第一篇：漢英對照：林則徐致英國維多利亞女王信

林則徐 致英國維多利亞女王信

Commissioner Lin: Letter to Queen Victoria, 1839

【Lin, high imperial commissioner, a president of the Board of War, viceroy of the two Ke?ng provinces, &c., Tang, a president of the Board of War, viceroy of the two Kwang provinces, &c., and E., a vice-president of the Board of War, lieut.-governor of Kwangtung, &c., hereby conjointly address this public dispatch to the queen of England for the purpose of giving her clear and distinct information(on the state of affairs)&c.From Ssuyu Teng and John Fairbank, China's Response to the West,(Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1954), repr.in Mark A.Kishlansky, ed., Sources of World History, Volume II,(New York: HarperCollins CollegePublishers, 1995), pp.266-69

Lin Tse-Hsu(1785-1850)was the Chinese Commissioner in Canton whose actions precipitated the Opium Wars(1839-1842).Although opium was used in China for centuries, it was not until the opening of the tea trade to Dutch and British merchants that China was able to import large quantities of the drug.By the early nineteenth century opium was the principal product that the English East India Company traded in China and opium addiction was becoming a widespread social problem.When the emperor's own son died of an overdose, he decided to put an end to the trade.Lin Tse-Hs? was sent.to Canton, the chief trading port of the East India Company, with instructions to negoiate an end to the importation of opium into China.The English merchants were uncooperative, so he seized their stores of opium.This led to immediate military action.The Chinese were decisively defeated and had to cede to a humiliating treaty that legalized the opium trade.As a result commissioner Lin was dismissed from office and sent into exile.】

1洪惟我大皇帝撫綏中外，一視同仁，利則與天下公之，害則為天下去之。蓋以天地之心為心也。貴國王累世相傳，皆稱恭順。

It is only our high and mighty emperor, who alike supports and cherishes those of the Inner Land, and those from beyond the seas-who looks upon all mankind with equal benevolence---who, if a source of profit exists anywhere, diffuses it over the whole world---who, if the tree of evil takes root anywhere, plucks it up for the benefit of all nations;---who, in a word, hath implanted in his breast that heart(by which beneficent nature herself)

governs the heavens and the earth!You, the queen of your honorable nation, sit upon a throne occupied through successive generations by predecessors, all of whom have been styled respectful and obedient.觀歷次進貢表文云：凡本國人到中國貿易，均蒙大皇帝一體公平恩待等語。竊喜貴國王深明大義，感激天恩，是以天朝柔遠綏懷，倍加優禮。貿易之利，垂二百年。該國所由以富庶稱者，賴有此也。

Looking over the public documents accompanying the tribute sent(by your predecessors)on various occasions, we find the following: “All the people of my country, arriving at the Central Land for purposes of trade, have to feel grateful to the great emperor for the most perfect justice, for the kindest treatment,” and other words to that effect.Delighted did we feel that the kings of your honorable nation so clearly understood the great principles of propriety, and were so deeply grateful for the heavenly goodness(of our emperor):---therefore, it was that we of the heavenly dynasty nourished and cherished your people from afar, and bestowed upon them redoubled proofs of our urbanity and kindness.It is merely from these circumstances, that your country---deriving immense advantage from its commercial intercourse with us, which has endured now two hundred years---has become the rich and flourishing kingdom that it is said to be!

2唯是通商已久，眾夷良莠不齊，遂有夾帶，誘惑華民，以致毒流各省者。似此但知利己，不顧害人，乃天理所不容，人情所共憤。大皇帝聞而震怒。特遣本大臣來至廣東，與本總督部堂巡撫部院，會同查辦。

But, during the commercial intercourse which has existed so long, among the numerous foreign merchants resorting hither, are wheat and tares, good and bad;and of these latter are some, who, by means of introducing opium by stealth, have seduced our Chinese people, and caused every province of the land to overflow with that poison.These then know merely to advantage themselves, they care not about injuring others!This is a principle which heaven's Providence repaginates;and which mankind conjointly look upon with abhorrence!Moreover, the great emperor hearing of it, actually quivered with indignation, and especially dispatched me, the commissioner, to Canton, that in conjunction with the viceroy and lieut.-governor of the province, means might be taken for its suppression!

凡內地民人販食者，皆應處死。若追究夷人歷年販賣之罪，則其貽害深而攫利重，本為法所當誅。惟念眾夷尚知悔罪乞誠，將躉船二萬二百八十三

箱，由領事官義律，稟請繳收，全行毀化。疊經本大臣等據實具奏。幸蒙大皇帝格外施恩，以自首者，情尚可原，姑寬免罪。

Every native of the Inner Land who sells opium, as also all who smoke it, are alike adjudged to death.Were we then to go back and take up the crimes of the foreigners, who, by selling it for many years have induced dreadful calamity and robbed us of enormous wealth, and punish them with equal severity, our laws could not but award to them absolute annihilation!But, considering that these said foreigners did yet repent of their crime, and with a sincere heart beg for mercy;that they took 20,283 chests of opium piled up in their store-ships, and through Elliot, the superintendent of the trade of your said country, petitioned that they might be delivered up to us, when the same were all utterly destroyed, of which we, the imperial commissioner and colleagues, made a duly prepared memorial to his majesty;---considering these circumstances, we have happily received a fresh proof of the extraordinary goodness of the great emperor, inasmuch as he who voluntarily comes forward, may yet be deemed a fit subject for mercy, and his crimes be graciously remitted him.再犯者法難屢貸，立定新章。諒貴國王向化傾心，定能諭令眾夷，兢兢奉法。但必曉以利害，乃知天朝法度，斷不可以不懔遵也。

But as for him who again knowingly violates the laws, difficult indeed will it be thus to go on repeatedly pardoning!He or they shall alike be doomed to the penalties of the new statute.We presume that you, the sovereign of your honorable nation, on pouring out your heart before the altar of eternal justice, cannot but command all foreigners with the deepest respect to reverence our laws!If we only lay clearly before your eyes, what is profitable and what is destructive, you will then know that the statutes of the heavenly dynasty cannot but be obeyed with fear and trembling!

3查該國距內地六七萬里，而夷船爭來貿易者，為獲利之厚故耳。以中國之利利外夷，是夷人所獲之厚利，皆從華民分去。豈有反以毒物害華民之理。即夷人未必有心為害，而貪利之極，不顧害人，試問天良安在？

We find that your country is distant from us about sixty or seventy thousand miles, that your foreign ships come hither striving the one with the other for our trade, and for the simple reason of their strong desire to reap a profit.Now, out of the wealth of our Inner Land, if we take a part to bestow upon foreigners from afar, it follows, that the immense wealth which the said foreigners amass, ought properly speaking to be portion of our own native Chinese people.By what principle of reason then, should these foreigners send in return a poisonous drug, which involves in

destruction those very natives of China? Without meaning to say that the foreigners harbor such destructive intentions in their hearts, we yet positively assert that from their inordinate thirst after gain, they are perfectly careless about the injuries they inflict upon us!And such being the case, we should like to ask what has become of that conscience which heaven has implanted in the breasts of all men? 聞該國禁食甚嚴，是固明知之為害也。既不使為害于該國，則他國尚不可移害，況中國乎？

We have heard that in your own country opium is prohibited with the utmost strictness and severity:---this is a strong proof that you know full well how hurtful it is to mankind.Since then you do not permit it to injure your own country, you ought not to have the injurious drug transferred to another country, and above all others, how much less to the Inner Land!4中國所行于外國者，無一非利人之物。利于食，利于用，并利于轉賣，皆利也。中國曾有一物為害外國否？況如茶葉大黃，外國所不可一日無也。中國若靳其利而不恤其害，則夷人何以為生？又外國之呢羽嗶嘰，非得中國絲斤不能成織。若中國亦靳其利，夷人何利可圖？其余食物，自糖料姜桂而外，用物自綢緞磁器而外，外國所必需者，曷可勝數。而外來之物，皆不過以供玩好，可有可無。既非中國要需，何難閉關絕市。乃天朝于茶絲諸貨，悉任其販運流通，絕不靳惜。無他，利與天下公之也。

Of the products which China exports to your foreign countries, there is not one which is not beneficial to mankind in some shape or other.There are those which serve for food, those which are useful, and those which are calculated for re-sale;but all are beneficial.Has China(we should like to ask)ever yet sent forth a noxious article from its soil? Not to speak of our tea and rhubarb, things which your foreign countries could not exist a single day without, if we of the Central Land were to grudge you what is beneficial, and not to compassionate your wants, then wherewithal could you foreigners manage to exist? And further, as regards your woolens, camlets, and longells, were it not that you get supplied with our native raw silk, you could not get these manufactured!If China were to grudge you those things which yield a profit, how could you foreigners scheme after any profit at all? Our other articles of food, such as sugar, ginger, cinnamon, &c., and our other articles for use, such as silk piece-goods, chinaware, &c., are all so many necessaries of life to you;how can we reckon up their number!On the other hand, the things that come from your foreign countries are only calculated to make presents of, or serve for mere amusement.It is quite the same to us if we have them, or if we have them

not.If then these are of no material consequence to us of the Inner Land, what difficulty would there be in prohibiting and shutting our market against them? It is only that our heavenly dynasty most freely permits you to take off her tea, silk, and other commodities, and convey them for consumption everywhere, without the slightest stint or grudge, for no other reason, but that where a profit exists, we wish that it be diffused abroad for the benefit of all the earth!該國帶去內地貨物，不特自資食用，且得以分售各國，獲利三倍。即不賣，而其三倍之利自在。何忍更以害人之物，恣無厭之求乎？設使別國有人販至英國，誘人買食；當亦貴國王所深惡而痛絕之也。

Your honorable nation takes away the products of our central land, and not only do you thereby obtain food and support for yourselves, but moreover, by re-selling these products to other countries you reap a threefold profit.Now if you would only not sell opium, this threefold profit would be secured to you: how can you possibly consent to forgo it for a drug that is hurtful to men, and an unbridled craving after gain that seems to know no bounds!Let us suppose that foreigners came from another country, and brought opium into England, and seduced the people of your country to smoke it, would not you, the sovereign of the said country, look upon such a procedure with anger, and in your just indignation endeavor to get rid of it?

5向聞貴國王存心仁厚，自不肯以己所不欲者，施之于人。并聞來粵之船，皆經頒給條約，有不許攜帶禁物之語。是貴國王之政令本屬嚴明。只因商船眾多，前此或未加察。今行文照會，明知天朝禁令之嚴，定必使之不敢再犯。

Now we have always heard that your highness possesses a most kind and benevolent heart, surely then you are incapable of doing or causing to be done unto another, that which you should not wish another to do unto you!We have at the same time heard that your ships which come to Canton do each and every of them carry a document granted by your highness' self, on which are written these words “you shall not be permitted to carry contraband goods;” this shows that the laws of your highness are in their origin both distinct and severe, and we can only suppose that because the ships coming here have been very numerous, due attention has not been given to search and examine;and for this reason it is that we now address you this public document, that you may clearly know how stern and severe are the laws of the central dynasty, and most certainly you will cause that they be not again rashly violated!

且聞貴國王所鄰之蘭頓，及嘶噶蘭、噯倫等處，本皆不產。惟所轄印度地方，如孟啊啦、曼噠啦薩、孟買、叭噠拏默拏、嘛爾洼數處，連山栽種，開池制造。累月經年，以厚其毒。臭穢上達，天怒神恫。貴國王誠能于此等處拔盡根株，盡鋤其地，改種五谷。有敢再圖種造者，重治其罪。此真興利除害之大仁政，天所佑而神所福，延年壽，長子孫，必在此舉矣。Moreover, we have heard that in London the metropolis where you dwell, as also in Scotland, Ireland, and other such places, no opium whatever is produced.It is only in sundry parts of your colonial kingdom of Hindostan, such as Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Patna, Malwa, Benares, Malacca, and other places where the very hills are covered with the opium plant, where tanks are made for the preparing of the drug;month by month, and year by year, the volume of the poison increases, its unclean stench ascends upwards, until heaven itself grows angry, and the very gods thereat get indignant!You, the queen of the said honorable nation, ought immediately to have the plant in those parts plucked up by the very root!Cause the land there to be hoed up afresh, sow in its stead the five grains, and if any man dare again to plant in these grounds a single poppy, visit his crime with the most severe punishment.By a truly benevolent system of government such as this, will you indeed reap advantage, and do away with a source of evil.Heaven must support you, and the gods will crown you with felicity!This will get for yourself the blessing of long life, and from this will proceed the security and stability of your descendants!

6至夷商來至內地，飲食居處，無非天朝之恩膏，積聚豐盈，無非天朝之樂利。其在該國之日猶少，而在粵東之日轉多。弼教明刑，古今通義。

In reference to the foreign merchants who come to this our central land, the food that they eat, and the dwellings that they abide in, proceed entirely from the goodness of our heavenly dynasty: the profits which they reap, and the fortunes which they amass, have their origin only in that portion of benefit which our heavenly dynasty kindly allots them: and as these pass but little of their time in your country, and the greater part of their time in ours, it is a generally received maxim of old and of modern times, that we should conjointly admonish, and clearly make known the punishment that awaits them.譬如別國人到英國貿易，尚須遵英國法度，況天朝乎？今定華民之例，賣者死，食者亦死。試思夷人若無帶來，則華民何由轉賣，何由吸食？是奸夷實陷華民于死，豈能獨予以生？彼害人一命者，尚須以命抵之，況之害人，豈止一命已乎？故新例于帶來內地之夷人，定以斬絞之罪。所謂為天

下去害者此也。

Suppose the subject of another country were to come to England to trade, he would certainly be required to comply with the laws of England, then how much more does this apply to us of the celestial empire!Now it is a fixed statute of this empire, that any native Chinese who sells opium is punishable with death, and even he who merely smokes it, must not less die.Pause and reflect for a moment: if you foreigners did not bring the opium hither, where should our Chinese people get it to re-sell? It is you foreigners who involve our simple natives in the pit of death, and are they alone to be permitted to escape alive? If so much as one of those deprive one of our people of his life, he must forfeit his life in requital for that which he has taken: how much more does this apply to him who by means of opium destroys his fellow-men? Does the havoc which he commits stop with a single life? Therefore it is that those foreigners who now import opium into the Central Land are condemned to be beheaded and strangled by the new statute, and this explains what we said at the beginning about plucking up the tree of evil, wherever it takes root, for the benefit of all nations.7復查本年二月間，據該國領事義律，以禁令森嚴，稟求寬限。凡印度港腳屬地，請限五月，英國本地，請限十月。然后即以新例遵行等語。今本大臣等奏蒙大皇帝，格外天恩，倍加體恤。

We further find that during the second month of this present year, the superintendent of your honorable country, Elliot, viewing the law in relation to the prohibiting of opium as excessively severe, duly petitioned us, begging for “an extension of the term already limited, say five months for Hindostan and the different parts of India, and ten for England, after which they would obey and act in conformity with the new statute,” and other words to the same effect.Now we, the high commissioner and colleagues, upon making a duly prepared memorial to the great emperor, have to feel grateful for his extraordinary goodness, for his redoubled compassion.凡在一年六個月之內，誤帶，但能自首全繳者，免其治罪。若過此限期，仍有帶來，則是明知故犯，即行正法，斷不寬宥。可謂仁之至義之盡矣。Any one who within the next year and a half may by mistake bring opium to this country, if he will but voluntarily come forward, and deliver up the entire quantity, he shall be absolved from all punishment for his crime.If, however, the appointed term shall have expired, and there are still persons who continue to bring it, then such shall be accounted as knowingly violating the laws, and shall most assuredly be put to death!On no account 7

shall we show mercy or clemency!This then may be called truly the extreme of benevolence, and the very perfection of justice!我天朝君臨萬國，盡有不測神威，然不忍不教而誅。故特明宣定例。該國夷商欲圖長久貿易，必當懔遵憲典，將永斷來源，切勿以身試法。

Our celestial empire rules over ten thousand kingdoms!Most surely do we possess a measure of godlike majesty which ye cannot fathom!Still we cannot bear to slay or exterminate without previous warning, and it is for this reason that we now clearly make known to you the fixed laws of our land.If the foreign merchants of your said honorable nation desire to continue their commercial intercourse, they then must tremblingly obey our recorded statutes, they must cut off for ever the source from which the opium flows, and on no account make an experiment of our laws in their own persons!

王其詰奸除慝，以保乂爾有邦，益昭恭順之忱，共享太平之福，幸甚，幸甚！

Let then your highness punish those of your subjects who may be criminal, do not endeavor to screen or conceal them, and thus you will secure peace and quietness to your possessions, thus will you more than ever display a proper sense of respect and obedience, and thus may we unitedly enjoy the common blessings of peace and happiness.What greater joy!What more complete felicity than this!接到此文之后，即將杜絕緣由，速行移覆，切勿諉延。

Let your highness immediately, upon the receipt of this communication, inform us promptly of the state of matters, and of the measure you are pursuing utterly to put a stop to the opium evil.Please let your reply be speedy.Do not on any account make excuses or procrastinate.A most important communication.P.S.We annex an abstract of the new law, now about to be put in force.“Any foreigner or foreigners bringing opium to the Central Land, with design to sell the same, the principals shall most assuredly be decapitated, and the accessories strangled;and all property(found on board the same ship)shall be confiscated.The space of a year and a half is granted, within the which, if any one bringing opium by mistake, shall voluntarily step forward and deliver it up, he shall be absolved from all consequences of his crime.”

This said imperial edict was received on the 9th day of the 6th month of the 19th year of Taoukwang, at which the period of grace begins, and runs on to the 9th day of the 12th month of the 20th year of Taoukwang, when it is completed.Source: From: Chinese Repository, Vol.8(February 1840), pp.497-503;reprinted in William H.McNeil and Mitsuko Iriye, eds., Modern Asia and Africa, Readings in World History Vol.9,(New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp.111-118.Scanned by Jerome S.Arkenberg, Cal.State Fullerton.The text has been modernized by Prof.Arkenberg.

第二篇：2018翻譯碩士百科知識：維多利亞女王時代的英國

凱程考研輔導班，中國最權威的考研輔導機構

2018翻譯碩士百科知識：維多利亞女王

時代的英國

1、狄更斯——長篇小說《大衛?科波菲爾》，為幽默連環畫配寫的故事《匹克威克外傳》，諷刺小說《董貝父子》，長篇小說《艱難時世》，歷史小說《雙城記》，小說《遠大前程》(即《孤星血淚》)

2、薩克雷——長篇小說《名利場》，歷史小說《亨利?艾斯蒙德》，自傳體小說《潘登尼斯》

3、女作家夏洛蒂?勃朗特——長篇小說《簡?愛》(作家與薩克雷同時代，她十分崇拜他，《簡?愛》第二版題辭就是“獻給薩克雷”)

4、夏洛蒂?勃朗特的妹妹艾米麗?勃朗特——長篇小說《呼嘯山莊》

5、夏洛蒂?勃朗特和艾米麗?勃朗特的妹妹安妮?勃朗特——小說《野崗莊園房客》，記述了三姐妹的家事。

6、女作家蓋斯凱爾夫人——《夏洛蒂?勃朗特傳》《南與北》《露絲》

7、哈代——長篇小說《還鄉》《德伯家的苔絲》《卡斯特橋市長》《無名的裘德》

8、1932年諾貝爾文學獎獲得者現實主義小說家高爾斯華綏——《天涯海角》，《福爾賽世家》三部曲(《有產者》《騎虎》《出租》)，《現代喜劇》三部曲(《白猿》《銀匙》《天鵝之歌》)

9、女作家伏尼契——《牛虻》

10、主張“為藝術而藝術”的唯美主義者王爾德——童話代表作《快樂王子》，小說《格雷的畫像》 11、1925年諾貝爾文學獎獲得者蕭伯納——戲劇集《不愉快的戲劇集》《愉快的戲劇集》，戲劇杰作《巴巴拉少校》，著名劇本《英國佬的另一個島》《傷心之家》《蘋果車》

12、毛姆——劇本《腓特烈夫人》，長篇小說《人生的枷鎖》《月亮和六便士》

13、史蒂文生——傳奇小說《寶島》，《綁架》《卡特琳娜》，短篇故事集《新天方夜譚》，《化身博士》

14、科幻小說家威爾斯——《時間機器》《星際大戰》《空中戰爭》《未來事物的面貌》《莫洛博士島》《隱身人》《月球上的第一批人》

15、偵探小說家柯南道爾——《血字的研究》《四簽名》《波希米亞丑聞》《五彩帶》《紅發會》《巴絲克維爾獵犬》??(福爾摩斯)

16、意識流小說家喬伊斯——現代派作品的經典《尤利西斯》(模仿《奧德修記》)

17、現代派大詩人艾略特(注：十九世紀英國文學里，有兩個艾略特，艾略特?G是位女作家，著有《弗洛斯河上的磨房》《織工馬南》《米德爾馬奇》等小說)艾略特?T?S是個男作家——著名長篇《荒原》，被推為現代派詩歌劃時代的里程碑。1948年，詩作《四個四重奏》使詩人獲諾貝爾文學獎。

(現代派文學的鼻祖：喬伊斯，艾略特，法國的普魯斯特，奧地利卡夫卡)

第三篇：致女兒的信__蘇霍姆林斯基ppt教案

致女兒的信蘇霍姆林斯基

作者介紹

蘇霍姆林斯基:蘇聯教育家，蘇聯教育科學院通訊院士，主要著作有《把整個心靈獻給孩子》、《給教師的一百條建議》、《學生的精神世界》等

提前預習

掌握下列字詞的音、形、義

tǎntè yǎn yǎn 忐忑 繁衍 無與倫比 Póuwūè

一抔黃土 化為烏有 怒不可遏 學習目標

1.體會運用小故事闡述抽象道理寫法的好處。

2.品味含義深刻的語句，理解愛情的真諦，樹立正確的愛情觀。研討

故事中提到上帝在創造人后，三次來到人間，他從人的眼神中先后讀到了哪三種不同的東西？想一想，這三者之間有什么聯系？為什么把它們放在一起解釋愛情？

一個窩棚 一幢圓木的房子 一片谷物 一片果園 一個嬰兒 一群兒女

作者為什么不直接告訴女兒什么是愛情？

愛情是抽象的，引用小故事生動形象，通俗易懂······ 尋章摘句

? 做一個幸福的人，只能是在你成為有智慧的人的時候。

? ⒉上帝久久地佇立凝視著。隨后深沉地思索著 離去了。從那時起人就成了大地上的上帝。

? ⒊愛情，它高于上帝，是人類永恒的美和力量。? ⒋愛情是人類種族的生命力永不衰敗的紐帶。? ⒌從人本身來說，只有以人的方式去愛的人，才成為真正的人。先哲的風采

人的愛情應當不僅是美好的、誠實的、堅貞的，同時也應該是理智的、慎重的、機警的、嚴肅的，只有那樣的愛情才能帶來歡樂和幸福。

愛情是人類獨有的，他不同于其它生物的生理需求，它是人類文明的產物。人類的愛情不是僅僅為了繁衍后代，還要給對方以幸福，忠誠的捍衛感情，生死相依。

你知道有哪些關于愛情的成語嗎？ 海枯石爛 地老天荒 舉案齊眉 信誓旦旦 執子之手 與子偕老 輾轉反側 如膠似漆 永結同心

情投意合 甜言蜜語

一心一意

你知道有哪些關于愛情的傳說、故事、文學作品嗎？ 《紅樓夢》中的賈寶玉與林黛玉 梁山伯與祝英臺的傳說故事 《聊齋志異》中人與鬼狐的愛情 《泰坦尼克號》中的杰克與露絲 董詠和七仙女的神話故事

外國名著《飄》中的郝思嘉和白瑞德

你知道有哪些關于愛情的詩詞嗎？ 紅豆生南國，春來發幾枝，愿君多采擷，此物最相思。

——《相思》 身無彩鳳雙飛翼，心有靈犀一點通。

——李商隱《無題》 兩情若是久長時，又豈在朝朝暮暮。

——秦觀《鵲橋仙》

當你老了，頭白了，睡思昏沉的在爐火旁打盹，請取下這部詩歌 慢慢讀，回想你過去眼神的柔和 回想往日那一個個小小的甜蜜

多少人愛你年輕歡暢的時刻 愛慕你青春美麗的容顏。只有一個人愛你那朝圣者的靈魂 愛你衰老臉上痛苦的皺紋

多少人愛你殷實的生活，愛慕你頭 上閃耀的金冠，愛你手中高高的權杖，唯有一個人愛你的善良

愛你蹣跚步履里飽含著的艱辛