第一篇：歷史老照片不能說(shuō)的秘密慈禧軍閥明末清初文革晚清
歷史老照片不能說(shuō)的秘密慈禧軍閥明末清初文革晚清
Chapter 5 Word Meaning
The meanings of “Meaning”Reference(所指):
It is the relationship between language and the word.It is the arbitrary and conventional.It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:It is beyond language is the result of human cognition(認(rèn)識(shí)),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense（意義）:It denotes the relationship inside the language.‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’
Motivation(理?yè)?jù))：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1)Onomatopoeic motivation（擬聲理?yè)?jù)）2)Morphological motivation（形態(tài)理?yè)?jù)）3)Semantic motivation（詞義理?yè)?jù)）4)Etymological motivation（詞源理?yè)?jù)）
Types of meaning
Grammatical Meaning（語(yǔ)法意義）:indicate the grammatical concept(become important only in actual context)Lexical Meaning（詞匯意義）
Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning
Lexical meaning has 2 components: Conceptual meaning(概念意義)and associative meaning(關(guān)聯(lián)意義)Conceptual meaning(概念意義): also known as denotative meaning(外延意義)
Associative meaning(關(guān)聯(lián)意義):[connotative隱含意義,Stylistic風(fēng)格意義,Affective感情意義, Collocative搭配意義]
Chapter 6--Sense relation and semantic field（語(yǔ)義關(guān)系和語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)）Polysemy（多義關(guān)系）Two approached to polysemy: diachronic approach(歷時(shí)方法)synchronic approach(共時(shí)方法)Two processed of development: radiation（輻射型）and concatenation（連鎖型）Homonymy（同形/同音異義關(guān)系）
It refers words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Types of homonyms
1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形異義詞）2）Homophones（同音異義詞）3)Homographs（同形異義詞）Origins of homonyms
1）change in sound and spelling 2）borrowing3）Shortening(縮略)
The differences between polysemes（多義詞）and homonyms（同音同形異義詞）).1)Homonymy refer to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has sevral distinguishable meaning.2)Homonymy are from different sources.Polysemy are from the same source.3)The various meanings of polysemy are correlated and connected to one central meaning.Meanings of different homonymy have nothing to do with one another.values: Polysemic and homonymous word are stlyistically useful to achieve humour or irony（反話，諷刺）,or to heighten（提高）dramatic effect.Synonymy(同義關(guān)系):one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the sam
e essential meaning : absolute synonyms and relative synonyms Sources of synonyms(同義詞)are :1)Borrowing2)Dialects and regional English3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions
Antonymy(反義關(guān)系)
It is concerned with semantic opposition.Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.1)contradictory terms(矛盾反義詞):these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning, such antonyms are non-gradable.They cannot be used in comparative degrees.(single/married)
2)contrary terms（對(duì)立反義詞）:antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.(old/young)3)relative terms（關(guān)系反義詞）：（parent/child）sell/buy Some of the characteristics of antonyms反義關(guān)系的特點(diǎn)
1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition
2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym 3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion 4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms The uses of antonyms
To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast.(idiom:now and never)To form anithesis(對(duì)比法)to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together.(proverbs and sayings:easy come , easy go)
Hyponymy(上下義關(guān)系)
Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.For example, a cat is hyponym of animal Superordinate and Subordinate(118)Semantic Field(詞義場(chǎng))
Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory
e.g.(apple, pear, peach,date,mango,orange,lemon, etc.make up the semantic field of ‘fruits’)The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language.e.g.(aunt in English, may means “父親的姐姐，媽媽的姐姐，父親哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122)Chapter 6 Changes in Word Meaning詞義的演變
Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content.Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.Types of Changes 詞義變化的種類（extension,narrowing,degradation,elevation and transfer）Extension or generalization詞義的擴(kuò)大:is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo.[companion(old)one who shares bread(ex)a company]
Narrowing or specialization詞義的縮小：is the opposite of widening meaning.When a common words is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed.[meat(old)food(na)flesh of animals]
Elevation or amelioration of meaning詞義的升華: the process by which words rise from humble
（粗陋的）beginnings to positions of importance.[knight(old)servant(el)rank below baronet從男爵]
Degeneration or pejoration詞義的貶降:A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or no-affective words come to used in derogatory sense.[silly(old)happy(de)foolish]
Transfer詞義的轉(zhuǎn)移:Words which were used to designate指明 one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.（140）
Causes of Semantic Change詞義變化的原因 Extra-linguistic factors 141Historical reason2 Class reason(elevation or degradation)3 Psychological reason
Linguistic factors：the change of meaning may be caused by internal factors with in the language system.Chapter 8Meaning and Context 意義和語(yǔ)境
Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word.Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.Two types of context
Linguistic context：It refers to the words,clauses,sentences in which a word appears.It may cover a paragraph,a whole chapter and even the entire book.1)Lexical context：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question.2)Grammatical context：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.Extra-linguistic context：In a broad sense,it includes the physical situaion as well.it embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.The role of context語(yǔ)境的作用 Elimination of ambiguity消除歧義
1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity Indication of referents限定所指Provision of clues for inferring word meaning 提供線索以猜測(cè)詞義
Chapter 9 English Idioms 英語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ) Idioms: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements.In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms（俗語(yǔ)）, Catchphrases（標(biāo)語(yǔ)）,slang expressions（俚語(yǔ)）,proverbs（諺語(yǔ)）,etc.They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of Idioms
Semantic unity 語(yǔ)意的整體性 words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity
Structural stability結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性: the constituents要素of idioms cannot be replaced, inverted or changed, deleted or added to, not even an article.The fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.習(xí)語(yǔ)性表達(dá)習(xí)慣
Classification of Idiomsidioms nominal in nature 名詞性習(xí)語(yǔ)(white elephant累贅物)idioms adjectival in nature形容詞性習(xí)語(yǔ)（as poor as a church mouse）3 idioms verbal in nature 動(dòng)詞性習(xí)語(yǔ)（look into）idioms adverbial in nature副詞性習(xí)語(yǔ)（tooth and nail 拼命）5 sentence idioms 句式習(xí)語(yǔ)（never do things by halves）
Use of idioms:習(xí)語(yǔ)的使用（stylistic features, rhetoric features and their occasional variations）Stylistic features 文體色彩〔colloquialisms（俗語(yǔ)）, slang 俚語(yǔ),literary expressions〕 The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meaning
Rhetorical features 修辭色彩(phonetic manipulation 語(yǔ)音處理，lexical manipulation and figures of speech)phonetic manipulation 語(yǔ)音處理 : alliteration頭韻、rhyme押韻
lexical manipulation：reiteration（duplication of synonyms同義字重復(fù)）[scream and shout]repetition [out and out]、juxtaposition(of antonyms)反義詞并列 [here and there]
figures of speech : Simile（明喻）、Metaphor（隱喻）、Metonymy（換喻）、synecdoche(提喻)、Personification（擬人法）、Euphemism（委婉詞）Variations of idioms習(xí)語(yǔ)的變異形式：addition,deletion,replacement,postion-shifting,dismembering(分解)179
Chapter 10English Dictionaries 英語(yǔ)字典
Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（語(yǔ)源）Types of dictionaries:
Monolingual & bilingual dictionaries
Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language(LDCE,CCELD).The headword or entries are defined & illustrated in the same language.Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages(A New English-Chinese D, A Chinese-English D)Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries
Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language(spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是單語(yǔ)或是雙語(yǔ)的Encyclopedic dictionary:encyclopedia(百科全書):is not concerned with the language per se（本身）but provides encyclopedic information.Concerning each headword(not pronunciation, meanings, or usages)but only information.Encyclopedic Dictionary: have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia(
Unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries Unabridged D: basic information about a word: its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates(同詞源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, derived forms, synonyms and homonyms(同音異意)
Specialized dictionaries: concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usage in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects.Use of the dictionaryread the contents page to find out quickly what information is included in the dictionary 2 read the guide to the use of the dictionary
Three good general dictionaries 3本常用字典
Longman dictionary of contemporary English(LDCE)new edition(1987)朗文當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)詞典 新版 Collins COBUILD English language dictionary(CCELD)(1987)科林斯合作英語(yǔ)詞典 A Chinese-English dictionary(revised edition)(CED)(1995)漢英字典修訂版
(增加：English dictionaries can be divided into 11 types according to different specialized purposes.General Dictionaries for Current English通用現(xiàn)代詞典,Dictionaries Complied on History Principles按照歷史原則編纂的詞典,Etymological Dictionaries詞源詞典,Pronouncing Dictionaries發(fā)音詞典,Dictionaries of Synonyms同義詞詞典,Dictionaries of Idioms and Proverbs習(xí)語(yǔ)和諺語(yǔ)詞典,Dictionaries of Slang俚語(yǔ)詞典, Classified and Illustrated Dictionaries分類詞典,Encyclopedic Dictionaries百科全書性質(zhì)的詞典, Dictionaries of Dialects方言詞典, Dictionaries of Place Names地名詞典)
Supplementaries for terms:
1.word equivalent（等同詞）:denotes an idiom or set phrase representing a semantic unit and funtioning as a single word in a sentence.2.register（語(yǔ)域）: It's one of the main factors that has led to the growth of sociolinguistic reaserch has been the recognition of fact that language is very variable phenomenon,and that this variability is not haphazard(偶然性，任意性)
3.dismembering（肢解）:It is what I mean by breaking up the idioms into pieces,an unusual case of use of idioms particularly in literature or popular press to achieve special effect
第二篇：歷史老照片不能說(shuō)的秘密慈禧軍閥明末清初文革晚清
歷史老照片不能說(shuō)的秘密慈禧軍閥明末清初文革晚清
19、佛、菩薩、（阿）羅漢的根本區(qū)別： 佛：自覺、覺他、覺行圓滿； 菩薩：自覺、覺他（阿羅漢）：自覺；
20、漢地佛寺三佛同殿的合稱、常見布局及表法意義； A、三身佛：其組合布局為：應(yīng)身佛 法身佛 報(bào)身佛（釋迦牟尼佛）——（毗盧遮那佛）——（盧舍那佛）； 表法意義：體現(xiàn)天臺(tái)宗佛有三身教義；
B、三方佛：組合布局：西方極樂世界 娑婆世界 東方凈琉璃世界（阿彌陀佛）——（釋迦牟尼佛）——（藥師佛）； 表法意義：體現(xiàn)凈土信仰；
C、三世佛：組合布局：未來(lái)世 現(xiàn)在世 過(guò)去世 彌勒佛——釋迦牟尼佛——燃燈佛 彌勒佛——釋迦牟尼佛——迦葉佛
表法意義：從時(shí)間上體現(xiàn)佛的傳承關(guān)系，表示佛法永存，世代不息；
21、漢地佛寺常見一佛二菩薩組合的合稱、布局及其所教化世界： 合稱 組合布局 所教化世界
釋家三尊 普賢菩薩—釋迦牟尼佛—文殊菩薩 娑婆世界 華嚴(yán)三圣 普賢菩薩—毗盧遮那佛—文殊菩薩 華藏世界
東方三圣[藥師三尊] 月光菩薩—藥師佛—日光菩薩 東方凈琉璃世界
西方三圣[（阿）彌陀三尊] 大勢(shì)至菩薩—阿彌陀佛—觀世音菩薩 西方極樂世界
三方佛一鋪布局
西方極樂世界 娑婆世界 東方凈琉璃世界
大勢(shì)至菩薩—阿彌陀佛—觀世音菩薩 普賢菩薩—釋迦牟尼佛—文殊菩薩 月光菩薩—藥師佛—日光菩薩
[西方三圣] [釋家三佛] [東方三圣]
22、“華嚴(yán)三圣”的表達(dá)意義：
華嚴(yán)宗經(jīng)典《華嚴(yán)經(jīng)》特別推崇法身佛毗盧遮那佛。認(rèn)為無(wú)限的宇宙是華藏世界（又稱”蓮花藏世界”，它又包含多層次世界。），法身佛毗盧遮那佛是華世藏世界的教主、主宰和本體。毗盧遮那佛教無(wú)所不在，整個(gè)華藏世界不過(guò)是毗盧遮那佛的顯現(xiàn)，一切佛菩薩也全是毗盧遮那佛教的應(yīng)化身。毗盧遮那佛有兩個(gè)取親密助筆，那文殊菩薩和普賢菩薩（也是其化身），三者合稱“華嚴(yán)三圣”。
23、“三大士”、“四大士”、“五大士”：
三大士：文殊菩薩、普賢菩薩、觀世音菩薩；
四大士：文殊菩薩、普賢菩薩、觀世音菩薩、地藏菩薩；
五大士：文殊菩薩、普賢菩薩、觀世音菩薩、地藏菩薩、大勢(shì)至菩薩；
24、四大菩薩的別號(hào)、手持法器、坐騎及其道場(chǎng)： 文殊菩薩：別號(hào)（大智菩薩）；手持法器（寶劍）；坐騎（獅子）；道場(chǎng)（山西五臺(tái)山）； 普賢菩薩：別號(hào)（大行菩薩）；手持法器（如意棒）；坐騎（六牙大象）；道場(chǎng)（四川峨眉山）；
觀世音菩薩：別號(hào)（大悲菩薩）；手持法器（凈瓶、楊柳枝）；道場(chǎng)（浙江普陀山）； 地藏菩薩：別號(hào)（大愿菩薩）；手持法器（錫杖、如意珠）；道場(chǎng)（安徽九華山）；
25、只有40手40眼的觀音像也稱作千手千眼觀音的原因？ 每只手和眼睛有二十五種功能（二十五有），相乘后得千手千眼。
26、四大天王的名稱及其表法意義、手持法器及其表法意義： 東方持國(guó)天王：服色（白色）；表法意義（代表盡職盡力主持國(guó)家事務(wù)）；手持法器及其表法意義：（琵琶：代表做事要合乎中道、恰到好處）； 南方增長(zhǎng)天王：服色（青色）；表法意義（代表“天天進(jìn)步”）；手持法器及其表法意義：（慧劍：代表斬?cái)酂溃?西方廣目天王：服色（紅色）；表法意義（代表“多看”）；手持法器及其表法意義：（龍（蛇）：象征世上一切人和事變化無(wú)常；）； 北方多聞天王：服色（綠色）；表法意義（代表“多聽”）；手持法器及其表法意義：（寶傘：代表遮擋世上的種種污染）；
27、寺院中彌勒的造像既有佛像又有菩薩的原因：
現(xiàn)在世佛釋迦牟尼曾預(yù)言：彌勒將在56.7億年以后降生印度，在華林園龍華樹下得道成佛接班，并分批超度一切眾生，故稱未來(lái)世佛。但彌勒現(xiàn)在還是菩薩，據(jù)佛經(jīng)說(shuō)，他還在兜率天內(nèi)院中（即彌勒凈土）修行。
28、大肚彌勒的來(lái)歷及其表法意義。
“大肚彌勒”名契比，相傳為五代梁朝時(shí)明州（今寧波）奉化人，他兩耳垂肩，袒胸露肚，開口常笑；但出語(yǔ)無(wú)定，寢臥隨處，常以杖荷一布袋，終日奔走，勸化人信佛，人稱布袋和尚。貞明二年（916年），在岳林寺圓寂靜時(shí)口念一偈：“彌勒真彌勒，分身千百億，時(shí)時(shí)示世人，世人處不識(shí)。”這時(shí)人們才醒司其為彌勒的化身。他的表法意義為：學(xué)佛者要生平等心，要呈喜悅相。對(duì)待任何人、任何事物，都要?dú)g歡喜喜，平平靜靜，不跟任何人計(jì)較，具備這樣的條件，才有資格入佛門。
29、韋馱有“三洲感應(yīng)”之稱的原因及根據(jù)其造像判斷該寺院是接待寺還是非接待寺的方法。韋馱曾親受佛祖法旨，周統(tǒng)東、西、南三洲巡游護(hù)法事宜，保護(hù)出家人，護(hù)持佛法，故稱“三洲感應(yīng)”（佛經(jīng)稱北俱盧洲人不信佛教）。
韋馱像如為雙手合十將金剛杵擱于肘間，表該寺為十方叢林，接待寺；如以杵拄地，表該寺為非接待寺。
30、“二王尊”的職能、俗稱及其所持法器：
“二王尊”指伽藍(lán)守護(hù)神密跡金剛和那羅延天，專司把守佛寺山門。密跡金剛是釋迦牟尼五百執(zhí)金剛（即金剛杵）衛(wèi)隊(duì)的衛(wèi)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)，其形象開口、持杵那羅延天是具有大力之印度古神，其形象合口、持棒。民間根據(jù)他們“合口”和“開口”的形象特征，俗稱為“哼合二將”。
31、漢地佛寺法堂的用途及陳設(shè)：
法堂是演說(shuō)佛法皈戒集會(huì)之處。法堂內(nèi)除一般安置佛像外，另設(shè)法座、講臺(tái)、鐘鼓。
32、我國(guó)佛塔的四種主要型制及其代表性佛塔名稱：
樓閣式塔——陜西西安大雁塔、山西應(yīng)縣木塔、河南開封祜國(guó)寺鐵塔；
密檐式塔——河南登封嵩岳寺塔、北京天寧寺塔、西安小雁塔、云南大理千尋塔； 覆缽式塔——北京妙應(yīng)寺白塔、北京北海白塔、山西五臺(tái)山塔院寺大白塔；
金剛寶座塔——北京真覺寺金剛寶座塔、北京碧云寺金剛寶座塔、內(nèi)蒙古呼和浩特市五塔寺金剛座舍利寶塔；
33、“在家男女二眾”，“出家男女二眾”、“四眾弟子”；“出家四眾”；“出家五眾”、“七眾”：在家男女二眾：優(yōu)婆塞（信士，居十）和優(yōu)婆夷（信女，女居士）； 出家男女二眾：比丘（俗稱“和尚”）和比丘尼（俗稱“尼姑”）； 四眾弟子：優(yōu)婆塞（信士，居十）和優(yōu)婆夷（信女，女居士），比丘（俗稱“和尚”）和比丘尼（俗稱“尼姑”）；
出家四眾：比丘、比丘尼、沙彌（俗稱“小和尚”）和沙彌尼（小尼姑）； 出家五眾：比丘、比丘尼、沙彌、沙彌尼和式叉摩那（學(xué)戒尼）；
34、道教創(chuàng)立的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)及創(chuàng)始人：東漢末年，在蜀中鶴鳴山（今四川省大邑縣境內(nèi)），張陵（又稱張道陵）倡導(dǎo)五斗米道（因信徒入教必須交五斗米故名之）。后一，倡導(dǎo)導(dǎo)道教的張陵，被稱為張?zhí)鞄煟蛔馂榈澜痰膭?chuàng)始者。
35、道教的基本教義：
（1）宣揚(yáng)“道”是“萬(wàn)物之母”：A、“道”是“萬(wàn)物之母”/“道”是無(wú)所不在的力量；B、“德”是道的顯現(xiàn)/“德”是道的行動(dòng)；
（2）追求長(zhǎng)生不老、肉身成仙：A、內(nèi)養(yǎng)；B、外養(yǎng)；C、房中術(shù)；
36、道教全真道和正一道的主要區(qū)別：
（1）全真道：創(chuàng)建時(shí)間：金末；主要經(jīng)典有：（道經(jīng)）《道德經(jīng)》、（佛經(jīng)）《般若波羅密多心經(jīng)》和（儒經(jīng)）《孝經(jīng)》（主張道、佛、儒三合一）；主要特征：重內(nèi)丹修煉，不尚符簫，不事黃白之術(shù)（冶煉金銀之術(shù)），以修真養(yǎng)性為正道；戒規(guī)：道士必須出家住宮觀，不得蓄妻
室，并制定嚴(yán)格的清規(guī)戒律；傳播地區(qū)：全國(guó)道教宮觀大部屬全真派。（2）正一道：形成時(shí)間：元代；主要經(jīng)典：《正一經(jīng)》；主要特征：以行符簫為主要特征（畫符念咒，驅(qū)鬼降妖，祈福禳災(zāi)）；戒規(guī)：道士可以有家室，可不出家，不住宮觀，清規(guī)戒律也不如全真道嚴(yán)格；傳播地區(qū)：主要流行在江南和臺(tái)灣省。40、“三清”
系道教最高層神團(tuán)。
三清主要指：A、玉清元始天尊——住清微天之玉清宮 B、上清靈寶天尊——住禹余天之上清宮 C、太清道德天尊——住大赤天之太清宮
41、“四御”；
指輔佐三清的四位天帝。
玉皇大帝——總執(zhí)天道A、紫微北極大帝（協(xié)助玉皇大帝執(zhí)掌天地經(jīng)緯、日月星辰和四時(shí)氣候）；B、勾陳南極大帝（協(xié)助玉皇大帝執(zhí)掌南北極和天地人三才，統(tǒng)御眾星，并主持人間兵革之事）
后土皇地祗——執(zhí)掌地道（掌陰陽(yáng)生育、萬(wàn)物之美與大地山河之秀）；
42、“真武大帝”及其祖庭，以及元明以來(lái)受到皇家特別尊崇的原因：
原為星宿神，指黃道圈上北方七宿玄武，呈龜蛇形象。宋代成為道教大神。傳真武為凈東國(guó)太子，后在武當(dāng)山修煉，得道飛升，威鎮(zhèn)北方。為北方最高神，又是水神（有有防止火災(zāi)之威力）。元世祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一忽必烈營(yíng)建大都、與南宋對(duì)抗時(shí)，傳西直門外有龜蛇顯現(xiàn)；明代朱棣發(fā)動(dòng)“靖難之變”向南京進(jìn)攻時(shí)，傳真武曾顯像助威。故元明以來(lái)真武大帝受到皇家特別尊崇，各地紛紛建真武廟。其祖庭在湖北武當(dāng)山。
43、我國(guó)古代讀書人特別尊崇文昌帝君和魁星的原因及文昌帝君的祖廟。
道教稱文昌帝君掌管人世功名利祿，魁星主文運(yùn)。故古代備受讀書人崇拜。文昌帝君 的祖廟為四川梓潼七曲山文昌宮（梓潼大廟）。
44、媽祖（天妃、天后）的來(lái)歷；我國(guó)三大媽祖廟及媽祖祖庭。媽祖原名林默，生于北宋建隆元年（960年）。傳她生而神異，救助過(guò)不少海上遇難漁民和般只，后在福建莆田湄洲島羽化升天當(dāng)?shù)貪O民在島上蓋廟祭祀。道教繼承民間傳說(shuō)，把媽祖列為道教女神（海上保護(hù)神）。湄洲島媽祖廟、天津天后宮和臺(tái)灣北港朝天宮并列為我國(guó)三大媽祖廟。湄洲島媽祖廟為媽祖廟的祖庭。
45、我國(guó)佛、道、儒三教褒封關(guān)羽的稱號(hào)及全國(guó)最大的兩座關(guān)帝廟； 佛教：伽藍(lán)神 道教：關(guān)圣帝君 儒家：武圣人
山西運(yùn)城解州（關(guān)羽出生地）關(guān)帝廟是全國(guó)規(guī)模最大、最為壯觀、保存最完好之關(guān)帝廟。河南洛陽(yáng)的關(guān)林，傳為埋葬關(guān)羽頭顱之處，也是著名的關(guān)帝誤碼。
46、伊斯蘭教創(chuàng)立的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)及創(chuàng)始人；
公元7世紀(jì)初創(chuàng)立于阿拉伯斗島。創(chuàng)始人為穆罕默德。
47、伊斯蘭教傳入中國(guó)的時(shí)間及兩條路線；
伊斯蘭教于唐永徽二年（651年）傳入中國(guó)。傳入中國(guó)的路線有兩條：
（1）絲綢之路（陸路：從阿拉伯，經(jīng)波斯，過(guò)天山南北，穿過(guò)河西走廊，進(jìn)入中原）；（2）香料之路（海路：從阿拉伯經(jīng)印度洋到東南沿海廣州和泉州等地）；
48、伊斯蘭教的教義：
一、六大信仰：信安拉（即真主）為惟一的主宰、信天使、信使者、信經(jīng)典、信前定、信后世；
二、五功：念功、禮功、齋功、課功、朝功；
三、善行
49、伊斯蘭教主要節(jié)日的名稱及內(nèi)涵：（1）開齋節(jié)（新疆稱肉孜節(jié)）：教歷9月內(nèi)齋戒。齋月最后一天尋看新月，見月的次日即行開齋，為開齋節(jié)；其節(jié)日內(nèi)涵為：在齋月，每天從日出至日落要禁食，并禁房事；
（2）宰牲節(jié)（又名古爾邦節(jié)）：教歷12月10日；節(jié)日內(nèi)涵：在中國(guó)，是穆斯林最大的節(jié)日。據(jù)傳易卜拉欣受安拉“啟示”，命他殺兒獻(xiàn)祭，以考驗(yàn)他對(duì)安拉的忠誠(chéng)。當(dāng)易卜拉欣遵命執(zhí)
行時(shí)，安拉又命以羊代替，遂產(chǎn)生宰牲節(jié)。穆斯林每逢此日舉行會(huì)禮，互相拜會(huì)，并宰殺牛、羊、駱駝，互相饋贈(zèng)以示紀(jì)念。（3）圣紀(jì)節(jié)（又稱圣忌日）：教歷3月12日；節(jié)日內(nèi)涵：相傳為穆罕默德誕生和恨真（逝世）的日子。那天舉行圣會(huì)，誦讀《古蘭經(jīng)》，講述穆罕默德的生平業(yè)績(jī)等。50、我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)式風(fēng)格清真寺的主要特點(diǎn)：1）分幾進(jìn)四合院，有明顯中軸線。
2）禮拜正殿和殿內(nèi)壁龕（圣龕）必須背向麥加（在中國(guó)為背向西方），以示跪拜朝賂。3）建筑內(nèi)部不得設(shè)偶像，也不以動(dòng)物形象作裝飾，多以阿拉伯文經(jīng)文和花草為飾。4）主要建筑有大殿、經(jīng)堂、浴堂、（作大、小凈用）、望月樓（齋月觀察新月用）、宣禮樓（又名“邦克樓”，是宣禮員按時(shí)登高召喚穆斯林進(jìn)行每日五次禮拜的地方）。
51、基督教創(chuàng)立的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)及創(chuàng)始人；
基督教在公元1世紀(jì)由巴勒斯坦拿撒勒人耶穌創(chuàng)立。
52、基督教發(fā)展史上的兩次大分裂及形成的三大教派。原始基督教——于公元11世紀(jì)中葉：1）
2）天主教——公元16世紀(jì)：1）天主教 2）新教
53、基督教四傳中國(guó)情況；
基督教一傳中國(guó)：指流行于中亞的基督教聶斯脫利海豹（景教）從波斯來(lái)華傳教，時(shí)逢唐朝“貞觀之治”。后在唐武宗崇道毀佛的風(fēng)云中遭到厄運(yùn)。
基督教二傳中國(guó)：指景教在元朝的復(fù)興和羅馬天主教來(lái)華傳教。隨
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