第一篇：奧巴馬肢體語言

奧巴馬的肢體語言分析（組圖）

馬英九同志在接受CNN專訪時說了一句“永遠不會要求美國人民為臺灣而戰(We will never ask Americans to fight for Taiwan)”，竟然引起軒然大波，藍綠雙方圍繞“never”一詞唇槍舌劍。由此可見，政治人物一舉手、一投足都要小心為妙，肯定不能像小沈陽，臺上臺下地亂跑一氣。

在這方面，林黛玉和奧巴馬都做得不錯。林黛玉在賈府“步步留心，時時在意，不肯輕易多說一句話，多行一步路，唯恐被人恥笑了他去”。上個月，核安全峰會在美國首都華盛頓舉行，47個國家的領導人或代表出席了此次會議。美國總統奧巴馬在歡迎這些國家的領導人時的肢體語言堪稱教科書，值得政治人物“Good good study，day day up”。

1.法國總統薩科齊身材矮小，這顯然是奧巴馬展現男人胸懷的絕佳時機。請注意，奧巴馬的一只手放在薩科齊的肩上。

2.阿根廷女總統克里斯蒂娜-費爾南德斯-德基什內爾雍容華貴，渾身散發著女人的魅力——這顯然是奧巴馬展現憐香惜玉柔情一面的絕佳時機。請注意，奧巴馬的一只手搭在克里斯蒂娜的膀子上。

3.緊握右手，面對鏡頭笑容燦爛，英國外交大臣戴維-米利班德與奧巴馬似乎要給外界留下這樣的印象：見到對方非常高興。

4.與意大利人見面，手勢示意看來必不可少。奧巴馬在歡迎意大利總理貝盧斯科尼時，便將這一禮儀演繹得恰到好處。

5.雖然在世界政壇素有“鐵娘子”之稱，德國總理默克爾還是很愿意與奧巴馬來個貼面禮，以示親密。

6.由于身高存在明顯差異，韓國總統李明博最終只能緊緊抓住奧巴馬一只胳膊，將下巴伏在他的肩膀上，而奧巴馬此時的姿勢就好象是在抱著個嬰兒。

7.由于身高差距太大，貼面親吻只能屈膝，這種情況下，奧巴馬選擇俯身與菲律賓女總統阿羅約握手以示尊重。

8.奧巴馬向中國國家主席胡錦濤“鞠躬”，在美國引起爭議，其中一個原因是，他似乎忘了中國武術的精髓：永遠不要將目光從對手身上移開。

9.奧巴馬或許忘了，梅德韋杰夫的前任可是一位柔道黑帶高手，他看上去想要出人意料給俄羅斯總統來個過臀摔（hip throw）。

10.在歡迎南非總統祖馬時，奧巴馬將一只手輕輕地放在他的后背，雖然如此，這一肢體語言看上去絕對頗具男子漢氣魄。

11.奧巴馬在與印度總理辛格握手時，刻意保持了一定的距離，從而為最后時刻的問候留下空間。

12.在歡迎巴西總統盧拉時，奧巴馬表情嚴肅，好像是在安慰后者，或許，他此刻想起里約熱內盧近來爆發的災難性洪水

第二篇：肢體語言

肢體語言在職業學校英語教學中的作用

摘要：隨著語言教學和語言學習方法改革的持續推進,對于英語教師用英語組織教學創設鮮活的語言學習環境的要求越來越高,然而由于職業學校學生英語基礎普遍欠佳,詞匯量相對匱乏,這就要求老師必須通過面部表情和肢體語言,來簡化教學語言,本文將探討肢體語言在職業學校英語教學中運用的可行性和效果。

關鍵詞：肢體語言；英語課堂；職業學校學生；英語教學；語言教學

一、肢體語言教學的概念

所謂肢體語言（body language），是指經由身體的各種動作，代替語言藉以達到表情達意的溝通目的。肢體語言包括所有人類的交流方式，超越了書面和話語所表達的所有詞匯。狹義言之，它只包括身體與四肢所表達的意義；廣義言之，肢體語言也包括面部表情在內。在這里我們強調的是廣義的意義，通過它可觀察口語以外所呈現的潛在感受，通常是意識的舉動。根據研究資料表明，在信息的傳達中，說一句話只表達了要表達內容的百分之七，聲音占百分之三十八，那剩下的百分之五十五是來自說話者的姿態、表情、動作等[1]。肢體語言教學法簡稱T.P.R.(Total Physical Response)，即課堂上不需中文翻譯，學生通過教師的肢體動作來理解[2]。

二、肢體語言在英語教學中的重要性

眾所周知，課堂教學是學生學習英語最重要的方式之一，在教學活動中，老師通常是以說話及寫黑板的方式將想要傳授的課本知識表達給學生，但這種教學方式太死板，無法引起學生的興趣。心理學研究表明，長時間地保持同一姿態會使人產生厭倦，而一旦學生產生厭倦感，那他上課就會情緒低落，注意力不集中。那么，如何激發學生的學習興趣呢？就需要采取新的教學手段，而肢體語言的運用就是其中的一種。

在課堂教學中，教師的表情、動作、眼神、站勢、服飾等非語言現象發出的信號，都是無聲的肢體語言。他們是教師課堂中能否吸引學生注意力的前提條件。一位心理學家曾指出：無聲語言所顯示的意義要比有聲語言多得多，甚至還可以表達出自然有聲語言難于表達的思想感情。因此教師要恰當運用肢體語言為教學服務。我們看舞蹈表演，從演員的服飾、表情、動作中，解讀它蘊含的意義，受到美的熏陶。老師也像演員，天天在三尺講臺上演出，學生在從教師的肢體語言中學到知識的同時也得到一種美的享受。當然老師和演員的演出截然不同，老師肢體語言要求適度，否則會影響課堂教學效果。現在一些教師特別是青年教師，對肢體語言的作用沒引起足夠的重視，課堂上各種肢體語言隨意性強，控制不好，對學生的品行培養和教學效果帶來不少影響。心理學家通過實驗得出這樣的結論:學生獲取信息的效果=7%的文字+38%的音調+55%的面部表情及動作。由此可知，肢體語言在我們的日常生活中具有很大的重要性。

三、職業學校英語教學的特點

（1）《中等職業學校英語課程教學基本要求》中明確指出，職業教育培養的是技術、生產、等領域的中等技能型專門人才。英語課程強調打好語言基礎和培養語言應用能力并重。所以，高職英語就要適當降低英語閱讀能力的要求，加強聽說能力的培養，以適應應用型技術性人才職業崗位的特點。作為教學工作者，應該意識到英語教學課程不僅僅是一門知識型學科，在教學過程中不應只注重如何培養學生接受語言知識的能力，而更應注重培養學生的積極思維能力和運用英語進行交際的能力。

（2）目前，職業學校學生入學時英語水平參差不齊，英語基礎相對薄弱，語言實踐運用能力不強，普遍缺乏端正的學習態度和必備的文化素質，對學習、教師抱有不滿情緒，不愿甚至不能配合老師的正常教學。但是，高職學生都是十幾歲的年輕人，他們活潑好動，思維敏捷，接受新事物的能力很強。所以，英語教學就要求課堂上打破傳統教學的常規。而要改變沉悶的局面，達到應用的目的，最好的方法就是讓課堂“活”起來[3]。

四、肢體語言在課堂組織教學中的運用

教師不僅要懂得課堂教學規律，掌握一定的教育學、心理學知識，還必須關注每一位學生，運用一定的組織藝術，努力調動學生的有意注意，激發學生的情感，使學生在愉快、輕松的心境中全身心地投入到學習中去。

肢體語言在職業學校英語課堂中的運用比在其他學科中的運用更具有發展空間，現在一種比較流行的英語教學法TPR教學法，即全身反應教學法，這種教學在很大程度上要依賴于肢體語言的合理運用。

我在課堂教學中總結出了以下的幾種方法：

（一）聲音控制法：聲音控制法指教師通過語調、音量、節奏和速度的變化，來引起和控制學生的注意。例如，當教師從一種講話速度變到另一種速度時，已分散的注意力會重新集中起來。在講解中適當加大音量，也可以起到加強注意和突出重點的作用。我們常做的高低聲游戲就是利用了這個原理。

比如，在重點內容的教授中，我會適當的提高我的音量，放慢我的語速，學生就理解了，這個時候老師講到重點了，要凝神了！

再如，在講習題的時候，老師激情飛揚，熱情高漲，學生不自覺的就被老師所吸引，被老師的情緒所感染。我經常講的很投入，可以說手舞足蹈，學生被我的情緒所感染，枯燥的講授也顯得那么的活潑、生動。

（二）表情控制法：豐富的表情變化也可以起到控制學生注意力的作用。教師的表情表達對學生的暗示、警告和提示，也可以表達期待、鼓勵、探詢、疑惑等情感。教師面部表情、頭部動作、手勢及身體的移動也傳遞著豐富的信息，有助于溝通師生間的交流，調控學生的注意力。

班里有個學生，上學期的成績不是特別的好，但是這學期有明顯的進步，只是偶爾課上還是會做點小動作，這個時候，我就朝他搖搖頭，并用表情進行警告，他很快就領會我的意思，“坐”的相當好！

（三）停頓吸引法：適當的停頓，能夠有效地引起學生的注意力，可以產生明顯的刺激對比效應。喧鬧中突然出現的寂靜，可以緊緊抓住學生的注意力。一般來說，停頓的時間以三秒左右為宜。這樣的停頓足以引起學生的注意。停頓時間不可過長，長時間停頓反而會導致學生注意力渙散。

課堂中經常會有學生管不住自己的嘴巴，和同桌偶爾講幾句話，通常這個時候，我會停下來，望著他們，課堂很快安靜下來，這時候講話的同學也會意識到全班都在等他們，這樣不用一句話就能使課堂保持安靜！

（四）目光注視法：教師的目光注視可以在學生中引起相關的心理效應，產生或親近或疏遠或尊重或反感的情緒，進而影響教學效果。因此，教學可以巧妙地運用目光注視來組織英語課堂教學。如開始上課時，教師用親切的目光注視全體同學，使學生情緒安定下來，愉快地投入學習。再如，課上有學生注意力不集中，教師可以用目光注視提醒學生注意聽講等。

（五）手勢示意法：在英語課上，有的學生自控能力差，會交頭接耳。面對這種情況，教師可以用雙手向他們做出一個暫停的動作或將食指按住嘴唇做出安靜的表示，以示意這部分學生保持安靜或終止違紀行為。

五、肢體語言在知識教學中的運用

（一）在音標教學中，可以運用肢體語言，優化教學。

教師在字母教學時，如果枯燥地領讀、跟讀，學生很快感到厭煩。教師應盡可能多地用手勢表示大小寫字母，有時還可發揮學生的想象力，讓學生想象怎樣用手勢表示音標，學生的興趣會很高。

（二）在單詞教學中，可以運用肢體語言，優化教學。

在教單詞時可邊做動作邊教單詞。如在教到book時，教師可邊教讀單詞邊做讀書的樣子，學生邊做動作邊念單詞，多種感官并用，增強記憶；再如，教active時做出興奮的樣子；教tall時，可用手做出很高的樣子；在教old時，可以用手做出抓胡子的動作，表示很老的樣子，等在教單詞時可邊做動作邊教單詞。如教到car時，教師可邊教讀單詞邊用雙手做握方向盤狀，學生邊做動作邊念單詞，多種感官并用，增強記憶；再如，教rabbit時可做兔子跳的動作；教bike時，可做騎自行車的動作；等等。在鞏固生詞教學時，利用肢體語言，同樣可達到滿意的效果。如鞏固jump,run,sleep等單詞時，教師可讓一個學生做跳的動作，其余學生答jump；一個學生跑，其余學生答run；一個學生做睡覺動作，其余學生答sleep。還可倒過來，讓一個學生說單詞，其余的學生做動作；這些方法都能極大地提高學生學習英語的興趣。

（三）在鞏固生詞、詞組教學時，利用動作和神態，同樣可達到滿意的效果。

如教Let’s go的時候，可以大手一揮大聲的說，這樣學生的積極性就被調動起來了。如動作性詞組，可以讓學生上講臺來做，或者上面的學生做，下面的學生說，課堂氣氛很快就活躍起來了！在課堂中運用這些方法都能極大地提高學生學習英語的興趣。

總之，肢體語言是用以同外界交流感情的全身或部分身體的反射性或非反射性動作,包括手勢、頭部動作、面部表情、眼睛動作和裝飾用品。Cooper說:“非語言交際對教師至關重要。研究表明,教師如果學會了如何在課堂上更有效地運用肢體語言,師生之間的關系就會得到改善。不僅如此,學生的認識能力和學習效率也會提高。”一個成功的教師在課堂教學中不只是利用語言手段,他(她)還會借助于手勢、身勢、面部表情等肢體語言來取得最佳的教學效果。教師課堂體語在課堂教學中的功能和作用越來越為人們所重視。職業學校英語內容簡單，但學生大多基礎較差，因此教起來卻不太容易。美國心理學家通過實驗得出這樣的結論：信息的效果＝7％的文字＋38％的音調＋55％的面部表情及動作。可見形體語言是有聲語言的重要補充。在教學過程中，教師應針對小學生的年齡特點和心理特點，采取形象、生動、新奇、有趣的方法進行教學，會產生事半功倍的效果。參考文獻 寒天.中小學課堂教學藝術.延邊人民出版社.2 教育心理學.人民教育出版社。3 劉宏武．新課程的教學方法選擇[M]．中央民族大學出版社，2004.4 張秦中.張江毅．課堂教學中體態語言的運用[J]．商洛師范專科學校學，1997。王道俊.王漢瀾．教育學[M]．北京人民教育出版社，2000． 6 何廣鏗.《英語教學法基礎》，濟南大學出版社.7 古學良.《英語教學的基礎技能訓練》，杭州大學出版社，1998.8 張冠林.《英語語言練習手冊》，外語教學于研究出版社.9 賴新元.《教師的課堂管理藝術》，吉林大學出版社，2007.10.10 寒天.中小學課堂教學藝術.延邊人民出版社.11 教育心理學.人民教育出版社.

第三篇：奧巴馬2008就職演講語言分析

obama inaugural speech language features 關于奧巴馬就職演說詞語言特色的分析_句子結構 時間：2011-06-18 08:52:51 來源：句子結構 作者：秩名

論文導讀:：這也正是政治演說通常帶有明顯的宗教色彩的原因。關于奧巴馬就職演說詞語言特色的分析。論文關鍵詞：就職演說修辭手段，宗教色彩，句子結構

總統大多在美國歷史上占有特殊地位，其演說亦各具特色。二百多年來，從喬治.華盛頓到巴洛克.奧巴馬，總統們通過就職演說表達其美好希望和英雄夢想，展示其雄才大略和施政綱領。因此，很多的就職演說詞不僅僅是總統個人忠誠與熱情、風度與智慧的生動寫照，更是美國民族社會與歷史、經濟與文化的壯麗畫卷，值得鑒賞和學習。

作為美國的第四十四任總統句子結構，巴洛克.奧巴馬就任之際正逢全國性的經濟危機，其就職演說不可避免的也會起到表達這位新晉總統的政治思想和增加公眾對于政府的信心的作用。本文將從修辭手段的運用，句子類型以及宗教特色等多方面就這篇就職演說詞的語言特色進行分析。

一． 修辭特色

總統就職演說的主要目的是通過宣傳本屆政府的主要政策以喚起民眾的熱情，使民眾認可新政府并加以支持。各類修辭手段的運用將會使得演說更加生動和具有說服力，以達到上述目的。

1.排比的運用 ? for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions ?for us,they toiled in sweatshops?for us, they fought and died? ?the capital was abandoned.the enemy was advancing.the snow wasstained with blood.2.反復的運用

在現代英語中，反復（repetition）通常被用來表達強烈的感受，展示壓抑的情感或是強調某物的重要性（胡曙中，1993）。在奧巴馬的就職演說詞中，有多個詞如“危機”等被反復使用。具體分析如下：

通過分析上表可以看出，總統在演說中多次提到我們以及表示危機、精神和奮斗等意義的詞語。通過反復的強調，使整個國家的聽眾感受到總統戰勝危機、繼續推進國家發展的決心和信心。在演說詞中，較之于對“threat”的輕蔑語氣，奧巴馬更青睞“work”一詞，這也清楚而且強烈的表達出了他對于當前國家經濟狀況的政治態度和決心。與其他詞相比，“we”是使用次數最多的一個單詞。在這一個個的我們當中，聽眾感受到與演說者的一種強烈的親密聯系，整個國家仿佛一個緊密團結的整體，應當共同努力、共同奮斗以及共同前行。由此，演說的目的也就達到了。3.頭韻的運用

有魅力的語言是一定是充滿韻律的。頭韻是英語語音修辭手段之一,它蘊含了語言的音樂美和整齊美,使得語言聲情交融、音義一體,具有很強的表現力和感染力.它指的是在文句中有兩個以上連結在一起的詞或詞組，其開頭的音節有同樣的字母或聲音，以增強語言的節奏感（熊莉句子結構，2004）。

每種文體的寫作都要考慮文字讀起來是否流暢和有節奏，總統的演講稿也不能例外。恰當的運用壓頭韻的修辭手段，將會是的演說詞的語言抑揚頓挫、富有節奏感，從而起到感染氣氛和增強效果的作用。

二．宗教特色

宗教是西方文化不可或缺的組成部分。在歷次的就職演說中，總統們通常都會希望借助上帝的力量使得他們的演說更加充滿吸引力和感染力。這也正是政治演說通常帶有明顯的宗教色彩的原因。奧巴馬在他的就職演說中，多次直接引用圣經中的句子來表達其政治觀點，目的在于使得本次演說更加具有說服力，鼓勵民眾樹立對新政府迎戰危機、重建更美好未來的信心。

the god-given promise that all are equal,all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure ofhappiness.? we are a nation of christians and muslims,jews and hindus-and non-believers...’ in this sentence, the presidents standis shown by mentioning most of the main religious believes in the usa , whichwould benefit the unity of the different religious believers and the lesseningof religious conflicts.?...with eyes fixed onthe horizon and god’s grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift offreedom and delivered it safely to future generations.在就職演說的最后，奧巴馬總統祈求上帝的賜福，號召民眾將上帝所賦予人類的自由之權世代相傳，無所畏懼迎戰一切困難。三．句式結構

與日常會話、廣告詞和新聞報道等不同，總統就職演說在句式結構上也有獨特的要求中國論文下載中心。在演講中，陳述句居多，而一般很少使用疑問句，原因是雖然疑問句會使得演講的語言生動，但同時也會削弱演說的嚴肅性句子結構，因而降低演說的信服力（熊莉，2004）。

恰當的運用祈使句可以使得演說具有極強的號召力。巴洛克.奧巴馬就任之際恰逢美國身處經濟危機的關鍵時刻，為達到鼓勵民眾為經濟復興而努力奮戰的目的，很顯然對于當前形勢輕描淡寫的描述肯定是不夠的。在這種情況下，他的就職演說必須具備足夠的吸引力和號召力，才能夠挽回瀕臨對政府失去信任邊緣的民眾的心。

巴拉克.奧巴馬總統是一位十分具有演說才能的總統，他的就職演說更是取得了巨大的成功。這篇就職演說無論在闡述觀點還是文字修飾方面都頗具功力，具有很高的政治價值和文學價值。由于演說詞莊重嚴肅的獨特語境,雖然這篇演說是通過口頭方式進行表達的,卻具有較強的書面語特征。本文通過對其就職演說在修辭手法、宗教色彩和句子結構特點等語言特色方面的分析，意在指出修辭手段的熟練運用，對演說詞的文體特征的準確把握以及此演說富有的濃郁的宗教色彩都使它成為英文政治演說中的成功之作,不僅具有很高的欣賞價值,而且順利地達到了總統就職演說的政治目的。

參考文獻

黃任，英語修辭與寫作[m ]。上海:上海外語教育出版社 ,1996。

胡曙中，英漢修辭比較研究[m]。上海:上海外語教育出版社, 1993。

胡曙中，英語修辭學[m]。上海:上海外語教育出版社, 2001。

熊莉，從就職演說詞看肯尼迪演說的文體風格[j]。西南民族大學學報:人文社科版, 2004,(6)。王佐良,丁旺道。英語文體學引論[m]。北京:外語教學與研究出版社, 1987。

徐振忠，英語政治演說詞的宗教色彩[j]。《現代外語》,1995,(3)。

姓名：段學雯

文章字數：3000圖表：1個篇二：obamma奧巴馬2008就職演說逐句翻譯 my fellow citizens: 同胞們： i stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.i thank president bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.我今天站在這里，深感面前使命的重大，深謝你們賦予的信任，并銘記我們前輩所付的代價。我感謝布什總統對國家的貢獻以及他在整個過渡階段給予的大度合作。forty-four americans have now taken the presidential oath.the words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace.yet, every so often, the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms.at these moments, america has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because we the people have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebearers, and true to our founding documents.至此，有四十四個美國人發出總統誓言。這些字詞曾在蒸蒸日上的繁榮時期和寧靜安詳的和平年代誦讀。但是間或，它們也響徹在陰云密布、風暴降臨的時刻。美國能夠歷經這些時刻而勇往直前，不僅因為當政者具有才干或遠見，而且也因為“我們人民”始終堅信我們先輩的理想，對我們的建國理念忠貞不渝。so it has been.so it must be with this generation of americans.這是過來之路。這是這一代美國的必由之路。that we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood.our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred.our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age.homes have been lost;jobs shed;businesses shuttered.our health care is too costly;our schools fail too many;and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.我們處于危機之中，這一點已得到充分認識。我國在進行戰爭，打擊分布廣泛的暴力和仇恨勢力。我們的經濟嚴重衰弱，部分歸咎于一些人的貪婪不軌，同時也因為我們作為一個整體，未能痛下決心，讓國家作好面對新時代的準備。如今，住房不再，就業減少，商業破產。醫療保健費用過度昂貴；學校質量沒有保障；而每一天都在不斷顯示，我們使用能源的方式在助長敵人的威風，威脅我們的星球.these are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics.less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land--a nagging fear that americas decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.這些是危機的跡象，數據統計將予以證明。不易于衡量然而同樣嚴重的是全國各地受動搖的信心——一種揮之不去的恐懼感，認為美國將不可避免地走下坡路，下一代人不得不放低眼光。

today i say to you that the challenges we face are real.they are serious and they are many.they will not be met easily or in a short span of time.but know this, america: they will be met.今天，我告訴大家，我們面臨的挑戰真實存在，并且嚴重而多重。它們不可能在一個短時間內被輕易征服。但是，美國，請記住這句話——它們將被征服。on this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.我們今天聚集在這里是因為我們選擇希望而不是恐懼，選擇齊心協力而不是沖突對立。1 我們今天在這里宣告，讓斤斤計較與虛假承諾就此結束，讓窒息我國政治為時太久的相互指責和陳詞濫調就此完結。我們仍是一個年輕的國家，但用圣經的話說，現在是拋棄幼稚的時侯了。現在應是我們讓永恒的精神發揚光大的時侯，應是選擇創造更佳歷史業績的時侯，應是將代代相傳的寶貴財富、崇高理想向前發展的時侯：上帝賦予所有人平等、所有人自由和所有人充分追求幸福的機會。in reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given.it must be earned.our journey has never been one of shortcuts or settling for less.it has not been the path for the fainthearted--for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame.rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things--some celebrated, but more often men and women obscure in their labor--who have carried us up the long, rugged path toward prosperity and freedom.在重申我們國家偉大精神的同時，我們懂得，偉大從非天生，而是必須贏得。我們的歷程從來不是走捷徑或退而求其次的歷程。它不是弱者的道路——它不屬于好逸惡勞或只圖名利享受的人；這條路屬于冒險者，實干家，創造者——有些人享有盛名，但大多數是默默無聞耕耘勞作的男女志士，是他們帶我們走向通往繁榮和自由的漫長崎嶇之路。for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.為了我們，他們打點起貧寒的行裝上路，遠涉重洋，追求新生活 for us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.為了我們，他們在血汗工廠勞作，在西部原野拓荒，忍著鞭笞之痛在堅硬的土地上耕耘。for us, they fought and died, in places like concord and gettysburg;normandy and khe sahn.為了我們，他們奔赴疆場，英勇捐軀，長眠于康科德、葛底斯堡、諾曼底和溪山。time and again, these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life.they saw america as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions;greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.為了我們能夠過上更好的生活，他們前赴后繼，歷盡艱辛，全力奉獻，不辭勞苦，直至雙手結起層層老繭。他們看到的美國超越了我們每一個人的雄心壯志，也超越了所有種族、財富或派系的差異。this is the journey we continue today.we remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on earth.our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began.our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year.our capacity remains undiminished.but our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions--that time has surely passed.starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking america.今天，作為后來者，我們踏上了這一未竟的旅程。我們依然是地球上最繁榮、最強大的國家。我們的勞動者的創造力并沒有因為眼前的這場危機而減弱。我們的頭腦依然像以往那樣善于發明創新。我們的產品與服務仍舊像上星期、上個月或去年一樣受人歡迎。我們的能力絲毫無損。但是，維持現狀、保 2 護狹隘的利益集團、推遲困難的抉擇的時代無疑已成為過去。從今天起，我們必須振作起來，掃除我們身上的塵土，重新開啟再造美國的事業。

無論我們把目光投向何處，都有工作在等待著我們。經濟形勢要求我們果敢而迅速地行動，我們將不辱使命——不僅要創造新的就業機會，而且要打下新的增長基礎。我們將建造道路和橋梁，架設電網，鋪設承載我們的商務和把我們緊密相連的電子通訊網絡。我們將恢復尊重科學的傳統，利用高新技術的超常潛力提高醫療保健質量并降低成本。我們將利用太陽能、風力和地熱為車輛和工廠提供能源。我們將改造我們的中小學和高等院校，以應對新時代的挑戰。這一切我們都能做到。這一切我們必將做到。現在，有人懷疑我們的雄心壯志——他們說我們的體制不能承受太多的宏偉規劃。他們的記憶是短暫的，因為他們忘記了這個國家已經取得的成就，忘記了一旦共同的目標插上理想的翅膀、現實的要求鼓起勇氣的風帆，自由的人民就會爆發出無窮的創造力。what the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them--that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply.the question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works--whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified.where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward.where the answer is no, programs will end.and those of us who manage the publics dollars will be held to account--to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day--because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.那些冷眼旁觀的人沒有認識到他們腳下的大地已經移動——那些長期以來空耗我們的精力的陳腐政治觀點已經過時。我們今天提出的問題不是我們的政府太大還是太小，而是它是否行之有效——它是否能夠幫助人們找到報酬合理的就業機會，是否能夠為他們提供費用適度的醫療保健服務，是否能夠確保他們在退休后不失尊嚴。如果回答是肯定的，我們就要向前推進。如果回答是否定的，計劃和項目必須終止。作為公共資金的管理者，我們必須承擔責任——明智地使用資金，拋棄壞習慣，在陽光下履行職責——因為只有這樣我們才能恢復人民對政府的至關重要的信任。

我們提出的問題也不在于市場力量是替天行道還是為虎作倀。市場在生成財富和傳播自由方面具有無與倫比的力量，但這場危機提醒我們：沒有嚴格的監督，市場就會失控——如果一個國家僅僅施惠于富裕者，其富裕便不能持久。我們的經濟成功從來不是僅僅依賴國內總產值的規模，而是還依賴繁榮的普及，即為每一位愿意致富的人提供機會的能力——不是通過施舍——因為這才是最可靠的共同富裕之路。3 至于我們的共同防御，我們決不接受安全與理念不可兩全的荒謬論點。建國先賢面對我們難以想見的險惡局面，起草了一部保障法治和人權的憲章，一部子孫后代以自己的鮮血使之更加完美的憲章。今天，這些理念仍然照耀著世界，我們不會為一時之利而棄之。因此，對于今天正在觀看此情此景的其他各國人民和政府──從最繁華的首都到我父親出生的小村莊──我們希望他們了解：凡追求和平與尊嚴的國家以及每一位男人、婦女和兒童，美國是你們的朋友。我們已經做好準備，再一次走在前面。回顧過去，幾代人在戰勝法西斯主義和共產主義時依靠的不僅僅是導彈和坦克，更是牢固的聯盟和不渝的信念。他們懂得單憑實力無法保護我們的安全，實力也并不賦予我們隨心所欲的權利。相反，他們知道審慎使用實力會使我們更強大；我們的安全源于事業的正義性、典范的感召力、以及謙卑和克制的平衡作用 we are the keepers of this legacy.guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort--even greater cooperation and understanding between nations.we will begin to responsibly leave iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in afghanistan.with old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet.we will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken;you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.我們是這一傳統的繼承者。我們只要從新以這些原則為指導，就能應對那些新威脅，為此必須付出更大的努力──推動國家間更多的合作與理解。我們將開始以負責任的方式把伊拉克移交給伊拉克人民，并在阿富汗鞏固來之不易的和平。我們將與多年的朋友和昔日的對手一道不懈地努力，減輕核威脅，扭轉全球變暖的厄運。我們不會在價值觀念上退縮，也不會動搖捍衛它的決心，對于那些妄圖以煽動恐怖和屠殺無辜的手段達到其目的的人，我們現在就告訴你們，我們的意志更加頑強、堅不可摧；你們無法拖垮我們，我們必將戰勝你們。

因為我們知道，我們百衲而成的傳統是一種優勢，而不是劣勢。我們是一個由基督教徒和穆斯林、猶太教徒和印度教徒、以及無宗教信仰者組成的國家。我們受惠于地球上四面八方每一種語言和文化的影響。由于我們飲過南北戰爭和種族隔離的苦水，走出了那個黑暗時代并變得更加堅強和團結，我們不能不相信昔日的仇恨終有一天會成為過去；部族之間的界線很快會消失；隨著世界變得越來越小，我們共同的人性將得到彰顯；美國必須為迎來一個和

平的新紀元發揮自己的作用。to the muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect.to those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their societys ills on the west: know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy.to those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history;but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.to the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow;to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds.and to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders;nor can we consume the worlds resources without regard to effect.for the world has changed, and we must change with it.對于貧困國家的人民，我們保證同你們并肩努力，為你們的農田帶來豐收，讓清潔的用水取之不竭；使饑餓的身體得以飽食，使饑渴的心靈受到滋潤。對于那些象我們一樣比較富裕的國家，我們要說我們再不能對他人的苦難無動于衷，也再不能肆意消耗世界的資源。世界已經改變，我們必須與時俱進。as we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains.they have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in arlington whisper through the ages.we honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service;a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves.and yet, at this moment--a moment that will define a generation--it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.在思索我們面前的道路時，我們懷著崇敬的心情感謝此刻正在偏遠的沙漠和山區巡邏的英勇無畏的美國人。他們向我們述說著什么，正如在阿靈頓(arlington)公墓長眠的陣亡英雄在漫漫歲月中低淺的吟誦。我們崇敬他們，不僅因為他們捍衛著我們的自由，而且因為他們代表著獻身精神，體現了超越個人，尋求遠大理想的意愿。然而，在這個時刻，這個具有劃時代意義的時刻，我們大家必須具備的正是這種精神。for as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the american people upon which this nation relies.it is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours.it is the firefighters courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parents willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.雖然政府能有許多作為也必須有許多作為，但最終離不開美國人民的信仰和決心，這便是我國的立國之本。正是因為人們在大堤崩裂時接納陌生人的關愛之情，正是因為工人們寧愿減少自己的工時而不愿看到朋友失去工作的無私精神，才使我們度過了最暗淡的時光。正是因為消防隊員們有勇氣沖進濃煙滾滾的樓道，也正是因為做父母的希望培養一個孩子，我們才能決定最后的命運。our challenges may be new.the instruments with which we meet them may be new.but those values upon which our success depends--hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism--these things are old.these things are true.they have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history.what is demanded then is a return to these truths.what is required of us now is a new era of responsibility--a recognition, on the part of every american, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation and the world;duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.5篇三：2008奧巴馬就職演講 hello, chicago.if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is aplace where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dreamof our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is youranswer.美國是一個一切皆有可能的地方，如果還有人對這一點心存懷疑，如果還有人懷疑美國奠基者的夢想在我們時代是否還有活力，還有人懷疑我們民主制度的力量，那么，你們今晚正是對那些疑問作出了回答。it’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation hasnever seen, by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the first time in their lives,because they believed that this time must be different, that their voices could be that difference.在學校和教堂周圍所出現的前所未有的長隊是答案，這個國家從未見過這么多的人前來投票，人們排三個、四個小時的隊來進行有生以來的第一次投票，因為他們相信這一次將會不同，他們發出的聲音可能就是那個差別。it’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, democrat and republican, black, white,hispanic, asian, native american, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled.americans who sent amessage to the world that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of redstates and blue states.這是一個年輕人和年老人、富人和窮人、民主黨人和共和黨人、黑人、白人、西班牙裔人、亞裔、印第安人、同性戀和異性戀、殘障人士和健全人士所作出的回答。美國人向世界發出一個信息：我們從不只是一些個人的累加或者“紅色州”和“藍色州”的累加。we are, and always will be, the united states of america.我們是，并且永遠是美利堅合眾國。it’s the answer that led those who’ve been told for so long by so many to be cynical and fearful anddoubtful about what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once moretoward the hope of a better day.這是一個引導人們的答案，太多的人在很長的時間內給他們說這個答案，以至于他們對此持憤世疾俗的態度，對我們是否可以再一次把握歷史的希望感到擔心和懷疑。

已經過去了很長時間，但是今晚，由于我們今天在這場選舉所采取的行動，在這個決定性的時候，變革來到了美國。a little bit earlier this evening, i received an extraordinarily gracious call from sen.mccain.今晚早些時候，我接到來自參議員麥凱恩的一個極具風度的電話。sen.mccain fought long and hard in this campaign.and he’s fought even longer and harder for thecountry that he loves.he has endured sacrifices for america that most of us cannot begin to imagine.we are better off for the service rendered by this brave and selfless leader.麥凱恩在這場選戰中進行了長期和艱苦的努力，他為這個他所愛的國家戰斗了更長的時間，作出了更艱苦的努力。他為美國承受了我們中的大多數人無法想像的犧牲。由于這位勇敢和無私領導人的服務，我們的生活變得更好。i congratulate him;i congratulate gov.palin for all that they’ve achieved.and i look forward toworking with them to renew this nation’s promise in the months ahead.我向他表示祝賀，我向佩林州長表示祝賀，向他們所取得的成果表示祝賀，我盼望與他們共事以繼續這個國家在未來歲月的承諾。i want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who campaigned from his heart, and spoke for themen and women he grew up with on the streets of scranton and rode with on the train home todelaware, the vice president-elect of the united states, joe biden.我想感謝我在競選旅程的伙伴，一位用心競選的男士，一位為和他一起在斯克蘭頓街頭一同長大的男人和女子代言、經常坐火車回特拉華州的男士，美國當選副總統拜登。and i would not be standing here tonight without the unyielding support of my best friend for the last16 years the rock of our family, the love of my life, the nation’s next first lady michelle obama.如果沒有我過去16年最好的朋友、我們家庭的中堅、我生命中的摯愛，我今天晚上不可能站在這里，美國下一位第一夫人米歇爾·奧巴馬。

薩沙和馬莉婭，我愛你們，我對你們的愛超出了你們的想象。你們已贏得了新的寵物狗，它將和我們一起前往新的白宮。and while she’s no longer with us, i know my grandmother’s watching, along with the family thatmade me who i am.i miss them tonight.i know that my debt to them is beyond measure.盡管她沒能和我們在一起，但我知道，我的祖母和養大我的家人在看著我，我今晚很想念他們，我知道我欠他們的東西是無法計量的。to my sister maya, my sister alma, all my other brothers and sisters, thank you so much for all thesupport that you’ve given me.i am grateful to them.我的妹妹馬婭、我的姐姐奧瑪，我其他的兄弟和姐妹，非常感謝你們對我的支持，我感謝他們。and to my campaign manager, david plouffe, the unsung hero of this campaign, who built the best——the best political campaign, i think, in the history of the united states of america.我的競選經理大衛·普勞夫，這位競選活動的無名英雄，他進行了最好的政治競選活動，我認為這是美國歷史上最棒的。to my chief strategist david axelrod who’s been a partner with me every step of the way.to thebest campaign team ever assembled in the history of politics you made this happen, and i am forevergrateful for what you’ve sacrificed to get it done.我的首席策略師大衛·艾克斯羅德，他一直是追隨我的伙伴。你們組建了政治史上最好的競選團隊，是你們成就了今天，我永遠感謝你們為此所作出的犧牲。but above all, i will never forget who this victory truly belongs to.it belongs to you.it belongs toyou.但最重要的是，我永遠不會忘記這場勝利真正屬于誰，它屬于你們，它屬于你們。i was never the likeliest candidate for this office.we didn’t start with much money or manyendorsements.our campaign was not hatched in the halls of washington.it began in the backyardsof des moines and the living rooms of concord and the front porches of charleston.it was built byworking men and women who dug into what little savings they had to give $5 and $10 and $20 tothe cause.我從來不是最有可能獲得這一職務的候選人。我們剛開始并沒有太多資金，也沒有得到許多人的支持。我們的競選活動并非始自華盛頓的大廳里，而是始于得梅因、康科德、查爾斯頓這些地方的普通民眾家中。那些辛勤工作的人們從自己微薄的儲蓄中捐出5美元、10美元、20美元。it grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation’s apathy who lefttheir homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep.競選活動因為年輕人的支持而越來越有聲勢，他們拒絕了他們那一代對政治不感興趣的神話，他們離開家，從事那些薪水少而且辛苦的工作。it drew strength from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat toknock on doors of perfect strangers, and from the millions of americans who volunteered andorganized and proved that more than two centuries later a government of the people, by the people,and for the people has not perished from the earth.競選活動的聲勢也來自那些已不再年輕的人們，他們冒著嚴寒酷暑，敲開陌生人的家門進行競選宣傳；競選聲勢也源自數百萬的美國民眾，他們充當志愿者和組織者，他們證明了在兩百多年以后，民有、民治、民享的政府并未從地球上消失。這是你們的勝利。this is your victory.這是你們的勝利。and i know you didn’t do this just to win an election.and i know you didn’t do it for me.you didit because you understand the enormity of the task that lies ahead.for even as we celebrate tonight,we know the challenges that tomorrow will bring are the greatest of our lifetime —— two wars, aplanet in peril, the worst financial crisis in a century.我知道你們的所做的一切并不只是為了贏得選舉，我也知道你們做這一切并不是為了我。你們這樣做是因為你們明白前面的任務有多么艱巨。即便我們今晚歡呼慶祝，我們也知道明天將面臨我們一生之中最艱難的挑戰——兩場戰爭、一個面臨危險的星球，一個世紀以來最嚴重的金融危機。even as we stand here tonight, we know there are brave americans waking up in the deserts of iraqand the mountains of afghanistan to risk their lives for us.there are mothers and fathers who will lieawake after the children fall asleep and wonder how they’ll make the mortgage or pay their doctors’bills or save enough for their child’s college education.就在我們今晚站在這里的時刻，我們知道勇敢的美國士兵在伊拉克的沙漠里和阿富汗的群山中醒來，他們冒著生命危險來保護著我們的生命。仍有在孩子熟睡后仍難以入眠的父母，他們擔心如何償還按揭月供、付醫藥費或是存夠錢讓孩子上大學。there’s new energy to harness, new jobs to be created, new schools to build, and threats to meet,alliances to repair.我們需要開發新的能源、創造新的工作崗位，我們需要修建新學校，應對眾多威脅、修復與許多國家的盟友關系。the road ahead will be long.our climb will be steep.we may not get there in one year or even inone term.but, america, i have never been more hopeful than i am tonight that we will get there.前方的道路將很漫長，我們攀登的腳步會很艱辛。我們可能無法在一年甚至一個任期內實現這些目標，但我從未像今晚這樣滿懷希望，我們將實現我們的目標。i promise you, we as a people will get there.我向你們承諾——我們作為一個整體將會達成目標。there will be setbacks and false starts.there are many who won’t agree with every decision orpolicy i make as president.and we know the government can’t solve every problem.我們會遭遇挫折和不成功的起步。我作為總統所做的每項決定或政策，會有許多人持有異議，我們也知道，政府不能解決所有問題。but i will always be honest with you about the challenges we face.i will listen to you, especiallywhen we disagree.and, above all, i will ask you to join in the work of remaking this nation, the onlyway it’s been done in america for 221 years —— block by block, brick by brick, calloused handby calloused hand.但我將總是會向你們坦陳我們所面臨的挑戰。我會聽取你們的意見，尤其是存在不同意見的時候。最重要的是，我會請求你們參與重建這個國家，以美國221年來從未改變的唯一方式——一磚一瓦、同心協力。what began 21 months ago in the depths of winter cannot end on this autumn night.this victoryalone is not the change we seek.it is only the chance for us to make that change.and that cannothappen if we go back to the way things were.21個月前在寒冬所開始的一切不應當在今天這個秋夜結束。今天的選舉勝利并不是我們所尋求的改變——這只是我們進行改變的機會。如果我們仍然按照過去的方式行事，我們所尋求的改變將不會發生。it can’t happen without you, without a new spirit of service, a new spirit of sacrifice.沒有你們，沒有服務和犧牲的新精神，就不可能發生改變。so let us summon a new spirit of patriotism, of responsibility, where each of us resolves to pitch inand work harder and look after not only ourselves but each other.let us remember that, if thisfinancial crisis taught us anything, it’s that we cannot have a thriving wall street while main streetsuffers.因此，讓我們發揚新的愛國和負責精神，所有的人都下定決心參與其中，更加努力地工作，不僅是為自己而是為彼此。讓我們記住這一點，如果說這場金融危機教會了我們什么東西的話，那就是我們不可能在金融以外的領域處于困境的同時擁有繁榮興旺的華爾街。in this country, we rise or fall as one nation, as one people.let’s resist the temptation to fall back onthe same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity that has poisoned our politics for so long.在這個國家，我們患難與共。讓我們抵制重走老路的誘惑，避免重新回到令美國政治長期深受毒害的黨派紛爭、小題大作、不成熟的表現。let’s remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the republican partyto the white house, a party founded on the values of self-reliance and individual liberty and nationalunity.讓我們記住，是伊利諾伊州的一名男子首次將共和黨的旗幟扛到了白宮。共和黨是建立在自立、個人自由以及國家團結的價值觀之上的。those are values that we all share.and while the democratic party has won a great victory tonight,we do so with a measure of humility and determination to heal the divides that have held back ourprogress.這也是我們所有人共同的價值觀。雖然民主黨今天晚上贏得了巨大的勝利，但我們是以謙卑的態度和彌合阻礙我們進步的分歧的決心贏得這場勝利的。as lincoln said to a nation far more divided than ours, we are not enemies but friends.thoughpassion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection.篇四：奧巴馬就職演說的語言藝術分析

一、演說與修辭時下英語界一般將英語文體（或稱語體）分為口頭體和書面體兩大類。但實踐證明，這樣的劃分失之粗率。其弊病在于名實難符：口頭體并不僅限于口語形式，而書面體也不僅限于書面形式。譬如，正式場合的演講、報告，以及官方的談話所用的文體就不能劃入口語體，而應屬于書面體。

演說活動自古以來就是人類社會的一項重要活動。演講者通過宣傳某種思想，讓聽眾理解和接受自己的觀點和主張，進而號召聽眾采取一致的行動。演講者要達到預想的演講效果必須研究演說詞的語言表達藝術。演說詞的修辭手法是演講者最主要的語言技巧。修辭是從表達方式，表達效果的角度去研究語音、詞匯、語法的運用。

美國總統的就職演說是一種在特定場合下的演說。現場聽眾可達百萬之眾，并且向國內外進行現場直播。美國民眾及世界各國總是對新總統有著無限期待，總統的就職演說可謂是新政府向民眾交出的第一份答卷。總統要在就職演說中抒發自己的治國理想，分析國家面臨的困難和挑戰，宣布自己的施政綱領以及如何實現民眾的希望。各大媒體的調查表明，大多數美國民眾對奧巴馬的就職演說感到滿意和非常滿意。本文擬從語音、詞匯和句法三個方面的修辭手段的使用情況對奧巴馬的就職演說進行文體分析，探討這篇演說詞的語言藝術。

二、奧巴馬演說詞的修辭手段 1.音韻修辭格（1）頭韻（alliteration）是語音修辭手段之一。它是指兩個以上緊鄰單詞首音（通常是輔音）相同。頭韻的修辭作用是增強語言的節奏感，使語言產生音樂般的美感。頭韻多用于詩歌和散文中，但人們也經常在演講中運用頭韻來增加語言的美感，加深聽眾的印象。同樣尾韻（end rhyme）也有類似的修辭作用。

奧巴馬就職演說中運用頭韻的句子有： 1）with old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat?（對于老朋友和老對手，我們將不遺余力地繼續削弱核威脅?）2）we are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this earth.（我們民族的成長受到許多語言和文化的影響，我們吸取了這個地球上任何一個角落的有益成分.）

運用尾韻的句子有： 1）homes have been lost;jobs shed;business shuttered.（我們的人民正失去家園，失去工作，企業要倒閉。）2）rather, it has been the risk–takers, the doers, the makers of things...(確實，這條路是勇于承擔風險者之路，是實干家、創造者之路...）朗讀上述句子，可以體會到使用頭韻和尾韻給語言帶來的節奏和韻律。2.詞匯修辭格

在英語詞匯中含有六個字母以上或三個音節以上的詞通常被看成是大詞。這些詞往往來自于拉丁語，希臘語或法語，或者有著復雜的內部結構。大詞在正式的書面體中出現頻率較多。

在奧巴馬的就職演說詞中，總詞匯量為2393個，其中六個字母以上的單詞就有643個，占總數的26.8%，稍低于美國總統就職演說詞中六個字母以上詞的平均含詞量：27.7%。從這一數據來看，奧氏的就職演說與往屆的美國總統的就職演說一樣，具有很明顯的口語體特征。演講者往往使用形容詞來對某些言行進行繪聲繪色的描述，以此表達自己的主觀傾向，渲染感情色彩。在奧氏就職演說中有形容詞137個，占總詞數的5.7%，與小布什就職演說的5.6%相近，但遠遠少于美國總統就職演說詞中形容詞的平均含詞量：7.4%。

在演說中大量使用第一人稱復數是許多演講者常用的語言技巧，目的是將聽眾拉到演講者一邊，將演講者和聽眾放到同一立場上，讓聽眾感受到“我們是相同”的認同感。奧氏在就職演說中使用“我們（we）”有55次，其變體“our”有61次，“us”有21次，三項合計有137次，而奧氏演講全文中有129句，另加101 個從句和25個并列句，幾乎是一開口必稱“我們”。美國總統的就職演說為了使語言表達更為準確、具體、鮮明、生動、有力，常常會使用明喻、隱喻、擬人、夸張、借代等詞匯修辭格幫助聽眾加深對事物的理解，加強演講的現場氣氛，提高演講效果。

以下是奧巴馬在就職演說中的使用情況。

（1）明喻（simile）：用另一種事物比喻所要說明的事物，達到更形象、更深刻說明事物的目的，通常用like或as連接。1）for us, they fought and died, in places like concord and gettysburg, normandy and khe sanh.（為了我們，他們奔赴像康科德城和葛底斯堡、諾曼底和克山這樣的地方去征戰并且犧牲。）2）they saw america as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions.（在他們看來，美國的強盛要比個人的雄心壯志重大得多.)（2）隱喻（metaphor）：不用like或as的隱藏的比喻。1）our journey has never been one of shortcuts or setting for less.(我們的民族之旅從未有過捷徑或者妥協。)2）starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking america.(從今天開始，我們必須跌倒后自己爬起來，拍拍身上的泥土，然后重新開始工作，重塑美國。)（3）擬人（personification）：把事、物、觀念擬作人，賦予它們以人的思想、感情與行為方式。

2）in the year of america’s birth?(在美國誕生的年代?)（4）夸張（hyperbole）：在真實的基礎上有意言過其實以更好地反映事物的本質。

1）time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life.（一次又一次，我們的先輩們奮斗著、犧牲著、操勞著，直至磨破雙手，只是為了我們可以生活得更好。）2）the snow was stained with blood.(冬天的雪被鮮血染成了紅色。)（5）借代或稱轉喻（metonymy）：不相類似的甲乙之間有著不可分離的關系，利用這種關系以乙事物的名稱來代替甲事物。1）those of us who manage the public’s dollars will be held to account——to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day.(掌管納稅人稅金的人應當承擔起責任，合理支出，摒棄陋習，在陽光下做事。用“陽光”代表“公開”、“透明”。)3.句法修辭格

句法修辭格是通過對句子結構的特定安排達到特別的修辭效果。

比如奧巴馬在其就職演說中使用了下列句法修辭手段：

（1）排比（parallelism）：由三項或以上的詞語或句子構成，其并列的結構相同或類似，意義相關，語氣連貫。1）our nation is at war,?our economy is badly weakened,?our health care is too costly.（我們的國家正處在戰爭狀態?我們的國家經濟也受到嚴重的削弱，?我們的社會醫療過于昂貴。）2）for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and travelled across oceans in search of anew life.for us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.for us, th ey fought and died, in places like concord and gettysburg, normandy and khesanh.(為了我們，先輩們帶著微薄的家當，橫渡大洋，尋找新生活；為了我們，先輩們在血汗工廠勞作，忍受皮鞭的抽打；為了我們，先輩們定居西部，在荒蕪的土地辛勤耕作；為了我們，先輩們奔赴像康科德城和葛底斯堡，諾曼底和克山這樣的地方去征戰并且犧牲。)（2）反復（repetition）：不止一次地使用同一詞語或句子。與排比的區別在于，反復著重于詞語，排比著重于結構。1）so it has been.so it must be with this generation of americans.(前輩們如此。我們這一代美國人也要如此。)2）?these things are old.these things are true.(?這些東西歷久彌新。這些東西真實可靠。)（3）對偶（antithesis）：工整勻稱的并列結構，常把字數、結構相同或相近，意義彼此相關的兩個詞或并列結構對稱地排列在一起，是表示對比關系的有效手段。1）where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward.where the answer is no, program will end.（哪個方案的答案是肯定的，我們就推進哪個方案。哪個方案的答案是否定的，我們就選擇終止。）（4）倒裝（inversion）：謂語置于主語之前，詞序不同于正常語序的語法修辭手段，達到強調句子中某一成分的目的。1）they understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please（.他們明白單憑自己的力量我們無法保護自己，也無權做到隨心所欲。）篇五：奧巴馬就職演講

奧巴馬演講分析

——排比在英語演講中的修辭作用

美國大選前許多人都評價：奧巴馬的政見并不新穎甚至有點平庸；擁有的個人財富只有對手的幾十分之一；相貌遠遜于前輩肯尼迪和克林頓，而且還是非美國本土的外來黑哥......奧巴馬唯一讓人嫉妒的是他擁有最能鼓動人心的好口才，這是上帝給他最好的禮物和恩賜！不可否認，他超凡脫俗的演講，為他競選贏得勝利起到了至關重要的作用。奧巴馬的演講，無論是文稿的整體布局，還是演講言辭的融情達意，或是激情澎湃的演講表達，都可謂精深獨到，不得不令人拍手稱快。．據cnn報道。，有語言學家稱，“總統當選人巴拉克·奧巴馬當晚發表的獲勝演說可與很多史上著名演講相比．”奧巴馬稱得上是一位杰出的演說家，在多次演講中，他都嫻熟地運用了各種修辭技巧，可以說，“奧巴馬的勝利是修辭學的勝利”(梁文道，2008)．其中，排比在奧巴馬演講中效果最為突出。鑒于排比在英語演講中的重要性，我們試圖以美國新當選總統奧巴馬的獲勝演講為例，來探討排比在這篇演講中的修辭效果．本研究目的在于給英語演講和修辭教學一些啟示．同時也讓學者通過領悟奧巴馬的演講技藝，學習、借鑒，來提高自身的演講水平。

一，排比概念及其作用

“排比”在英語中的對應詞為parallelism，是指為了達到修辭效果而循環出現的、句法相似的結構—“recurrent syntactical similarities introduced for rhetorical effect“(websters new collegiate dictionary,1977；831)．英語排比具有結構整齊，節奏鮮明，語言簡練等特點．在英語演講中運用排比旬，可以增加演講詞的節奏感和音韻美，突出演講者雄辯口才和強烈感情，增強演講語言的氣勢，提高演講的說服力和欣賞性．

二，奧巴馬獲勝演講個案排比分析

奧巴馬于2008年11月4日當選為美國總統。并于當晚發表了獲勝演講．這次演講富有很強的號召力和感染力，喚起了民眾戰勝金融危機的信心和勇氣。現場的無數觀眾被感動得熱淚盈眶．奧巴馬在他的獲勝演講中熟練地運用了一系列的修辭方法，如捧比，對比，反復，對仗，引用等，其中排比的使用次數最多．下面我們就以排比結構在奧巴馬獲勝演講(barak obama’s victory speech)中的置,選取了四個代表性的例子，來討論其修辭效果。

（一）從句開頭的排比 if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is a place where all things are possible，who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time，who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.這三個排比組合句是奧巴馬獲勝演講的開場白。奧巴，美國民主制度的力量”的質疑．通過這三個排比旬，奧巴馬言簡意賅地表達了他獲勝的意義：顯示出“美國夢”的獨特性和普遍價值，顯示出他的能馬用自己勝選的事實回答了某些人對“美國是否凡事都有可能，美國奠基者的夢想是否依然鮮活力，肯定了美國是一切皆有可能的地方，肯定他的獲勝是對美國政治文化傳統的繼承而不是背離．開場耐人尋味的排比，便已打開了選民們的心聲以及繼續聽下去的欲望。

（二）排比結構用在段首 it’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen；by people who waited three hours and four hour...it’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, democrat and republican，black，white, hispanic，asian，native american, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled...it’s the answer that led those who have been told...to put their hands off the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day．

首先，在前兩個位于段首的排比句群中，奧巴馬強調他是“設在學校和教堂的投票站前排起的前所未見的長隊”，是“等了三四個小時的選民”，是“所有美國人民”共同選舉出來的總統。他重申了自己當選總統是合法的，是由美國人民通過民主方式選舉出來的．第三個排比句群在意義上是對前兩個排比句群的總結和升華。奧巴馬呼吁美國人民要對美國的未來有信心，同時暗示作為新一任的總統，他會繼承美國的歷史傳統，讓“美國夢”延續。這三個排比句群的使用，增強了演講的氣勢，有力地回擊了那些對奧巴馬獲勝原因存在質疑的人，同時向聽眾做出了有力的保證，調動了聽眾的積極性，激發了聽眾的自信心．

（三）介詞短語的排比

（四）句型結構的排比 for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.for us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the west;endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.for us, they fought and died, in places like concord and gettysburg, normand and khe sahn.奧巴馬在該語段中撫今追昔，以排比的結構，按時間的順序回顧了影響美國歷史進程的重大事件：建國之前的跨洋移民，建國之后的西進運動，獨立戰爭，南北戰爭，第二次世界大戰等等，以此鼓勵美國公民勇敢地面對金融危機給當今美國經濟帶來的種種困難的挑戰。該段重復了主謂句式結構，“for us” 和主語“they”，這種排比句式不僅使得上下文的意義緊密連接，銜接自然，同時也會是語篇的整體意義在聽眾的頭腦中留下深刻的印象，使聽眾與奧巴馬產生共鳴。

（五）段尾的排比

and tonight,...she’s seen...the heartache and the hope；the struggle and the progress...yes we can． at a time...she lived to see them stand up and speak out and reach for the ballot.yes we can． when the bombs...she was there to witness a generation rise to greatness and a democracy was saved.yes we can． she was there.yes we can． a man...and this year, in this election..., she knows how america can change.yes we can．

在這里奧巴馬以一個106歲的老婦人參加投票為例，運用了一系列的排比來烘托現場氣氛，具有很強的說服力和感染力。連續4個“她看到了···”(she’s seen，she lived to see，she saw, she was there to witness)和6個“是的，我們能”(yes we can)，強調美國能達成正義和平等，能獲得機遇和繁榮能治愈這個國家，能補救這個世界，強調美國能發生變革!這種以具體的人物、事例和具體的生活場景為主體構成的排比語段，真正達到了提高語言表現力的目。這幾段出現在演講末尾的排比具有排山倒海的氣勢，具有強大的煽動性，把整個演講再次推向了高潮。

在整個獲勝演講當中，通過捧比，奧巴馬將有魅力的句子集中，演講節奏分明，氣氛被一次次的推向的高潮，演講大為增色。這些排比的運用，創造了演講中的個個亮點，氣勢磅礴，使聽眾的情感受到一次次的震。． 三 結語 演講是一門勸說的藝術。演講者要達到勸說的目的，就必須講究演講詞的語言表達技巧，這種技巧在語言層面的體現之一就是修辭手法的運用。排比是英語演講中最常見的修辭手法。國內學者對于排比的修辭效果給予了充分的肯定。“排比是英語所有修辭格中最常使用的修辭格之一。

第四篇：奧巴馬演講

奧巴馬演講

Hello, everybody.In the State of the Union, I laid out three areas we need to focus on if we're going to build an economy that lasts: new American manufacturing, new skills and education for American workers, and new sources of American-made energy.These days, we're getting another painful reminder why developing new energy is so important to our future.Just like they did last year, gas prices are starting to climb.Only this time, it's happening earlier.And that hurts everyone – everyone who owns a car;everyone who owns a business.It means you have to stretch your paycheck even further.Some folks have no choice but to drive a long way to work, and high gas prices are like a tax straight out of their paychecks.Now, some politicians always see this as a political opportunity.And since it's an election year, they're already dusting off their three-point plans for $2 gas.I'll save you the suspense: Step one is drill, step two is drill, and step three is keep drilling.We hear the same thing every year.Well the American people aren't stupid.You know that's not a plan – especially since we're already drilling.It's a bumper sticker.It's not a strategy to solve our energy challenge.It's a strategy to get politicians through an election.You know there are no quick fixes to this problem, and you know we can't just drill our way to lower gas prices.If we're going to take control of our energy future and avoid these gas price spikes down the line, then we need a sustained, all-of-the-above strategy that develops every available source of American energy – oil, gas, wind, solar, nuclear, biofuels, and more.We need to keep developing the technology that allows us to use less oil in our cars and trucks;in our buildings and plants.That's the strategy we're pursuing, and that's the only real solution to this challenge.Now, we absolutely need safe, responsible oil production here in America.That's why under my Administration, America is producing more oil today than at any time in the last eight years.In 2010, our dependence on foreign oil was under 50% for the first time in more than a decade.And while there are no short-term silver bullets when it comes to gas prices, I've directed my administration to look for every single area where we can make an impact and help consumers in the months ahead, from permitting to delivery bottlenecks to what's going on in the oil markets.But over the long term, an all-of-the-above energy strategy means we have to do more.It means we have to make some choices.Here's one example.Right now, four billion of your tax dollars subsidize the oil industry every year.Four billion dollars.Imagine that.Maybe some of you are listening to this in your car right now, pulling into a gas station to fill up.As you watch those numbers rise, know that oil company profits have never been higher.Yet somehow, Congress is still giving those same companies another four billion dollars of your money.That's outrageous.It's inexcusable.And it has to stop.A century of subsidies to the oil companies is long enough.It's time to end taxpayer giveaways to an industry that's never been more profitable, and use that money to reduce our deficit and double-down on a clean energy industry that's never been more promising.Because of the investments we've already made, the use of wind and solar energy in this country has nearly doubled – and thousands of Americans have jobs because of it.And because we put in place the toughest fuel economy standards in history, our cars will average nearly 55 miles per gallon by the middle of the next decade – something that, over time, will save the typical family more than $8,000 at the pump.Now Congress needs to keep that momentum going by renewing the clean energy tax credits that will lead to more jobs and less dependence on foreign oil.Look, we know there's no silver bullet that will bring down gas prices or reduce our dependence on foreign oil overnight.But what we can do is get our priorities straight, and make a sustained, serious effort to tackle this problem.That's the commitment we need right now.And with your help, it's a commitment we can make.Thank you.

第五篇：奧巴馬演講

Thank you.(Applause.)Thank you very much.Everybody, please have a seat.Well, Madam President, that was an outstanding introduction.(Laughter.)We are so proud of Donae for representing this school so well.And in addition, I also want to acknowledge your outstanding principal, who has been here for 20 years--first as a teacher, now as an outstanding principal--Anita Berger.Please give her a big round of applause.(Applause.)I want to acknowledge, as well, Mayor Gray is here--the mayor of Washington, D.C.is here.Please give him a big round of applause.(Applause.)And I also want to thank somebody who is going to go down in history as one of the finest Secretaries of Education that we’ve ever had--Arne Duncan is here.(Applause.)

Now, it is great to be here at Benjamin Banneker High School, one of the best high schools not only in Washington, D.C., but one of the best high schools in the country.(Applause.)But we’ve also got students tuning in from all across America.And so I want to welcome you all to the new school year, although I know that many of you already have been in school for a while.I know that here at Banneker, you’ve been back at school for a few weeks now.So everything is starting to settle in, just like for all your peers all across the country.The fall sports season is underway.Musicals and marching band routines are starting to shape up, I believe.And your first big tests and projects are probably just around the corner.I know that you’ve also got a great deal going on outside of school.Your circle of friends might be changing a little bit.Issues that used to stay confined to hallways or locker rooms are now finding their way onto Facebook and Twitter.(Laughter.)Some of your families might also be feeling the strain of the economy.As many of you know, we’re going through one of the toughest economic times that we’ve gone through in our lifetime--in my lifetime.Your lifetime hasn’t been that long.And so, as a consequence, you might have to pick up an after-school job to help out your family, or maybe you’re babysitting for a younger sibling because mom or dad is working an extra shift.So all of you have a lot on your plates.You guys are growing up faster and interacting with a wider world in a way that old folks like me, frankly, just didn’t have to.So today, I don’t want to be just another adult who stands up and lectures you like you’re just kids--because you’re not just kids.You’re this country’s future.You’re young leaders.And whether we fall behind or race ahead as a nation is going to depend in large part on you.So I want to talk to you a little bit about meeting that responsibility.It starts, obviously, with being the best student that you can be.Now, that doesn’t always mean that you have to have a perfect score on every assignment.It doesn’t mean that you’ve got to get straight As all the time--although that’s not a bad goal to have.It means that you have to stay at it.You have to be determined and you have to persevere.It means you’ve got to work as hard as you know how to work.And it means that you’ve got to take some risks once in a while.You can’t avoid the class that you think might be hard because you’re worried about getting the best grade if that’s a subject that you think you need to prepare you for your future.You’ve got to wonder.You’ve got to question.You’ve got to explore.And every once in a while, you need to color outside of the lines.That’s what school is for: discovering new passions, acquiring new skills, making use of this incredible time that you have to prepare yourself and give yourself the skills that you’re going to need to pursue the kind of careers that you want.And that’s why when you’re still a student you can explore a wide range of possibilities.One hour you can be an artist;the next, an author;the next, a scientist, or a historian, or a carpenter.This is the time where you can try out new interests and test new ideas.And the more you do, the sooner you’ll figure out what makes you come alive, what stirs you, what makes you excited--the career that you want to pursue.Now, if you promise not to tell anybody, I will let you in on a little secret: I was not always the very best student that I could be when I was in high school, and certainly not when I was in middle school.I did not love every class I took.I wasn’t always paying attention the way I should have.I remember when I was in 8th grade I had to take a class called ethics.Now, ethics is about right and wrong, but if you’d ask me what my favorite subject was back in 8th grade, it was basketball.I don’t think ethics would have made it on the list.But here’s the interesting thing.I still remember that ethics class, all these years later.I remember the way it made me think.I remember being asked questions like: What matters in life? Or, what does it mean to treat other people with dignity and respect? What does it mean to live in a diverse nation, where not everybody looks like you do, or thinks like you do, or comes from the same neighborhood as you do? How do we figure out how to get along?

Each of these questions led to new questions.And I didn’t always know the right answers, but those discussions and that process of discovery--those things have lasted.Those things are still with me today.Every day, I’m thinking about those same issues as I try to lead this nation.I’m asking the same kinds of questions about, how do we as a diverse nation come together to achieve what we need to achieve? How do we make sure that every single person is treated with dignity and respect? What responsibilities do we have to people who are less fortunate than we are? How do we make sure that everybody is included in this family of Americans?

Those are all questions that date back to this class that I took back in 8th grade.And here’s the thing: I still don’t always know the answers to all these questions.But if I’d have just tuned out because the class sounded boring, I might have missed out on something that not only did I turn out enjoying, but has ended up serving me in good stead for the rest of my life.So that’s a big part of your responsibility, is to test things out.Take risks.Try new things.Work hard.Don’t be embarrassed if you’re not good at something right away.You’re not supposed to be good at everything right away.That’s why you’re in school.The idea, though, is, is that you keep on expanding your horizons and your sense of possibility.Now is the time for you to do that.And those are also, by the way, the things that will make school more fun.Down the road, those will be the traits that will help you succeed, as well--the traits that will lead you to invent a device that makes an iPad look like a stone tablet.Or what will help you figure out a way to use the sun and the wind to power a city and give us new energy sources that are less polluting.Or maybe you’ll write the next great American novel.Now, to do almost any of those things, you have to not only graduate from high school,--and I know I’m just--I’m in the “amen” corner with Principal Berger here--not only do you have to graduate from high school, but you’re going to have to continue education after you leave.You have to not only graduate, but you’ve got to keep going after you graduate.That might mean, for many of you, a four-year university.I was just talking to Donae, and she wants to be an architect, and she’s interning with a architectural firm, and she’s already got her sights set on what school she wants to go to.But it might, for some other folks, be a community college, or professional credentialing or training.But the fact of the matter is, is that more than 60 percent of the jobs in the next decade will require more than a high school diploma--more than 60 percent.That’s the world you’re walking into.So I want all of you to set a goal to continue your education after you graduate.And if that means college for you, just getting into college is not enough.You also have to graduate.One of the biggest challenges we have right now is that too many of our young people enroll in college but don’t actually end up getting their degree, and as a consequence--our country used to have the world’s highest proportion of young people with a college degree;we now rank 16th.I don't like being 16th.I like being number one.That’s not good enough.So we’ve got to use--we’ve got to make sure your generation gets us back to the top of having the most college graduates relative to the population of any country on Earth.If we do that, you guys will have a brighter future.And so will America.We’ll be able to make sure the newest inventions and the latest breakthroughs happen right here in the United States of America.It will mean better jobs, and more fulfilling lives, and greater opportunities not only for you, but also for your kids.So I don’t want anybody who’s listening here today to think that you’re done once you finish high school.You are not done learning.In fact, what’s happening in today’s economy is--it’s all about lifelong learning.You have to constantly upgrade your skills and find new ways of doing things.Even if college isn't for you, even if a four-year college isn't for you, you’re still going to have to get more education after you get out of high school.You’ve got to start expecting big things from yourself right now.I know that may sound a little intimidating.And some of you may be wondering how you can pay for college, or you might not know what you want to do with your life yet.And that’s okay.Nobody expects you to have your entire future mapped out at this point.And we don't expect you to have to make it on your own.First of all, you’ve got wonderful parents who love you to death and want you to have a lot more opportunity than they ever had--which, by the way, means don’t give them a hard time when they ask you to turn off the video games, turn off the TV and do some homework.You need to be listening to them.I speak from experience because that’s what I’ve been telling Malia and Sasha.Don’t be mad about it, because we’re thinking about your future.You’ve also got people all across this country--including myself and Arne and people at every level of government--who are working on your behalf.We’re taking every step we can to ensure that you’re getting an educational system that is worthy of your potential.We’re working to make sure that you have the most up-to-date schools with the latest tools of learning.We’re making sure that this country’s colleges and universities are affordable and accessible to you.We’re working to get the best class--teachers into the classroom as well, so they can help you prepare for college and a future career.Let me say something about teachers, by the way.Teachers are the men and women who might be working harder than just about anybody these days.(Applause.)Whether you go to a big school or a small one, whether you attend a public or a private or charter school –-your teachers are giving up their weekends;they’re waking up at dawn;they’re cramming their days full of classes and extra-curricular activities.And then they’re going home, eating some dinner, and then they’ve got to stay up sometimes past midnight, grading your papers and correcting your grammar, and making sure you got that algebra formula properly.And they don’t do it for a fancy office.They don’t--they sure don’t do it for the big salary.They do it for you.They do it because nothing gives them more satisfaction than seeing you learn.They live for those moments when something clicks;when you amaze them with your intellect or your vocabulary, or they see what kind of person you’re becoming.And they’re proud of you.And they say, I had something to do with that, that wonderful young person who is going to succeed.They have confidence in you that you will be citizens and leaders who take us into tomorrow.They know you’re our future.So your teachers are pouring everything they got into you, and they’re not alone.But I also want to emphasize this: With all the challenges that our country is facing right now, we don’t just need you for the future;we actually need you now.America needs young people’s passion and their ideas.We need your energy right now.I know you’re up to it because I’ve seen it.Nothing inspires me more than knowing that young people all across the country are already making their marks.They’re not waiting.They’re making a difference now.There are students like Will Kim from Fremont, California, who launched a nonprofit that gives loans to students from low-income schools who want to start their own business.Think about that.So he’s giving loans to other students.He set up a non-for-profit.He’s raising the money doing what he loves--through dodgeball tournaments and capture-the-flag games.But he’s creative.He took initiative.And now he’s helping other young people be able to afford the schooling that they need.There is a young man, Jake Bernstein, 17 years old, from a military family in St.Louis, worked with his sister to launch a website devoted to community service for young people.And they’ve held volunteer fairs and put up an online database, and helped thousands of families to find volunteer opportunities ranging from maintaining nature trails to serving at local hospitals.And then last year, I met a young woman named Amy Chyao from Richardson, Texas.She’s 16 years old, so she’s the age of some of you here.During the summer, I think because somebody in her family had an illness, she decided that she was interested in cancer research.She hadn’t taken chemistry yet, so she taught herself chemistry during the summer.And then she applied what she had learned and discovered a breakthrough process that uses light to kill cancer cells.Sixteen years old.It’s incredible.And she's been approached by some doctors and researchers who want to work with her to help her with her discovery.The point is you don’t have to wait to make a difference.You’re first obligation is to do well in school.You’re first obligation is to make sure that you’re preparing yourself for college and career.But you can also start making your mark right now.A lot of times young people may have better ideas than us old people do anyway.We just need those ideas out in the open, in and out of the classroom.When I meet young people like yourselves, when I sat and talk to Donae, I have no doubt that America’s best days are still ahead of us, because I know the potential that lies in each of you.Soon enough, you will be the ones leading our businesses and leading our government.You will be the one who are making sure that the next generation gets what they need to succeed.You will be the ones that are charting the course of our unwritten history.And all that starts right now--starts this year.So I want all of you who are listening, as well as everybody here at Banneker, I want you to make the most of the year that’s ahead of you.I want you to think of this time as one in which you are just loading up with information and skills, and you’re trying new things and you’re practicing, and you’re honing--all those things that you’re going to need to do great things when you get out of school.Your country is depending on you.So set your sights high.Have a great school year.Let’s get to work.Thank you very much, everybody.God bless you.God bless the United States of America.(Applause.)