第一篇：跨文化交際案例和解析(英文)

Case: In July of this year, the American CNN announced that, the preserved egg is the most lousy food.That made the Chinese people very angry, because the preserved egg is good food for most of Chinese people.Then Chinese people made a survey and declared that cheese is the most lousy food.Chinese people can't accept that the preserved egg is regarded as the most lousy food, on the other hand, the cheese is the food which is favoured by most of American people.But Chinese people think that cheese is too irritative.Both side cannot accept the food they selected.At the end of this case, the CNN reporters said sorry to Chinese people, but he said he would not eat the preserved egg.Analyses:

This is a typical case reflects that different culture influences different people, and when they have to communicate, they have conflict.As we all know, different food depends on different place,different habits, different climate, and some other factors.For western people, eating is a kind of rational concept, they should get enough nutrition from the food they eat every day.They don't care the taste too much.From Los Angeles to New York, the beefsteak has only one kind of taste.But for perceptual Chinese people, eating is not only a process to get nutrition, but also is a kind of art to get satisfaction.They would make the food not only beautiful, but also very delicious.For Chinese people, maybe they can accept the taste of the cheese, but they can't like it, because they don't like this kind of food in their deep heart.Also, they can't accept that foreign people said the preserved egg is the most lousy food.In their mind, the preserved egg, like other foods they like, has nutrition and beautiful image together.For western people, the cheese, is also this kind of good food for them.So, this case happened in their communications.This conflict showed that, different countries have different culture.We should try to accept these differences, do our favours.By susan

第二篇：跨文化交際 英文

Analysis of Deferent Views on “Filial Piety” Between China and American from Movie Guasha

Abstract: “While one’s parents are alive, one should not travel to distant places.” “The gentleman works hard on the basic principles, thereafter comes morality;filial piety is the basic principle of a human being.” These are our Chinese traditional filial piety.But are these standards or rules suitable for every nation? The movie Guasha shows us many about the differences of filial piety between China and American.There are many misunderstanding and coincidence in this movie and those are the cause of the circuitous of the characters’ fate.All of these are rooted in the cultural differences between China and American.In this assay, I made the differences of filial piety as the point of entry to analyze the reason why the differences come and their similarity.Key words: Guasha, the culture in china and America, piety, filial piety, object The movie Guasha tells a story that a Chinese couple who lived in American for 8 years took the hero’s father in American after they think they had realized their American dream.But a few days later, their son got ill;the old father used Guasha to treat the little boy for he didn’t know how to read English.The bruises were noticed by the child welfare bureau, and all the rough broke out after that.Finally, they had a universal satisfactory ending.The end of the story is to the satisfaction of all, but a variety of cultural conflict is the apparent.What we see is the initial irreconcilable to accept, understand.Many people will think that Chinese and Western have cultural differences, I think so, but I also think that behind these differences, there are many similarities.The following, I will be on the film to talk something about filial piety plot makes concrete analysis, and explore how cultural differences reflected in the filial piety? Why is it? What are the similarities?

But before that, we will first do a general understanding of filial piety.In the ancient clan and tribal society, meaning of “filial piety” is very wide.It refers to the family of the elder respect, love, support and sacrifice.With the family as the basic unit of society and social development in a long time, “filial piety” changes from the family elder respect to parental care, and become an important ethical rule to do with family relations.Today, “filial piety” to living gets more attention.We often say that the parents contribute to our upbringing, so we will repay the parents.While in the west, has no concept of “filial piety”.The Western belief in God, that God has given human life.So in the western culture, the concept of “filial piety” is corresponding to “piety”.” Filial piety “ is also derived from “piety”.Piety in the ancient Greek dictionary definition is: 1, sacred, permitted by the laws of God, to God;2, non God prohibited by law, human beings can enjoy.In the two concepts, actually we can see, in the West or in China, for the one who supposed to give us life, raising us people have a kind of “filial piety”, just for different objects.Situation one: acquiesce and even publicly agree the old father smoking in the house

There are two such scenes: 1, at the table, the old father smoking, Denis sat next to Grandpa.Janine saw father smoking, showed her disgust on her face, and then to open the window.Xu Datong saw this scene, said: “Janine, why?” Full of condemnation, for fear that his father felt reject by his families.2, the house was dark.The old father who was smoking at home saw the couple suddenly returned home looked panic, hiding the cigarette behind.He knew the daughter-in-law doesn't like him smoking in the house.In order to avoid his son and the daughter-in-law’s quarrel, he decided to put out the cigarette.At this time, Janine became clever.In order to make obedient husband don’t feel disgusted, she said: “Dad, go ahead, I don't mind.”In the two acts, both husband and wife knew smoking is harmful to health, but they did not prevent him from it.The reason is the filial piety.Since ancient times, Chinese are taught to obey.We cannot be a disobedient child.Even if the parents are wrong, we are not allowed to contradict them.That case in America, however, children will stop their parents since smoking is harmful to health.this is ”filial piety“ in the eyes of Americans.What lead the United States look the same thing quite different from Chinese? Personally I think that we should go back to the objects both sides to do ”filial piety“.As we said earlier, Chinese parents act as life giver and caregivers, while Americans believe God give them life whereas their parents are just pull them out.Therefore, Chinese parents and children are hierarchical, that is the so-called ”respect for seniority“.And in America, almost people are Christian.Parents and children are in the same class.They tend to be friends, just pointed out the fault and regardless of other things such as against.Scene two: taking old father in America to live together

In china, Datong is absolutely a dutiful son because it’s admirable to make parents live with their son and daughters.I guess no one in China would deny that.But in America, such behavior just can't be understood.Why the old father did not to live in his home, but in his son’s? Americans are puzzled, because in American, parents and children do not live together.Even when parents visit children, they have to make an appointment few weeks or even a few months before.This behavior in Chinese eyes seems incredible.They think that the relationship between American parents and children is too distant.In a word, both sides look at each other and feel nothing is right.Why? They have different ideas.Chinese like four generations under one roof, family happiness;while the Americans pay attention to individual personality, advocate individualism and independence of thought.And why the concept is different? We start from the filial piety and piety as well.Earlier we said that both China and the US have ”filial piety“, while the object is different.Chinese is more willing to live with parents, to do filial piety.The US is not with their parents who pull them into this world, because in their eyes, the role of parents is actually more like China brothers and sisters and it’s God who give their lives and souls.In Chinese, even if one large ancient family which people live together, in fact, can be divided into several small courtyards, deal with family affairs separately except some important issues.These partitional rules are more clear the modern life.Have you ever seen brothers and sisters live together? Perhaps no.Therefore, the Americans and their parents(like brothers and sisters)living in different roof is not surprising.Scene three: the understanding of “hitting you is for your own good”

When Xu Datong hit Denis, Quinlan appeared shocked and uneasy.Denis did not want to sit by the side of his father at table for his father beat him.Grandpa told him that his father hit him for his own good.People in China and America hold different positions to the same thing.In Chinese, to spare the rod was, traditionally, to spoil the child.The father to beat his son is good for son, son should not hold grudges, and they should obey the discipline, or it’s impiety;Americans think this behavior is abuse.It’s the appearance of not respecting the human rights.First, their laws don't allow this behavior.All are equal before the law.It’s illegal for the fathers to hit sons.It is a violation of human rights and a violation of the law.Second I think it is more important that Americans, from the bottom of their heart, think their parents and themselves are equal.Deep in their hearts, the one who give them souls and lives isn’t parents, but the God.Though China has the law that everyone is equal, but the parents’ hit on children is called they are educating the children, and no one would charge their parents.Because Chinese parents are as holy American’s God, play as the life and soul giver.So there are grades between parents and children in China.They never think that they themselves and their parents are equal.All of this is according to the different object of ”filial piety“.Conclusion

In cross-cultural communication, collision and conflict of culture can be seen everywhere.What the movie ”Guasha“ shows is only the tip of the iceberg.All differences originate in the differences in history, conception, belief, value.But the ”filial piety“ differences in Guasha are root in the different philosophical thinking about the sources of human.China as an atheist state(at least most people do), both the body and soul are given by parents.So parents have the sacred place in the hearts of their children and the place is inviolable.So in these situations above, Chinese will have different attitudes and practices with foreigners.And USA, as a Christian country, affected by the Bible story of Adam and Eve, people in this country believe that man is created by God, they believe God gave the soul to the flesh, and God is their Lord who makes them able to survive and multiply.The loftiness of his position is no less than Chinese parents.That is the reason why the relationships in Americans and their parents are not as tight as Chinese do.As for the “filial piety”, China and the US have something in common.Although their concepts are different, the meaning is the same.God is to American what parents are to Chinese.all have the same emotional ties and treatment.That is to say, both have ”filial piety“, but American ”filial piety“ is for God, as we know, the “piety”.It is because of the different objects that there are so many cultural conflicts about ”filial piety” in Guasha, and then the perplexing “filial piety” cultural conflict in the whole society.

第三篇：跨文化交際案例分析

跨文化交際案例分析

案例背景：

在泰國(guó)，和泰國(guó)朋友在網(wǎng)上聊天時(shí)，他們有時(shí)候會(huì)發(fā)來“555”，本來是說到開心的時(shí)候，為什么要用這幾個(gè)數(shù)字呢？在中國(guó)聊天時(shí)555表示哭的聲音。原來5的泰語發(fā)音是“哈hà”，“555”在泰國(guó)原來是表示笑聲?！?”這個(gè)數(shù)字，在漢語中表示“順利、吉利”的意思，漢語中有“六六大順”，而6的發(fā)音在泰語里有“跌倒”的意思。同時(shí)，中國(guó)人用手勢(shì)表示“6”的時(shí)候，大多是將拇指和小指豎起，將食指、中指、無名指彎曲來表示“6”，而這一手勢(shì)在泰語文化中表示“?！保芭！痹谔┱Z文化中表示“笨”的意思，是一個(gè)貶義詞。

案例分析：

這個(gè)案例反映了不同的文化造成相同意象上的不同認(rèn)知。由于數(shù)字的不同發(fā)音，表示不同的含義。同時(shí)，“?！睗h語指的是“勤奮”的象征，股票價(jià)格持續(xù)上升被稱為“牛市”，因?yàn)榕Ｏ笳魃a(chǎn)與增值，同時(shí)，“?！?，已經(jīng)被引申為一個(gè)形容詞，意思為“厲害、有本事”，例如“你太牛了！”（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：你太厲害了?。＿@個(gè)詞通常為褒義詞，通常用于贊揚(yáng)、形容某人很厲害，很有本事，很有膽量。也通常用于口語中的調(diào)侃。而泰語中“?！边@一意象，特別是“水牛”(????)則是極盡羞辱的罵人的話?！八！笔侵浮叭撕鼙?，不開竅，愚蠢至極”。解決辦法：

理解數(shù)字在泰語文化里的含義，不要引起不必要的誤會(huì)，同時(shí)，在泰國(guó)，夸獎(jiǎng)別人時(shí)，不要用“牛”這個(gè)詞。同時(shí)，向泰國(guó)朋友解釋中泰文化的異同，表示并無惡意。

案例啟示：

我們從事對(duì)外漢語教學(xué)的人，一定要有跨文化交際的意識(shí)。了解與這些知識(shí)相對(duì)應(yīng)的泰語語用知識(shí)和泰文化知識(shí)及它們之間的差異和可能產(chǎn)生的沖突。

第四篇：跨文化案例與解析

Case 1

Li Ming is a Chinese.And Jack, his fellow, is an American.One day, Jack had a cold and not felt well.Li noticed and greeted:” Jack, you looks pale, what’s the matter with you?’’ “I’m not myself, a cold maybe.” Jack said.Hearing this, Li Ming advised ”You should drink more and go to see a doctor “ He also said “Did you take any pills? T ake medicine on time is good for your recovery.In addition, it’s also helpful to put on more clothes and have a rest.” But Jack seemed unpatient and responded “ You are not my mother, are you ?”

Analysis：American people attach much attention to their personal independence.Usually, they think those people who are taken care are the weak and don’t want to be looked down on.Therefore, generally, in this case, American will tend to say ” Take care of yourself.I hope you will be better soon.” , not to tell them how to do.Different from American, Chinese are more willing to give lots of suggestion.They think it show their care much better.What’s more, it does good to the patient’s recovery, too.Case 2

Mr.Zhang local citizen of Quan Zhou.Johnson, his coworker together, but to his surprise, Johnson refused it “ Sorry ,I’m afraid I’m busy.If you want, we can make it another time several days latter.”

Analysis: In foreign country, people usually make a date in advance with those they want to visit or invite.Because they think it’s impolite to visit sb without permission.While Chinese are casual.In general, they don’t make an appointment before they visit or invite somebody.

第五篇：跨文化交際

中西日常生活的差異

1、跨文化交際概念

“跨文化交際”的英語名稱是“cross-cultural communication（或inter-cultural communication）”。它指本族語者與非本族語者之間的交際, 也指任何在語言和文化背景方面有差異的人們之間的交際。通俗來說就是如果你和外國(guó)人打交道（由于存在語言和文化背景的差異），應(yīng)該注意什么問題，應(yīng)該如何得體地去交流。

2、中西服飾差異

中西服飾受其各自不同哲學(xué)和文化的影響體現(xiàn)出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陸文明使中國(guó)服飾呈現(xiàn)出繁冗，寬博的特征。它不注重外表的裝飾，以寬松的衣服遮掩身體的曲線，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“謙謙君子”的風(fēng)范來維護(hù)良好的人際關(guān)系；而西方屬于海洋文明，強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀與客觀的分離，理性看待服飾,主張釋放個(gè)性,利用各種剪裁,色彩搭配等手段來完美身體曲線。

說起東方服飾文化，人們一定會(huì)想起雍榮華貴的唐裝，含蓄雋永的旗袍，而對(duì)于西方服飾文化我們卻知之甚少，能想到的除了近代的西裝，便是中世紀(jì)歐洲隆重華麗的貴族服飾。其實(shí)中西服飾文化差異并不如此簡(jiǎn)單，一個(gè)民族的服飾特點(diǎn)滲透著一個(gè)民族深厚的文化底蘊(yùn)。中西服飾經(jīng)數(shù)千年的歷史沉淀，形成了各具特色的風(fēng)貌和體系。

（1）圖案

中西服飾在對(duì)圖案的選擇上也呈現(xiàn)五花八門之勢(shì)。中式服裝喜好運(yùn)用圖案表示吉祥的祝愿。從古到今，從高貴綢緞到民間印花布，吉祥圖樣運(yùn)用極為廣泛。如龍鳳呈祥、龍飛鳳舞、九龍戲珠等圖樣，不僅隱喻著圖騰崇拜，而且抒發(fā)著“龍的傳人”的情感；象鶴鹿同春、喜鵲登梅、鳳穿牡丹等圖案，反映了人民對(duì)美滿生活的希望。

西歐服裝上的圖案隨著歷史的變遷而不斷變化。古代多流行花草放樣，意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期流行華麗的花卉圖案，法國(guó)路易十五時(shí)期，受洛可可裝飾風(fēng)格的影響，流行表現(xiàn)Ｓ形或旋渦形的藤草和輕淡柔和的庭院花草放樣。近代有影響的流行圖案花樣有野獸派的杜飛花樣，利用幾何緒視原理設(shè)計(jì)的歐普?qǐng)D案等。

隨著如今經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展，中西服飾文化融合趨勢(shì)也空前加強(qiáng)。中國(guó)服裝界正在努力同世界接軌，走一條時(shí)尚加民族特色道路，在傳統(tǒng)服飾設(shè)計(jì)中融入西方時(shí)尚元素，同時(shí)中國(guó)元素正在影響著國(guó)際時(shí)裝界的發(fā)展。我們?cè)谔接懼形鞣椢幕町惖耐瑫r(shí)，更應(yīng)該思考在全球化的沖擊下保持民族特色的重要性。關(guān)鍵在于找到這個(gè)點(diǎn)，找到民族文化和大同文化切入的融合點(diǎn)。

（2）外形

在外形特征上來講，中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)服裝的外形強(qiáng)調(diào)縱向感覺，常用下垂的線條、過手的長(zhǎng)袖和筒形的袍裙?？v向的裝飾手法使著裝人體顯得修長(zhǎng)。清代服裝相對(duì)來說比較肥大，袖口、下擺都有向外擴(kuò)張之勢(shì)。然而，清代婦女那高高的旗髻和幾寸高的花盆底鞋，加上垂至腳面的旗袍，使旗人比歷代婦女都顯得修長(zhǎng)。服裝外形的修長(zhǎng)感是對(duì)東方人較為矮小的身材之彌補(bǔ)，在感官上產(chǎn)生視錯(cuò)覺，在比例上達(dá)到完美、和諧。平順的服裝外形與中國(guó)人臉部較柔和的輪廓線條相稱。

西洋古典服裝的外形強(qiáng)調(diào)橫向感覺，常采用橫向擴(kuò)張的肩部輪廓、膨脹的袖型龐大的裙撐、重疊的花邊等，使服裝線條產(chǎn)生夸張和向外放射的效果。西洋服裝的外型特點(diǎn)與西方人熱情奔放的氣質(zhì)，起伏明顯的臉部輪廓以及比東方人高大挺拔的體型相適應(yīng)。

（3）色彩

一個(gè)民族對(duì)顏色的喜好從某種意義上來講正好反映了這個(gè)民族潛意識(shí)的性格特征。在上古時(shí)代，黑色被中國(guó)的先人認(rèn)為是支配萬物的天帝色彩。夏、商、周時(shí)天子的冕服為黑色。后來隨著封建集權(quán)專制的發(fā)展，人們把對(duì)天神（黑色）的崇拜轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)Υ蟮兀S色）的崇拜，所以形成“黃為貴”的傳統(tǒng)觀念。傳統(tǒng)服裝色彩受陰陽五行影響，有青、紅、黑、白、黃五色之說。它們被稱為正色，其它顏色為間色，正色在大多數(shù)朝代為上等社會(huì)專用，表示高貴。在民間，正色也是人們衣著配色所喜愛和追求的顏色。

而在西方，在羅馬時(shí)代最流行的色彩是白色和紫色，白色代表純潔、正直，紫色象征高貴。中世紀(jì)時(shí)奇特式教堂中彩色玻璃窗被裝飾得輝煌燦爛，引導(dǎo)人們追求天堂的色彩，因此服飾上充滿宗教氣氛的色彩被人們向往。歐洲文藝復(fù)興以來，隨著服飾奢華程度的升級(jí)，明亮的色彩受到人們的歡迎。法國(guó)人特別喜歡丁香色和薔薇色，也很迷戀含蓄的天藍(lán)和圣潔的白色；西班牙人崇尚高雅的玫瑰紅和灰色調(diào)；在英國(guó)，黑色被認(rèn)為是神秘、高貴的色彩。

4、中西飲食習(xí)慣差異

（1）“講排場(chǎng)”VS“簡(jiǎn)單、隨意”

中國(guó)有句古話，“持家要儉，待客要豐?！敝袊?guó)人在請(qǐng)客吃飯時(shí)講究排場(chǎng)，重視飯菜的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量。菜肴越豐富、越珍貴，就越能體現(xiàn)出主人的殷勤和客人的身份，而且飯菜一般要大大超過主人和客人所能消耗的量，否則就不足以顯示主人的好客。比如清朝出現(xiàn)的“滿漢全席”.菜至少108種，全席計(jì)有冷葷熱肴一百九十六品，點(diǎn)心茶食一百二十四品，計(jì)肴饌?cè)俣罚嫌萌追鄄嗜f壽餐具，配以銀器。富貴華麗，要分三天方可吃

“十六會(huì)簽”是臺(tái)州傳統(tǒng)的高檔筵席，由冷盤16碟、熱菜l6碗、茶點(diǎn)l6種組成，山珍海味，成辣酸甜齊備，蔚為大觀。而在西方.人們將吃飯看成是聚會(huì)和交流的機(jī)會(huì)，是重溫舊誼和結(jié)交新人的機(jī)會(huì)，也是獲得信息的場(chǎng)所。吃的東西固然必不可少，但并不是最重要的.更不需要擺闊氣、講排場(chǎng)。因此，西方的宴會(huì)并不重吃，而重宴會(huì)形式的自由化、多樣化;主人要千方百計(jì)地創(chuàng)造出一種輕松、和諧、歡快的氣氛，讓客人們享受一段自由自在的美好時(shí)光。因此.西方人舉行Pot—luck，即在聚餐會(huì)上每人都帶一樣菜，讓大家共享。或者是開Pany，在聚會(huì)上，主人只提供飲料、酒和一些簡(jiǎn)單的食物，如奶酪、炸薯?xiàng)l、三明治等，并不提供飯菜。甚至在胡錦濤主席2006年4月訪美抵達(dá)西雅圖接受比爾·蓋茨家宴時(shí)，這位全球首富、微軟公司董事會(huì)主席提供的晚餐也不過是精選的三道菜：前菜是煙熏珍珠雞沙拉.主菜是華盛頓州產(chǎn)黃洋蔥配制的牛排或阿拉斯加大比目魚配大蝦(任選其一)，最后是甜品牛油杏仁大蛋糕。全球首富接待大國(guó)元首，競(jìng)只上三道菜，或許很多人認(rèn)為蓋茨太小氣，而這正是中美文化的差異，美國(guó)國(guó)宴不超過四道菜，蓋茨上三道菜已經(jīng)算是盛情款待了.而中國(guó)宴席，動(dòng)輒山珍海味、名酒名煙，一年吃掉2000億，“吃文化”極盡奢華浪費(fèi)。

（2）“集體主義”VS“個(gè)體主義”

在中國(guó).“飲食所以合歡也”的集體主義思想.強(qiáng)調(diào)突出一個(gè)“合”字。通常中國(guó)人請(qǐng)客吃飯采取的是一種“共享”的方式.大家共享～席，共享桌上的菜肴.往往一道菜剛上桌，在主人的殷勤招呼下，眾人群箸齊下，通力合作，共同“消滅”盤中之物，場(chǎng)景好不熱鬧，最后結(jié)帳也是爭(zhēng)相付錢。而在西方，受個(gè)體主義思想的影響，西方人請(qǐng)客吃飯的習(xí)慣是每人一份，且主客雙方各自點(diǎn)自己的飯菜.不必考慮他人的口味和喜好，用餐時(shí)也只吃自己的盤中餐，付錢也往往采取AA制，各人自付各人帳。

（3）餐具的差異：“筷子”VS“刀叉”

中國(guó)人自古以來大部分以農(nóng)耕為主，通常以谷類為主食.傾向于安居樂業(yè)、和平與安定.強(qiáng)調(diào)以“和”為貴，反對(duì)侵略和攻擊。而西方很多國(guó)家其祖先為狩獵民族，飲食以肉類為主，為了能在殘酷惡劣的環(huán)境下生存，必須善于捕獵.富于進(jìn)攻性，形成了爭(zhēng)強(qiáng)好勝和樂于冒險(xiǎn)的性格特征。中西方這種文化上的差異，也造成各自在飲食特別是餐具使用方面存在差異：中國(guó)人使用筷子時(shí)溫文而雅，很少出現(xiàn)戳、扎等不雅動(dòng)作.在餐桌上對(duì)待食物的態(tài)度是親和的、溫柔的。而西方人使用刀叉時(shí)又切又割，讓人感到一種殘酷和暴虐，是毫不掩飾地蹂躪食物。

（4）出席時(shí)間的差異：“遲到”VS“準(zhǔn)時(shí)”

人類時(shí)間觀念大致有兩種文化模式，一種是單一性時(shí)間(Monochronic—time)，要求做任何事都要嚴(yán)格遵守H程安排.該干什么的時(shí)候就干什么;注意嚴(yán)格遵守約會(huì)時(shí)間，不能失約這種模式是歐美等西方國(guó)家的時(shí)間模式.正式的宴會(huì)要求準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)，一般不超過lO分鐘;否則將被視為不合禮儀，是對(duì)主人以及其他客人的不尊重。另一種是亞非拉地區(qū)普遍使用的模式，多樣化時(shí)問(Polychronic—time)模式，持該觀念的人沒有安排fj程的習(xí)慣，該干什么的時(shí)候沒有按時(shí)去干;不注意遵守時(shí)間，不重視預(yù)約。對(duì)于“遲到”現(xiàn)象主客雙方都習(xí)以為常，并不將之視為對(duì)主人邀請(qǐng)的一種輕視或是一種不禮貌的行為。有時(shí)主人甚至故意將宴會(huì)時(shí)間定得“早”一些.以便為客人們的“遲到”提供更加充裕的時(shí)間。

（5）座位安排的差異

座位安排方面，主要有兩個(gè)差異：其一是“南北”Vs“左右”。中國(guó)人認(rèn)為宴會(huì)中座位通常是以面向南為上，以面向北為下，形成了“南尊”、“北卑”的傳統(tǒng)觀念。最尊重的位置是坐北朝南或正對(duì)門廳處.稱為上席、首座等。西方人在安排座位時(shí)將主賓席放在主人的右側(cè)，形成了餐桌座位以右為上、左為下的規(guī)矩。其二是“男尊女卑”vs“女士?jī)?yōu)先、男女平等”。中國(guó)人將長(zhǎng)幼有序、尊重長(zhǎng)者作為排座的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。宴會(huì)或多或少地缺乏對(duì)女性的尊重.許多地區(qū)有“女人不上席”的習(xí)俗，即使上席.女性所坐位置一般也不顯著。而西方人將女士?jī)?yōu)先、尊重婦女作為宴會(huì)排座位的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，同時(shí)也作為宴會(huì)上其他行為的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在宴席上，男女賓客必須交叉而坐，體現(xiàn)了男女平等的思想。其實(shí)這也是人們將基督教文化對(duì)圣母瑪利亞的虔誠(chéng)尊敬擴(kuò)展和延伸.而產(chǎn)生的尊敬世間婦女的社會(huì)風(fēng)尚。

9、中西家庭觀念差異

“父為子綱”是中國(guó)家庭幾千年來延續(xù)下來的根深蒂固的觀念。子女必須服從父母長(zhǎng)輩，否則被視為“大逆不道”、“不孝”。父母是絕對(duì)的權(quán)威，發(fā)展到當(dāng)今社會(huì)，父母又成了孩子的庇護(hù)神、債務(wù)人，父母辛苦一輩子就是為了孩子，使得中國(guó)家庭中的獨(dú)生子女成了家中的小皇帝，大多數(shù)孩子從一出生就很少離開過父母。

通常，孩子出生后的幾年里與父母同居一室一床，母親外出或走親訪友總要帶著孩子，長(zhǎng)期如此的母子間的親密使孩子在感情上依賴母親；飯來張口、衣來伸手、生存能力低下，獨(dú)立性差，依賴性強(qiáng)。在西方，尤其在美國(guó)，孩子與父母的距離較遠(yuǎn)，孩子一出生就和父母分開，單獨(dú)有自己的房間，父母走親訪友或購物時(shí)，通常用嬰兒車推著孩子；父母鼓勵(lì)孩子自己走路，摔倒了自己爬起來，自己學(xué)吃飯；有的父母干脆把孩子托付給保姆，培養(yǎng)孩子從小不依賴父母。

父母比較尊重孩子的意愿，注重孩子的個(gè)性培養(yǎng)，獨(dú)立是對(duì)孩子的基本要求，同時(shí)父母又是孩子的朋友，父母同孩子相處關(guān)系融洽，孩子成年后不再依賴父母生活，即使是上學(xué)也靠自己打工掙錢完成學(xué)業(yè)，否則，會(huì)被視為丟人的事。中國(guó)人辛苦了一輩子，就是為了孩子。父母省吃儉用，一輩子積蓄買一套房子，該享天倫之樂了，自己也已走到生命的盡頭。房子成為留給子女的遺產(chǎn)。祖祖輩輩，世代如此。

中西文化觀念差異無處不有，除上述外，還表現(xiàn)在諸多方面，如飲食習(xí)慣、家庭生活習(xí)慣、教育觀、人生價(jià)值觀等等。著名外語教育家王佐良先生說：“不了解語言當(dāng)中的社會(huì)文化，誰也無法真正掌握語言。”由于社會(huì)歷史和發(fā)展背景不同，中西文化觀念差異是多方面的，全方位的。這就需要我們?cè)谟⒄Z教學(xué)過程中，不僅要傳授語言知識(shí)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的聽、說、讀、寫、譯能力，同時(shí)還要適當(dāng)引入一些中西文化對(duì)比的討論，這有助于幫助學(xué)生更好地理解課文，加深印象，增強(qiáng)對(duì)英語學(xué)習(xí)的興趣，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的跨文化交際能力，將課堂置于跨文化交際環(huán)境之中，做到既教語言又教文化。

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