies to this contract because:(a)this was a CIF contract;(b)the place of conclusion of the contract was in the USA;(c)the place of the execution of the contract was also in the USA.The seller completed these responsibilities after he delivered the goods at the port of the USA.10.（1）提出將D/P即期改D/P90天遠(yuǎn)期，旨在推遲付款，利其資金周轉(zhuǎn)。

（2）而日商指定A銀行作為該批托收業(yè)務(wù)的代收行，則是為了便于向該行借單，以便早日獲取經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

在一般的D/P遠(yuǎn)期業(yè)務(wù)中，代收行在未經(jīng)授權(quán)的情況下通常是不會(huì)輕易同意付款人借單的。該日商所以提出通過(guò)A銀行代收貨款的原因，當(dāng)然是該商與A銀行有既定融資關(guān)系，從而可取得提前借單的便利，以達(dá)到進(jìn)一步利用我方資金的目的。

11.（1）案中因觸礁造成船底劃破，致使海水滲入貨艙，造成船貨的部分損失以及船舶遇惡劣氣候，導(dǎo)致裝載的某貨主的一部分貨物被海水浸濕的損失，屬單獨(dú)海損； 而因修理船只所花費(fèi)的修理費(fèi)和各項(xiàng)費(fèi)用開(kāi)支共8000美元屬共同海損。A艙起火使一部分兒童玩具被燒毀屬于單獨(dú)海損；

而因灌水滅火使另一部分兒童玩具和全部茶葉被水浸濕屬共同海損。

（2）在投保了平安險(xiǎn)的情況下，被保險(xiǎn)人有權(quán)就案中所有損失向保險(xiǎn)公司提出賠償要求。

12.本案買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方訂立的是CIF合同。CIF合同的含義是賣(mài)方負(fù)擔(dān)貨物在裝運(yùn)港越過(guò)船舷前的一切責(zé)任、費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2000通則在CIF解釋中的第B5款規(guī)定：“買(mǎi)方負(fù)擔(dān)貨物越過(guò)裝運(yùn)港的船舷后一切貨損貨差的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”。因此，貨船在途中沉沒(méi)造成的貨物損失應(yīng)由買(mǎi)方負(fù)擔(dān)，買(mǎi)方應(yīng)接受所有單據(jù)并且按合同規(guī)定支付全部貨款。在接受單據(jù)后，買(mǎi)方可以憑單據(jù)向保險(xiǎn)單載明的承保人（保險(xiǎn)公司）索賠，通?？梢垣@得相當(dāng)于貨物價(jià)值1.1倍的賠償。

13.（1）按國(guó)際貿(mào)易習(xí)慣，嘜頭由買(mǎi)方提供時(shí)在合同中應(yīng)規(guī)定買(mǎi)方提供時(shí)間。如超過(guò)時(shí)間，賣(mài)方可提出其他補(bǔ)救辦法，如自行規(guī)定嘜頭。

（2）該公司在此情況下應(yīng)致電買(mǎi)方詢問(wèn)延誤原因，請(qǐng)其快速電告所設(shè)計(jì)嘜頭，否則將由該公司自行規(guī)定。

14．買(mǎi)方的要求不盡合理。理由如下：

采用FOB術(shù)語(yǔ)成交，一般由買(mǎi)方負(fù)責(zé)租船訂艙。賣(mài)方可以接受賣(mài)方的委托代為租船訂艙，但賣(mài)方不承擔(dān)租不到船的責(zé)任和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。就此案例來(lái)說(shuō)，因公司代為租船沒(méi)有租到，買(mǎi)方又不同意更換條件，因此，該公司不承擔(dān)因自己未租到船而延誤裝運(yùn)的責(zé)任，買(mǎi)方也不能因此提出撤消合同。所以，買(mǎi)方的要求不合理，責(zé)任和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)該由買(mǎi)方自己承擔(dān)。

15.此項(xiàng)損失應(yīng)由買(mǎi)方承擔(dān)，買(mǎi)方不應(yīng)該向該公司提出索賠。以CPT術(shù)語(yǔ)成交時(shí)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移以貨交承運(yùn)人為界，即賣(mài)方將貨物交給指定承運(yùn)人，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)即由賣(mài)方轉(zhuǎn)移至買(mǎi)方，買(mǎi)方可投貨物保險(xiǎn)以確保損失最小。就本案例而言，該公司已將貨物交給承運(yùn)人，運(yùn)輸途中及后期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均由買(mǎi)方自己承擔(dān)，因此，該公司可拒絕買(mǎi)方的索賠要求。

16.我方不能因床單受潮而拒付貨款，也不能向賣(mài)方提出索賠。理由如下：

（1）采用CIF 術(shù)語(yǔ)成交時(shí)，屬于象征性交貨，賣(mài)方是憑單交貨，買(mǎi)方是憑單付款，只要賣(mài)方如期向買(mǎi)方提交了合同規(guī)定的全套合格單據(jù)，即使貨物在運(yùn)輸途中損壞或滅失，買(mǎi)方也必須旅行付款義務(wù)。反之，如果賣(mài)方提交的單據(jù)不符合要求，即使貨物完好無(wú)損地運(yùn)達(dá)目的地，買(mǎi)方仍有權(quán)拒付貨款。就此案例而言，賣(mài)方提交了全套合格單據(jù)，我方應(yīng)支付貨款。（2）在CIF 條件下，買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移界限以船舷為界。貨物越過(guò)船舷后的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)由買(mǎi)方負(fù)擔(dān)。就本案例可以看出，貨物越過(guò)船舷之前是完好的，因此賣(mài)方不承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。我方據(jù)此不能向賣(mài)方提出索賠，可依據(jù)所投險(xiǎn)別向保險(xiǎn)公司提出索賠。17.該公司可向賣(mài)方提出索賠。理由如下：

按CFR 條件成交時(shí)，盡管貨物在海運(yùn)途中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)已轉(zhuǎn)移給買(mǎi)方，但買(mǎi)方為降低自己的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可辦理貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)，這取決于賣(mài)方是否及時(shí)向買(mǎi)方發(fā)出裝運(yùn)通知。據(jù)慣例解釋，如果賣(mài)方未及時(shí)向買(mǎi)方發(fā)出裝運(yùn)通知，導(dǎo)致買(mǎi)方未能及時(shí)辦理保險(xiǎn)手續(xù)，由此引起的損失由賣(mài)方負(fù)擔(dān)。就本案例而言，該公司貨物部分丟失是由于賣(mài)方未發(fā)出裝船通知而公司未辦理保險(xiǎn)手續(xù)而引起的損失，故此，該公司應(yīng)向賣(mài)方提出索賠。

18.按照CIP 條件成交，賣(mài)方要承擔(dān)保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)和運(yùn)費(fèi)。因?yàn)镃IP 條件適合于各種運(yùn)輸方式，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是在承運(yùn)人控制貨物時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移，所以賣(mài)方要負(fù)責(zé)辦理交貨地點(diǎn)到指定目的地的全程運(yùn)輸，而不僅僅是水上運(yùn)輸，因此賣(mài)方應(yīng)支付全程運(yùn)費(fèi)。就本案例而言，賣(mài)方支付了海上運(yùn)輸?shù)馁M(fèi)用，但并沒(méi)有將貨物送往指定目的地，因此還需支付鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)馁M(fèi)用。由此，我方應(yīng)支付貨款，但不需支付鐵路運(yùn)費(fèi)，賣(mài)方行為不盡合理。

19.（1）外商做法是否合理應(yīng)從兩個(gè)方面來(lái)看。（2）一般來(lái)講，保險(xiǎn)公司不負(fù)責(zé)因包裝不良所造成的損失。所以在進(jìn)口合同條款中外商應(yīng)對(duì)包裝不善造成的損失的索賠問(wèn)題做出詳細(xì)規(guī)定。若買(mǎi)方已做出規(guī)定，包裝不良造成損失由賣(mài)方負(fù)責(zé)，那么外商的做法是合理的。若買(mǎi)方未作具體規(guī)定，則外商做法不盡合理，應(yīng)由雙方協(xié)商解決，或提交仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)解決。20.（1）我方據(jù)此提出拒收或索賠是完全合理的。（2）在國(guó)際貨物買(mǎi)賣(mài)中，如一方違反了所約定的包裝條件，另一方有權(quán)提出索賠，甚至可以拒收貨物。由此可知，雖然外商交貨數(shù)量與合同規(guī)定數(shù)量相符，但他的行為違反了合同中的包裝條款，已構(gòu)成違約，我方可以提出拒收或索賠。

Part VI: Calculation 1.Company A in China exports some goods in carton to UK.They quote: USD50 PER CARTON CFR LONDON.But the businessman in UK requires FOBC2 price.To meet his requirement, how much should we offer then?（Suppose：the measurement of the carton is 45CM x 40CM x 25CM;the gross weight for one carton of goods is 35kgs;the calculation standard for freight tariff is W/M;the basic freight rate is USD120 per freight ton;the BAF is 20% and the port surcharge is10%）。2.We import from Australia 1000 bales of wool.the standard weight is 136.08kg each bale.When the goods reach China, the actual weight of a bale is 137.092kg, the actual moisture measuring 11.84%.Then what is the conditioned weight in total should be?(The acceptable international standard regaining water content of wool and raw silk is 11%.)3.我某公司以CIFC3％條件出口一批貨物，外銷(xiāo)價(jià)為每公噸1000 美元，支付運(yùn)費(fèi)80 美元，保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)10 美元。該公司進(jìn)貨成本為每公噸4000 元人民幣，國(guó)內(nèi)直接和間接費(fèi)用加15％。求該商品出口總成本、出口外匯凈收入、出口換匯成本。

4.我方某公司對(duì)外報(bào)價(jià)FOB 價(jià)每公噸500 美元，外商來(lái)電要求改報(bào)CIF 紐約含傭金3％，保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率合計(jì)為0.8％，國(guó)外運(yùn)費(fèi)每公噸60 美元。請(qǐng)計(jì)算我方應(yīng)報(bào)價(jià)。

5.我方對(duì)外報(bào)價(jià)每公噸1000 美元CIF 新加坡，外商來(lái)電要求改報(bào)FOB 價(jià)中國(guó)口岸，已知保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率為0.85％，國(guó)外運(yùn)費(fèi)每公噸75 美元，試計(jì)算我方應(yīng)報(bào)價(jià)。

6.我方某公司對(duì)外商報(bào)價(jià)為CFR 價(jià)1000 美元，外商要求改報(bào)CFRC4％價(jià)，我方應(yīng)報(bào)價(jià)多少? 7.某合同規(guī)定：CIF 香港，每公噸1000 美元，折扣2％。根據(jù)該合同成交的進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)中出口方每公噸凈收入是多少？

8.買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方訂立合同，規(guī)定整套機(jī)械設(shè)備初步價(jià)款為100 萬(wàn)美元，雙方約定原材料、工資、管理費(fèi)和利潤(rùn)在價(jià)格中的比重分別為50％、30％、20％。簽訂合同時(shí)物價(jià)指數(shù)、工資指數(shù)均為100，交貨時(shí)原材料物價(jià)指數(shù)、工資指數(shù)分別上升至110、112。假設(shè)雙方約定按物價(jià)指數(shù)和工資指數(shù)調(diào)整價(jià)款，那么最終價(jià)格應(yīng)為多少？

Keys to calculation:

1.1）measurement ton of the carton:0.45*0.4*0.25=0.045 2）weight ton of the carton:0.035 3）0.045>0.035 Based on the w/m, so choose the measurement ton 4)FREIGHT= Freight ton x Basic Freight per F/T x(1+additional freight rates)= 0.045*120*(1+20%+10%)=7.02

5)FOB=CFR-F=50-7.02=42.98(USD)

6)FOBC2=FOB/(1-commission rate)=42.98/(1-2%)=43.86(USD)So, we offer USD43.86 PER CARTON FOBC2 CHINA PORTS.33 2.Wa x(1+standard regaining rate of water)Wc =-1 + actual regaining rate of water In which: Wa-Actual Weight Wc-Conditioned Weight

In this case: Wa = 1000 x 137.092 = 137092 KGS standard regaining rate of water = 11% actual regaining rate of water = 11.84% so, Wc = 137092(1+ 11%)/(1+ 11.84%)= 136062.34KGS 3.解：出口總成本＝4000×（1＋15％）＝4600（人民幣元）

出口外匯凈收入＝1000－（80＋10＋1000×3％）＝880（美元）出口換匯成本＝4600÷880≈5.227（人民幣元/美元）

4.解：CIFC3％紐約價(jià)＝（500＋60）÷（1－1.1×0.8％－3％）≈582.6（美元）5.解：fob 中國(guó)岸價(jià)＝1000×（1－1.1×0.85％）－75＝915.65（美元）6.解：CFRC4％價(jià)＝1000÷（1－4％）≈1041.7（美元）7.解：出口方單位商品凈收入＝1000×（1－2％）＝980（美元）8.解：按題意可知P0＝100 萬(wàn)，A＝20％，B＝50％，C＝30％，M＝110，M0＝100，W＝112，W0＝100 則最終價(jià)格P＝100×（20％＋50％×110/100＋30％×112/100）＝108.6（萬(wàn)美元）

第四篇：傳統(tǒng)國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論

第三章傳統(tǒng)國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論

一、名詞解釋

1重商主義2.零和游戲3.絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論

4．比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論5.要素稟賦6.要素密集度

二、單項(xiàng)選擇題

1.重商主義的基本觀點(diǎn)是一種()。

A．國(guó)際金融的“乘數(shù)理論”B.國(guó)際貿(mào)易的“零和理論”

C.國(guó)際金融的“杠桿原理”D.國(guó)際貿(mào)易的“絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論”

2.國(guó)際分工—國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論的創(chuàng)始者是()。

A、亞當(dāng)·斯密B.大衛(wèi)·李嘉圖

C.赫克歇爾D.俄林

3.假如A國(guó)使用同樣數(shù)量的時(shí)間比B國(guó)生產(chǎn)更多同種商品X,那么A國(guó)在商品X的生產(chǎn)上()。

A．有相對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)B.有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)

C.相對(duì)有利D.絕對(duì)不利

4．國(guó)際分工的形成與發(fā)展受到各種因素的影響，其中決定性因素是()。

A．自然條件B.社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力

C.上層建筑D.生產(chǎn)關(guān)系

三、簡(jiǎn)答題

1．試述重商主義的要旨。

2．試述絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)理論的主要論點(diǎn)。

3．試述比較優(yōu)勢(shì)理論的主要內(nèi)容，并簡(jiǎn)評(píng)之。

4、有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)的一定有絕對(duì)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，但有絕對(duì)的優(yōu)勢(shì)并不一定有比較利益。

請(qǐng)問(wèn)上述的說(shuō)法正確嗎？為什么？

5．A國(guó)與B國(guó)同時(shí)生產(chǎn)小麥與布，A國(guó)在生產(chǎn)小麥上比B國(guó)的生產(chǎn)成本低1/3，在生產(chǎn)布上低2/5。按照李嘉圖的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)原理，在其他條件一樣時(shí)，A國(guó)應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么？B國(guó)應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么？

6．中國(guó)的土地比澳大利亞大得多，但為什么澳大利亞的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品比中國(guó)更具有竟?fàn)幜Γ?/p>

第五篇：國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論學(xué)習(xí)心得

國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)之貿(mào)易理論與政策學(xué)習(xí)心得

班級(jí)：金融學(xué)2015屆 學(xué)號(hào)：20150221016 姓名：雷順利

一 緒論

大一的第二學(xué)期，我選修了一門(mén)“國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論與實(shí)務(wù)”的課程。我學(xué)的專業(yè)是制藥，一開(kāi)始選擇這門(mén)課是覺(jué)得國(guó)際貿(mào)易聽(tīng)上去挺得瑟的，學(xué)了后和人交談的時(shí)候就可以忽悠他幾下；但是我也覺(jué)得在未來(lái)的日子里，總是要與經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的東西所聯(lián)系的，所以學(xué)點(diǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)也是有實(shí)用的。隨著近一學(xué)期的課程的學(xué)習(xí)，同時(shí)在老師平時(shí)的悉心教導(dǎo)下，我對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易這門(mén)學(xué)問(wèn)有了嶄新的認(rèn)知與了解，并對(duì)這門(mén)學(xué)科產(chǎn)生了更加深刻的感想。

國(guó)際貿(mào)易是指不同國(guó)家（和/或地區(qū)）之間的商品和勞務(wù)的交換活動(dòng)。國(guó)際貿(mào)易是商品和勞務(wù)的國(guó)際轉(zhuǎn)移。國(guó)際貿(mào)易也叫世界貿(mào)易，它分為國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論與國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)。

（一）國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論的發(fā)展

大致經(jīng)歷了古典、新古典、新貿(mào)易理論以及新興古典國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論四大階段。古典和新古典國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論以完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)等假設(shè)為前提，強(qiáng)調(diào)貿(mào)易的互利性，主要解釋了產(chǎn)業(yè)間貿(mào)易。二戰(zhàn)后，以全球貿(mào)易的新態(tài)勢(shì)為契機(jī)，新貿(mào)易理論應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，從不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)、技術(shù)進(jìn)步等角度解釋了新的貿(mào)易現(xiàn)象。新興古典國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論則以專業(yè)化分工來(lái)解釋貿(mào)易，力圖將傳統(tǒng)貿(mào)易理論和新貿(mào)易理論統(tǒng)一在新興古典貿(mào)易理論的框架之內(nèi)。

（二）國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)

主要包括國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)、國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸、國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)以及合同條款和付款方式等。國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)與現(xiàn)實(shí)的聯(lián)系非常緊密，操作性非常強(qiáng)，有助于強(qiáng)化我們的動(dòng)手實(shí)踐的能力，鞏固和深化已學(xué)過(guò)的理論、方法，提高發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力。在這門(mén)課程中，我自己認(rèn)識(shí)與了解了進(jìn)行國(guó)際貨物買(mǎi)賣(mài)實(shí)務(wù)的具體操作，熟練了運(yùn)用進(jìn)出口的成本核算、詢盤(pán)、報(bào)盤(pán)、還盤(pán)等各種基本技巧，還熟悉了國(guó)際貿(mào)易的物流、資金流和業(yè)務(wù)流的運(yùn)作方式，體會(huì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易中不同當(dāng)事人的不同地位、面臨的具體工作和互動(dòng)關(guān)系，學(xué)會(huì)了外貿(mào)公司利用各種方式控制成本以達(dá)到利潤(rùn)最大化的思路。通過(guò)調(diào)整商品成本和價(jià)格、調(diào)整匯率、業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)用、海運(yùn)費(fèi)、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率及突發(fā)事件等讓我們了解到在相關(guān)法律下要充分發(fā)揮主觀能動(dòng)性，真正掌握和吸收課堂中所學(xué)的知識(shí)，為將來(lái)步入工作崗位打下良好基礎(chǔ)。

國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)具有涉外活動(dòng)實(shí)踐性很強(qiáng)的特點(diǎn),涉及到國(guó)際貿(mào)易法律與慣例、國(guó)際金融、國(guó)際運(yùn)輸與保險(xiǎn)等學(xué)科的基本原理與基本知識(shí)的應(yīng)用。因此我在學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中,往往感到內(nèi)容多,涉及面廣,政策性和操作性強(qiáng),既有出口業(yè)務(wù),又有進(jìn)口業(yè)務(wù);既要掌握國(guó)際法律與慣例,學(xué)會(huì)應(yīng)用基本理論知識(shí)分析案例,又要學(xué)會(huì)有關(guān)的計(jì)算方法。面對(duì)市場(chǎng)化、國(guó)際化和信息化社會(huì)，作為一名物流專業(yè)學(xué)生,我認(rèn)為掌握一些有關(guān)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的基本理論與實(shí)務(wù)知識(shí)有助于培養(yǎng)全方位的能力，提高綜合素質(zhì),培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新精神,增強(qiáng)我們的核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。

（三）貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)

構(gòu)成國(guó)際貿(mào)易單價(jià)的重要組成部分，故又稱為價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ)或價(jià)格條件；同時(shí)還是用以劃分買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方在交接貨物過(guò)程中各自應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用。而交貨地點(diǎn)往往成為劃分責(zé)任、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、費(fèi)用的界點(diǎn)。商品交換離不開(kāi)運(yùn)輸，對(duì)外貿(mào)易運(yùn)輸是外貿(mào)業(yè)務(wù)中的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)。對(duì)外貿(mào)易運(yùn)輸方式種類很多，其中，海洋運(yùn)輸占有重要的地位。貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)與貨物運(yùn)輸一樣，是國(guó)際貿(mào)易一個(gè)不可缺少的組成部分。保險(xiǎn)涉及的范圍很廣，內(nèi)容也較復(fù)雜且技術(shù)性強(qiáng)。貨運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)的種類取決于運(yùn)輸方式，而海運(yùn)又是國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸?shù)闹饕绞?，海運(yùn)貨物保險(xiǎn)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中便具有突出的重要意義。價(jià)格、裝運(yùn)、結(jié)匯是國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的三大問(wèn)題，在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，大多以匯票作為支付工具、以信用證(L/C)作為支付方式進(jìn)行貨款的結(jié)算。貨款的收付不單純是一個(gè)技術(shù)問(wèn)題,而且還受到各種政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)因素的制約。在學(xué)習(xí)中，我們要以國(guó)際貿(mào)易基本原理和國(guó)家對(duì)外方針政策為指導(dǎo)，把課程中所學(xué)到的基礎(chǔ)理論和基本政策加以具體運(yùn)用。力求做到理論與實(shí)踐、政策與業(yè)務(wù)有效地結(jié)合起來(lái)，不斷提高自己的分析與解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力。

二 總結(jié)

掌握國(guó)際貿(mào)易的理論和國(guó)內(nèi)外常用的貿(mào)易政策，認(rèn)識(shí)和理解國(guó)家有關(guān)貿(mào)易政策的理論依據(jù)及其對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響，同時(shí)啟發(fā)加入WTO后我國(guó)貿(mào)易體制和貿(mào)易政策的改革，讓我們真正做到理論和實(shí)踐相結(jié)合。即通過(guò)課程學(xué)習(xí)，使我們既有國(guó)際貿(mào)易和投資的基本理論知識(shí)，以便能為其他經(jīng)濟(jì)類課程的學(xué)習(xí)奠定基礎(chǔ)。同時(shí)又有較強(qiáng)的操作能力和分析解決問(wèn)題的能力，成為符合社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)需求的新型人才。

自我國(guó)加入WTO之后，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化日益加強(qiáng)，知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)也成為了主流。如何在貿(mào)易大潮中取得先機(jī)，如何利用貿(mào)易更好的發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)、改善國(guó)民生活質(zhì)量，這些都是一個(gè)國(guó)家要思考要探索的問(wèn)題。改革開(kāi)放三十年以來(lái)，我國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)取得了舉世矚目的成就，GDP一直保持舉世罕見(jiàn)的高速增長(zhǎng)。但是，我們深知，經(jīng)濟(jì)總量上的增長(zhǎng)并不代表經(jīng)濟(jì)質(zhì)量的真正發(fā)展，以此我國(guó)提出了轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式的方針。在我國(guó)，拉動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的“三駕馬車(chē)”按照比例排，分別是“出口、投資、消費(fèi)”。出口是主要增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)。因此，轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式具體在對(duì)外貿(mào)易上，就是要轉(zhuǎn)變出口結(jié)構(gòu)，從以低價(jià)產(chǎn)品為主向高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品為主轉(zhuǎn)變。因此，作為當(dāng)代的大學(xué)生，我想沒(méi)有人可以完全對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易絲毫不懂。國(guó)際貿(mào)易的最大意義也在于此。

同時(shí)，作為個(gè)人，要適應(yīng)這樣的時(shí)代，或者想要在這樣一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、一體化的時(shí)代有所作為，就必須掌握國(guó)際貿(mào)易的知識(shí)?？傊?，通過(guò)對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的學(xué)習(xí)，使我更加深刻的感覺(jué)到，國(guó)際貿(mào)易這門(mén)課是注重理論與實(shí)踐緊密結(jié)合。通過(guò)系統(tǒng)地學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論與實(shí)務(wù)，使我們了解了國(guó)際貿(mào)易的基本理論，掌握了國(guó)際貿(mào)易的基本程序和基本做法，熟悉了進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，同時(shí)也掌握了國(guó)際上一些通行的慣例和普遍實(shí)行的原則，受益匪淺。這門(mén)課程是一種實(shí)踐性很強(qiáng)的課程，它不光要求我們有扎實(shí)的理論知識(shí)而且必須具有很強(qiáng)的動(dòng)手操作能力，因此在以后的學(xué)習(xí)生活中我還必須加強(qiáng)社會(huì)實(shí)踐，培養(yǎng)自己的動(dòng)手能力以適應(yīng)社會(huì)的要求。在以后的學(xué)習(xí)中我會(huì)更加努力學(xué)習(xí)國(guó)際貿(mào)易知識(shí)，并且要學(xué)會(huì)把各門(mén)知識(shí)融會(huì)貫通，注重理論與實(shí)踐的相結(jié)合，豐富自己的知識(shí)和生活閱歷。