第一篇：英文摘要

談談英文摘要的書寫技巧

隨著科學技術的發(fā)展，為滿足對外交流的需要，國家統(tǒng)一規(guī)定，公開發(fā)表的學術論文應附有英文摘要。

英文摘要的內容要求與中文摘要一樣，包括目的、方法、結果和結論四部分。但是，英文有其自身特點，最主要的是中譯英時往往造成所占篇幅較長，同樣內容的一段文字，若用英文來描述，其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰寫英文摘要更應注意簡潔明了，力爭用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。第一，對所掌握的資料進行精心篩選，不屬于上述“四部分”的內容不必寫入摘要。第二，對屬于“四部分”的內容，也應適當取舍，做到簡明扼要，不能包羅萬象。比如“目的”，在多數標題中就已初步闡明，若無更深一層的目的，摘要完全不必重復敘述；再如“方法”，有些在國外可能早已成為常規(guī)的方法，在撰寫英文摘要時就可僅寫出方法名稱，而不必一一描述其操作步驟。

中英文摘要的一致性主要是指內容方面的一致性，目前對這個問題的認識存在兩個誤區(qū)，一是認為兩個摘要的內容“差不多就行”，因此在英文摘要中隨意刪去中文摘要的重點內容，或隨意增補中文摘要所未提及的內容，這樣很容易造成文摘重心轉移，甚至偏離主題；二是認為英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性對譯，對中文摘要中的每一個字都不敢遺漏，這往往使英文摘要用詞累贅、重復，顯得拖沓、冗長。英文摘要應嚴格、全面的表達中文摘要的內容，不能隨意增刪，但這并不意味著一個字也不能改動，具體撰寫方式應遵循英文語法修辭規(guī)則，符合英文專業(yè)術語規(guī)范，并照顧到英文的表達習慣。

選擇適當的時態(tài)和語態(tài)，是使摘要符合英文語法修辭規(guī)則的前提。通常情況下，摘要中謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)都不是通篇一律的，而應根據具體內容而有所變化，否則容易造成理解上的混亂。但這種變化又并非無章可循，其中存在著如下一些規(guī)律：

1、時態(tài)：大體可概括為以下幾點。

1）敘述研究過程，多采用一般過去時。

2）在采用一般過去時敘述研究過程當中提及在此過程之前發(fā)生的事，宜采用過去完成時。

3）說明某課題現已取得的成果，宜采用現在完成時。

4）摘要開頭表示本文所“報告”或“描述”的內容，以及摘要結尾表示作者所“認為”的觀點和“建議”的做法時，可采用一般現在時。

2、語態(tài)：在多數情況下可采用被動語態(tài)。但在某些情況下，特別是表達作者或有關專家的觀點時，又常用主動語態(tài)，其優(yōu)點是鮮明有力。

掌握一定的遣詞造句技巧的目的是便于簡單、準確的表達作者的觀點，減少讀者的誤解。

1、用詞力求簡單，在表達同樣意思時，盡量用短詞代替長詞，以常用詞代替生僻詞。但是當描述方法、步驟時，應該用狹義詞代替廣義詞。例如，英文中有不少動詞，do,run,get,take等，雖簡單常用，但其意義少則十幾個，多則幾十個，用這類詞來描述研究過程，讀者難免產生誤解，甚至會不知所云，這就要求根據具體情況，選擇意義相對明確的詞，諸如perform,achieve等，以便于讀者理解。

2、造句

1）熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：盡管英文的句型種類繁多，豐富多彩，但摘要的常用句型卻很有限，而且形成了一定的規(guī)律，大體可歸納為

a）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首In order to……This paper describes…, …The purpose of this study is……

b）表示研究的對象與方法The [curative effect/sensitivity/function] of certain [drug/kit/organ….] was [observed/detected/studied…]

c）表示研究的結果：[The result showed/It proved/The authors found] that……

d）表示結論、觀點或建議：The authors [suggest/conclude/consider] that…

2）盡量采用-ing 分詞和-ed 分詞作定語，少用關系代詞 which , who 等引導的定語從句。由于摘要的時態(tài)多采用一般過去時，使用關系代詞引導的定語從句不但會使句式變的復雜，而且容易造成時態(tài)混亂（因為定語和它所修飾的主語、賓語之間有時存在一定的“時間差”，而過去完成時、過去將來時等往往難以準確判定）。采用-ing 分詞和-ed 分詞作定語，在簡化語句的同時，還可以減少時態(tài)判定的失誤。

以上所述只是撰寫英文摘要時應注意的問題中的一小部分，尚有許多問題，需要進一步探討?？傊?，英文摘要作為論文的重要組成部分，其修改和完善是永無止境的。

第二篇：摘要英文

摘要

溫度是生產過程中常見和重要的物理參數。在日常生活和工業(yè)生產中，人們對溫度測量的要求越來越高，主要表現在測量的精度、可靠性、穩(wěn)定性等方面。溫度的測量直接關系到產品的質量、生產效率以及生產安全等重大技術指標。同時，測溫系統(tǒng)的成本和便攜性也越來越受到人們的關注。傳統(tǒng)的溫度測量系統(tǒng)中，溫度測量環(huán)節(jié)是由模擬溫度傳感器加上高性能的運放和A/D轉換器構成，然后通過單片機進行控制，因而，所需的外圍器件較多，硬件成本開銷很大。基于片上可編程系統(tǒng)PSoC因在其芯片內部集成了豐富的模擬和數字模塊，使一系列的控制任務大部分都可以在芯片內部完成，而且其可動態(tài)編程配置的功能，使其具有很高的靈活性，使得控制方便且生產成本比較低，所以在工業(yè)生產控制中得到了廣泛的應用。本文設計了一種以Pt1000作為溫度傳感器，以可編程片上系統(tǒng)PSoC作為核心芯片，采用片內的模擬和數字IP核資源，利用Modbus協(xié)議進行上位機通信的溫度測量系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)擬采用公司自主研發(fā)的溫度采集器，集成為高密度溫度采集系統(tǒng)，是針對高密度、高精度的監(jiān)控，以及對于存在眾多熱電阻的場合設計的溫度測量系統(tǒng)。

本文首先介紹了課題研究的背景和意義，并分析了當前溫度測量技術和可編程片上系統(tǒng)PSoC的研究現狀。以可編程片上系統(tǒng)芯片CY8C5868AXI-LP032作為系統(tǒng)核心，設計了硬件電路整體結構，系統(tǒng)分為四個子模塊，溫度采集模塊、放大模塊、A/D轉換模塊、通信模塊。選取鉑電阻Pt1000作為溫度傳感器，鉑電阻采用三線制接法。溫度信號輸入電路采用獨特的電橋電路測量技術，具有沒有引線電阻影響，抗干擾能力強，電橋電路與測量電路完全隔離等優(yōu)點。電橋電路中輸出的模擬電壓經過放大后，輸入至AD轉換器中變?yōu)閿底中盘?，再由處理器換算出相應溫度，在硬件電路設計中對各部分子電路進行了原理和功能的介紹，其中在對Δ-ΣADC配置時，根據系統(tǒng)要求對其分辨率、采樣率進行相關參數配置。在系統(tǒng)硬件設計平臺的基礎上，使用PSoC Creator2.0集成開發(fā)環(huán)境進行了系統(tǒng)軟件的設計，其中包括溫度信號采集、AD值與溫度值的轉換、溫度補償、Modbus通信協(xié)議和信息幀格式等。設計中主要針對的是實際溫度值獲取、溫度誤差補償的設計，其中采用的主要方法是分段線性化和線性標度變換相結合的方

法。為滿足PSoC與計算機的通信加入了基于Modbus的通信協(xié)議，采用RS485接口標準來完成兩者之間的數據發(fā)送和接收，在PSoC內部配置了全雙工通信UART的各個參數，采用CRC循環(huán)冗余的校驗方式。最后對系統(tǒng)進行調試，以測試工程的運行情況，首先使用PSoC的專用下載工具PSoC MiniProg對系統(tǒng)進行下載燒寫接口調試，通過Visual Basic進行通信測試，然后通過電阻箱模擬鉑電阻溫度測試。最后對本文的的工作進行了總結，同時對其作出進一步展望。

關鍵詞：溫度檢測；PSoC；

；通信PT1000 Modbus

Abstract

Temperature is a common and important physical parameter in the production process.In daily life and industrial production, people have become increasingly demanding of temperature measurement, mainly performances in the measurement accuracy, reliability, stability and so on.Temperature measurement is directly related to the major technical indicators such as product quality, production efficiency production safety.In the meanwhile, more and more attention is paid to the cost and portability of the temperature measurement system.In Conventional temperature measuring system, the unit of temperature measurement is composed of analog temperature sensor, a high performance amplifier, A/D converter and controlled by the Single-Chip Microcomputer, Therefore, it not only needs more peripheral device, but also the hardware cost is expensive.PSoC programmable system on a chip have integrated so many analog and digital blocks that plenty of control tasks can be completed in the chip, and the capability of programming configured dynamically make it more flexible, because of controlled easily and relatively low production costs, so it is widely used in industrial production control.This paper designs a temperature measurement system with PSoC programmable system on chip as the core, which use Pt1000 as temperature sensor, make use of the analog and digital IP core resources and communication with the host computer adopting the modbus protocol.The design uses the collector temperature produced by their company, integrated as a measurement collector system of high density.It aims at a high density and high precision monitor, and can be applied to the condition with a number of thermal resistors.First, this paper introduces the background and significance of the research, and analyzes the research status of the temperature measurement technology and the PSoC programmable system on chip.The hardware which uses the programmable system on chip-CY8C5868AXI-LP032 as the core of the system designs of the entire circuit configuration.There are four subsystems, including temperature acquisition module,amplifier module, A/D converter module, communication module.Select the Pt1000 platinum resistance using three-wire connection as temperature sensors.The signal input uses a unique bridge circuit as measurement technology which has its advantages in anti-jamming capability, the impact of lead resistance, the bridge and measuring circuit isolated completely.Analog voltage from the bridge circuit is amplified and converted into digital signal, then acquire corresponding temperature through the processor, and introduce the principle and function of each subsystem in the design of hardware circuit.According to system requirements, Δ-ΣADC is configured the relevant parameters, such as resolution, sampling rate.On the basis of the system hardware design platform, using PSoC Creator2.0 integrated software development environment for the design of the system, including the temperature signal acquisition, AD value and temperature value, temperature compensation, Modbus communication protocol and message frame format.Design is mainly aimed at the actual temperature acquisition, temperature error compensation, the main method of which combines the piecewise and linear scale transformation.To meet the communication with the computer, the communication protocol based on Modbus is joined in PSoC, adapting RS485 interface standards to complete the sending and receiving data between the two, and configuring each parameter of UART of full-duplex communication inside the PSoC, using CRC cyclic redundancy check.Finally, the system is tested to check the operation of the project.Firstly, using the special download tools, PSoC MiniProg to debug the download programming interfaces, visual basic is for communication test, then the resistance box simulate platinum resistance temperature test.Finally, summarizing the work of this paper, at the same time, the further prospects are made.Keywords: Temperature measure;PT1000;PSoC;Modbus communication

第三篇：《雙城記》摘要--英文

摘要：

Charles Dickens is one of the most outstanding novelists in the 19th century,and he is the greatest representative of English critical realism ,and he also is a humanist.He is a prolific writer with a lot of works and many his works make a great difference.Most of his works reflect the darkness and cruel of the society under the oppression of the bourgeoisie.He expresses his anger and hated to the noble bourgeoisie and his sympathy to the lower class with the help of his novels.This kind of love and hate exactly give expression to his humanitarianism thoughts.A Tale of Two Cities is one of his masterpieces among his numerous writings with the theme of humanitarianism.Its characters and main plots are under the real background of the French Revolution.It tells a story about how the nobility oppress and exploit people and how the peoplecontend with the feudal aristocracy.In this novel, Dickens successfully created four kinds of sharply different images.The first one is the ideal positive characters.It takes Dr.Manette ,his daughter Lucie Manette and his son-in-law Charles Darnay as representatives.They are righteous,virtuous and humane which are the embodiments of the humanitarianism that Dickens actively advocates.The second one is the self-sacrifice image.It takes Sydney Carton as a representative.He sacrifice his life in order to make Lucie live happily with her husband and her father.He is the embodiment of the humanitarian spirit of altruism.The third type is the revolutionary.It takes Defarge couple as representatives.They suffer oppression and exploitation from the feudal aristocracy and they fight against the feudal aristocracy and aim ta overturning the aristocratic rule.The fourth type is the nobility and bourgeois baddy.It takes marquis Evremonde family as representative.They abuse the privilege and treat people with violence.This intensifies the contradiction between people and the nobility and finally the French Revolution breaks out in time.In A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens uses his sharply words to criticize the cruel of the bourgeoisie and shows his sympathy to the normal people for their miserable sufferings.This paper will focus on analyzing the main characters and researching the humanitarianism in A Tale of Two Cities.After the research,we can have a good knowledge of A Tale of Two Cities and have a better understanding of the French Revolution and the humanitarianism embodies in the novel.Key Words:Charles Dickens；A Tale of Two Cities；character analysis;humanitarianism;

第四篇：英文摘要+演講稿

中文摘要

隨著網絡科技，特別是基于網絡地理信息系統(tǒng)的飛速發(fā)展，為使用犯罪制圖預防犯罪提供了新的契機。本文旨在回顧世界百強城市的網絡犯罪制圖的運用趨勢，得出網絡犯罪運用技術的現行狀態(tài)。我們發(fā)現網絡犯罪制圖的功能，相對于大多數傳統(tǒng)犯罪制圖軟件的功能要少。我們也總結得出，網絡犯罪制圖的現行工作集中在支持社區(qū)治安方面而不是集中于諸如圖樣分析和預測功能方面。通過目前的描述性研究，我們進一步了解了網絡犯罪制圖研究的方向。本文的調查結果可作為開發(fā)者、政策制定者和警察開發(fā)、設計和實施網絡犯罪制圖項目的參考。

Speech

Speech of session’s chairman:

Good morning!Ladies and Gentleman, I’m very glad to serve as the chairman of this session.Now I would like to announce this meeting to begin.Our first speaker is Dr.Liu, his speech is about government’s action to preventing phone theft and robbery.Dr.Liu, please.… Thank you, Dr.Liu, I think all of us have benefited a lot from it.Thank you.I have a great pleasure in introducing Dr.Li who is going to talk about property crimes in virtual world.Let’s welcome Dr.Li….Thank you very much for your worthwhile talk.Now I would like to introduce Dr.Liao, she will share her new findings with us.Welcome Dr.Liao…I would like to express to her our sincere thanks and appreciation.Speech of myself:

Good morning, everyone.Today, my speech’s topic is …keywords is about…(Introduction)First of all, I'd like to know whether you know of web-based crime mapping.It is an information process that uses GIS technologies to disseminate crime mapping information to the public by related authorities via the Internet.(Content Analysis)And we did some research about it(1)We visited 100 official websites of the police agencies of the 100 cities and investigated whether web-based crime mapping is found on their websites.(2)We chose the top 100 highest

GDP cities because a police agency would have a greater financial strength in higher GDP city, and it is easier to adopt more advanced applications of web-based crime mapping.(General Results)From above study, we found 48 cities' police agencies in four different countries that provided web-based crime mapping on their official websites.(Discussion)Many countries use web-based crime mapping to prevent crimes, however, is it a perfect application? The answer is no(1)Researches showed that there're two mainly problems of web-based crime mapping ①some victims' privacy will be disclosed in web-based crime mapping;②and data misuse happened in several cities.By contrast, our study also exposed limitations: ①website content may vary from time to time;②crime mapping service may not be provided on the local police agency official website.(Conclusion)Through above discussion, we can draw several conclusions as follows:(1)Web-based crime mapping is a useful application for community policing tool to increase community awareness and reduce crime.(2)Moreover, the victim privacy problem suggests that victim's information should not be disclosed.And we suggest using legislative means to tackle the data misuse problem.(3)Finally, further research is needed to fill the knowledge gaps for this emerging topic.Thanks for your listening!

第五篇：如何寫英文摘要

Ei數據庫文摘要求

Ei數據庫文摘要求 : 對于科技期刊的文章，文摘主要由三部分組成，即：研究的問題、過程和方法、結果。

文摘只有寫得正確，寫的好, 才能起到幫助讀者了解原文的作用。因此必須對文獻進行認真的主題分析，找出文獻的主題概念，正確地組織好這些主題內容，簡明準確完整地寫出文摘來。文摘長度一般不超過150 words。少數情況下允許例外，視原始文獻而定。在不遺漏主題概念的前提下，文摘應盡量簡潔。

1.縮短文摘方法

(1)取消不必要的字句：如

It is reported..Extensive investigations show that..The author discusses..This paper concerned with..文摘開頭的“In this paper,”

(2)對物理單位及一些通用詞可以適當進行簡化；

(3)取消或減少背景信息(Background Information)；以下是一篇不成功的文摘：

根據傳統(tǒng)光學干涉原理研制出的相位調制型光纖傳感器，其突出的優(yōu)點是靈敏度高，但卻只能進行相對測量，因此本文介紹了能實現絕對測量的全光纖白光干涉型光纖傳感器及其檢測技術，該技術基于白光干涉的絕對測量原理。

該文摘用一半的篇幅介紹了背景信息，對自己的工作卻只做了泛泛的介紹。限制文摘只表示新情況, 新內容, 過去的研究細節(jié)可以取消；

(4)不說無用的話，如:

·本文所談的有關研究工作是對過去老工藝的一個極大的改進，·本工作首次實現了..，·經檢索尚未發(fā)現與本文類似的文獻

等詞句切不可進入文摘；

(6)作者在文獻中談及的未來計劃不納入文摘；

(7)盡量簡化一些措辭和重復的單元，如：

不用 at a temperature of 250 ℃ to 300℃

而用 at 250℃-300℃

不用 at a high pressure of 2000 psig

而用 at 2000 psig

不用 at a high temperature of 1500 ℃

而用 at 1500℃

不用 discussed and stu1died in detail

而用 discussed

(8)文摘第一句應避免與題目(Title)重復。

2.文體風格

(1)文摘敘述要完整，清楚，簡明；

(2)盡量用短句子并避免句形單調；

(3)用過去時態(tài)敘述作者工作, 用現在時態(tài)敘述作者結論；如: The structure of dislocation cores in GaP was investigated by

weak-beam electron microscopy.The disloca-tions are dissociated into two Shokley partials with separations of 80 ± 10 and 40 ± 10 A

in the pure edge and screw cases respectively.The results show that...”

(4)可用動詞的情況盡量避免用動詞的名詞形式；例如:

用 Thickness of plastic sheets was measured.不用Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made.(5)注意冠詞用法，不要誤用，濫用或隨便省略冠詞。

(6)避免使用一長串形容詞或名詞來修飾名詞，可以將這些詞分成幾個前置短語，用連字符連接名詞組，作為單位形容詞（一個形容詞）。

如應用The chlorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld index.代替 The chlorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer.(7)不使用俚語外語表達概念, 應用標準英語；

(8)量用主動語態(tài)代替被動語態(tài)；

(9)盡量用簡短、詞義清楚并為人熟知的詞；

(10)慎用行話和俗語；

(11)語言要簡練，但不得使用電報型語言;如:

Adsorption nitrobenzene on copper chromite investiga-tion.應為 Adsorption of nitrobenzene on copper chromite was investigated.(12)文詞要純樸無華, 不多姿多態(tài)的文學性描述手法；

(13)組織好句子, 使動詞盡量靠近主語;例如：

不用：The decolorization in solutions of the pigment in dioxane, which were exposed to 10 hr of UV irradiation, was no longer irreversible.而用：When the pigment was dissolved in dioxane, decolorization was irreversible after 10 hr of UV irradiation.(14)刪繁從簡;如用increased 代替 has been found to increase

(15)文摘中涉及其他人的工作或研究成果時，盡量列出他們的名字；

(16)文摘詞語拼寫，用英美拼法都可以，但在每篇文章中須保持一致。

(17)文摘中不能出現“圖××”、“方程××”和“參考文獻××”等句子。

3.文摘中的特殊字符

特殊字符主要指各種數學符號、上下腳標及希臘字母，它們無法直接輸入計算機，因此都需轉成鍵盤上有的字母和符號。

Ei對此有專門規(guī)定。希望在文摘中盡量少用特殊字符及由特殊字符組成的數學表達式。因為它們的輸入極為麻煩，而且極易出錯，影響文摘本身的準確性和可讀性，應盡量不用，改用文字表達或文字敘述.更復雜的表達式幾乎難以輸入, 應設法取消。

4.縮寫字及首字母縮寫詞(Abbreviations and Acronyms)

對那些已經為大眾所熟悉的縮寫詞，如radar、laser、CAD等，可以直接使用。對于那些僅為同行所熟悉的縮略語，應在題目、文摘或鍵詞中至少出現一次全稱。