第一篇：機械專業(yè)英文翻譯

Design of machine and machine elements Machine design Machine design is the art of planning or devising new or improved machines to accomplish specific purposes.In general, a machine will consist of a combination of several different mechanical elements properly designed and arranged to work together, as a whole.During the initial planning of a machine, fundamental decisions must be made concerning loading, type of kinematic elements to be used, and correct utilization of the properties of engineering materials.Economic considerations are usually of prime importance when the design of new machinery is undertaken.In general, the lowest over-all costs are designed.Consideration should be given not only to the cost of design, manufacture the necessary safety features and be of pleasing external appearance.The objective is to produce a machine which is not only sufficiently rugged to function properly for a reasonable life, but is at the same time cheap enough to be economically feasible.The engineer in charge of the design of a machine should not only have adequate technical training, but must be a man of sound judgment and wide experience, qualities which are usually acquired only after considerable time has been spent in actual professional work.Design of machine elements

The principles of design are, of course, universal.The same theory or equations may be applied to a very small part, as in an instrument, or, to a larger but similar part used in a piece of heavy equipment.In no ease, however, should mathematical calculations be looked upon as absolute and final.They are all subject to the accuracy of the various assumptions, which must necessarily be made in engineering work.Sometimes only a portion of the total number of parts in a machine are designed on the basis of analytic calculations.The form and size of the remaining parts are designed on the basis of analytic calculations.On the other hand, if the machine is very expensive, or if weight is a factor, as in airplanes, design computations may then be made for almost all the parts.The purpose of the design calculations is, of course, to attempt to predict the stress or deformation in the part in order that it may sagely carry the loads, which will be imposed on it, and that it may last for the expected life of the machine.All calculations are, of course, dependent on the physical properties of the construction materials as determined by laboratory tests.A rational method of design attempts to take the results of relatively simple and fundamental tests such as tension, compression, torsion, and fatigue and apply them to all the complicated and involved situations encountered in present-day machinery.In addition, it has been amply proved that such details as surface condition, fillets, notches, manufacturing tolerances, and heat treatment have a market effect on the strength and useful life of a machine part.The design and drafting departments must specify completely all such particulars, must specify completely all such particulars, and thus exercise the necessary close control over the finished product.As mentioned above, machine design is a vast field of engineering technology.As such, it begins with the conception of an idea and follows through the various phases of design analysis, manufacturing, marketing and consumerism.The following is a list of the major areas of consideration in the general field of machine design: ① Initial design conception;

② Strength analysis;③ Materials selection;④ Appearance;⑤ Manufacturing;⑥ Safety;⑦ Environment effects;⑨ Reliability and life;

Strength is a measure of the ability to resist, without fails, forces which cause stresses and strains.The forces may be;① Gradually applied;② Suddenly applied;2

③ Applied under impact;④ Applied with continuous direction reversals;⑤ Applied at low or elevated temperatures.If a critical part of a machine fails, the whole machine must be shut down until a repair is made.Thus, when designing a new machine, it is extremely important that critical parts be made strong enough to prevent failure.The designer should determine as precisely as possible the nature, magnitude, direction and point of application of all forces.Machine design is mot, however, an exact science and it is, therefore, rarely possible to determine exactly all the applied forces.In addition, different samples of a specified material will exhibit somewhat different abilities to resist loads, temperatures and other environment conditions.In spite of this, design calculations based on appropriate assumptions are invaluable in the proper design of machine.Moreover, it is absolutely essential that a design engineer knows how and why parts fail so that reliable machines which require minimum maintenance can be designed.Sometimes, a failure can be serious, such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speeds.On the other hand, a failure may be no more than a nuisance.An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in the automobile cooling system.The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant, a condition which is readily detected and corrected.The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude.Generally speaking, dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulties than static loads and, therefore, fatigue strength must be considered.Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle.For example, brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved.In general, the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure, which include the following: ① Stress;② Deformation;3

③ Wear;④ Corrosion;⑤ Vibration;⑥ Environmental damage;⑦ Loosening of fastening devices.The part sizes and shapes selected must also take into account many dimensional factors which produce external load effects such as geometric discontinuities, residual stresses due to forming of desired contours, and the application of interference fit joint.Selected from” design of machine elements”, 6th edition, m.f.sports, prentice-hall, inc., 1985 and “machine design”, Anthony Esposito, charles e., Merrill publishing company, 1975.Quality assurance and control

Product quality is of paramount importance in manufacturing.If quality is allowed deteriorate, then a manufacturer will soon find sales dropping off followed by a possible business failure.Customers expect quality in the products they buy, and if a manufacturer expects to establish and maintain a name in the business, quality control and assurance functions must be established and maintained before, throughout, and after the production process.Generally speaking, quality assurance encompasses all activities aimed at maintaining quality, including quality control.Quality assurance can be divided into three major areas.These include the following: ①Source and receiving inspection before manufacturing;②In-process quality control during manufacturing;③Quality assurance after manufacturing.Quality control after manufacture includes warranties and product service extended to the users of the product.Source and receiving inspection before manufacturing

Quality assurance often begins ling before any actual manufacturing takes place.This may be done through source inspections conducted at the plants that

supply materials, discrete parts, or subassemblies to manufacturer.The manufacturer’s source inspector travels to the supplier factory and inspects raw material or premanufactured parts and assemblies.Source inspections present an opportunity for the manufacturer to sort out and reject raw materials or parts before they are shipped to the manufacturer’s production facility.The responsibility of the source inspector is to check materials and parts against design specifications and to reject the item if specifications are not met.Source inspections may include many of the same inspections that will be used during production.Included in these are: ①Visual inspection;②Metallurgical testing;③Dimensional inspection;④Destructive and nondestructive inspection;⑤Performance inspection.Visual inspections

Visual inspections examine a product or material for such specifications as color, texture, surface finish, or overall appearance of an assembly to determine if there are any obvious deletions of major parts or hardware.Metallurgical testing

Metallurgical testing is often an important part of source inspection, especially if the primary raw material for manufacturing is stock metal such as bar stock or structural materials.Metals testing can involve all the major types of inspections including visual, chemical, spectrographic, and mechanical, which include hardness, tensile, shear, compression, and spectr5ographic analysis for alloy content.Metallurgical testing can be either destructive or nondestructive.Dimensional inspection

Few areas of quality control are as important in manufactured products as dimensional requirements.Dimensions are as important in source inspection as they are in the manufacturing process.This is especially critical if the source supplies parts for an assembly.Dimensions are inspected at the source factory

using standard measuring tools plus special fit, form, and function gages that may required.Meeting dimensional specifications is critical to interchangeability of manufactured parts and to the successful assembly of many parts into complex assemblies such as autos, ships, aircraft, and other multipart products.Destructive and nondestructive inspection

In some cases it may be necessary for the source inspections to call for destructive or nondestructive tests on raw materials or p0arts and assemblies.This is particularly true when large amounts of stock raw materials are involved.For example it may be necessary to inspect castings for flaws by radiographic, magnetic particle, or dye penetrant techniques before they are shipped to the manufacturer for final machining.Specifications calling for burn-in time for electronics or endurance run tests for mechanical components are further examples of nondestructive tests.It is sometimes necessary to test material and parts to destruction, but because of the costs and time involved destructive testing is avoided whenever possible.Examples include pressure tests to determine if safety factors are adequate in the design.Destructive tests are probably more frequent in the testing of prototype designs than in routine inspection of raw material or parts.Once design specifications are known to be met in regard to the strength of materials, it is often not necessary to test further parts to destruction unless they are genuinely suspect.Performance inspection

Performance inspections involve checking the function of assemblies, especially those of complex mechanical systems, prior to installation in other products.Examples include electronic equipment subcomponents, aircraft and auto engines, pumps, valves, and other mechanical systems requiring performance evaluation prior to their shipment and final installation.Selected form “modern materials and manufacturing process”

Electro-hydraulic drum brakes Application

The YWW series electro-hydraulic brake is a normally closed brake, suitable for horizontal mounting.It is mainly used in portal cranes, bucket stacker/reclaimers’slewing mechanism.The YKW series electro-hydraulic brake is a normally opened brake, suitable for horizontal mounting, employing a thruster as actuator.with the foot controlling switch the operator can release or close the brake.It is mainly used for deceleration braking of portal cranes’slewing mechanism.In a non-operating state the machinery can be braked by a manual close device.The RKW series brake is a normally opened brake, which is operated by foot driven hydraulic pump, suitable for horizontal mounting.Mainly used in the slewing mechanism of middle and small portal cranes.When needed, the brake is activated by a manual closed device.Main design features Interlocking shoes balancing devices(patented technology)constantly equalizes the clearance of brake shoes on both sides and made adjustment unnecessary, thus avoiding one side of the brake lining sticking to the brake wheel.The brake is equipped with a shoed autoaligning device.Main hinge points are equipped with self-lubricating bearing, making high efficiency of transmission, long service life.Lubricating is unnecessary during operation.Adjustable bracket ensure the brake works well.The brake spring is arranged inside a square tube and a surveyor’s rod is placed on one side.It is easy to read braking torque value and avoid measuring and computing.Brake lining is of card whole-piece shaping structure, easy to replace.Brake linings of various materials such as half-metal(non-asbestos)hard and half-hard, soft(including asbestos)substance are available for customers to choose.All adopt the company’s new types of thruster as corollary equipment which work accurately and have long life.Hydraulic Power Transmission The Two Types Of Power Transmission

In hydraulic power transmission the apparatus(pump)used for conversion of the mechanical(or electrical,thermal)energy to hydraulic energy is arranged on the input of the kinematic chain ,and the apparatus(motor)used for conversion of the hydraulic energy to mechanical energy is arranged on the output(fig.2-1)

The theoretical design of the energy converters depends on the component of the bernouilli equation to be used for hydraulic power transmission.In systerms where, mainly, hydrostatic pressure is utilized, displacement(hydrostatic)pumps and motors are used, while in those where the hydrodynamic pressure is utilized is utilized gor power transmission hydrodynamic energy converters(e.g.centrifugal pumps)are used.The specific characteristic of the energy converters is the weight required for transmission of unit power.It can be demonstrated that the use of hydrostatic energy converters for the low and medium powers, and of hydrodynamic energy converters of high power are more favorite(fig.2-2).This is the main reason why hydrostatic energy converters are used in industrial apparatus.transformation of the energy in hydraulic transmission.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.driving motor(electric, diesel engine);mechanical energy;pump;

hydraulic energy;

hydraulic motor;mechanical energy;

load variation of the mass per unit power in hydrostatic and hydrodynamic energy converters

1、hydrostatic;2.hydrodynamic Only displacement energy converters are dealt with in the following.The

elements performing converters provide one or several size.Expansion of the working chambers in a pump is produced by the external energy admitted, and in the motor by the hydraulic energy.Inflow of the fluid occurs during expansion of the working chamber, while the outflow(displacement)is realized during contraction.Such devices are usually called displacement energy converters.The Hydrostatic Power

In order to have a fluid of volume V1 flowing in a vessel at pressure work spent on compression W1 and transfer of the process, let us imagine a piston mechanism(fig.2-3(a))which may be connected with the aid of valves Z0 and Z1 to the external medium under pressure P0 and reservoir of pressure p1.in the upper position of the piston(x=x0)with Z0 open the cylinder chamber is filled with fluid of volume V0 and pressure P0.now shut the value Z0 and start the piston moving downwards.If Z1 is shut the fluid volume in position X=X1 of the piston decreases from V0 to V1, while the pressure rises to P1.the external work required for actuation of the piston(assuming isothermal change)is W1=-∫0x0(P-P0)Adx=-∫v1v0(P-P0)dv

Select from Hydraulic Power Transmission

機器和機器零件的設(shè)計

機器設(shè)計

機器設(shè)計為了特定的目的而發(fā)明或改進機器的一種藝術(shù)。一般來講，機器時有多種不同的合理設(shè)計并有序裝配在一起的部件構(gòu)成的，在最初的機器設(shè)計階段，必須基本明確負載、元件的運動情況、工程材料的合理使用性能。負責新機器的設(shè)計最初的最重要的是經(jīng)濟性考慮。一般來說，選擇總成本最低的設(shè)計方案，不僅要考慮設(shè)計、制造、銷售、安裝的成本。還要考慮服務(wù)的費用，機械要保證必要的安全性能和美觀的外形。

制造機器的目標不僅要追求保證只用功能的合理壽命，還要保證足夠便宜以同時保證其經(jīng)濟的可行性。負責設(shè)計機器的工程師，不僅要經(jīng)過專業(yè)的培訓(xùn)，而且必須是一個準確判斷而又有豐富經(jīng)驗的人，具有一種有足夠時間從事專門的實際工作的素質(zhì)。

機器零件的設(shè)計

相同的理論或方程可應(yīng)用在一個一起的非常小的零件上，也可用在一個復(fù)雜的設(shè)備的大型相似件上，既然如此，毫無疑問，數(shù)學(xué)計算是絕對的和最終的。他們都符合不同的設(shè)想，這必須由工程量決定。有時，一臺機器的零件全部計算僅僅是設(shè)計的一部分。零件的結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸通常根據(jù)實際考慮。另一方面，如果機器和昂貴，或者質(zhì)量很重要，例如飛機，那麼每一個零件都要設(shè)計計算。

當然，設(shè)計計算的目的是試圖預(yù)測零件的應(yīng)力和變形，以保證其安全的帶動負載，這是必要的，并且其也許影響到機器的最終壽命。當然，所有的計算依賴于這些結(jié)構(gòu)材料通過試驗測定的物理性能。國際上的設(shè)計方法試圖通過從一些相對簡單的而基本的實驗中得到一些結(jié)果，這些試驗，例如結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的及現(xiàn)代機械設(shè)計到的電壓、轉(zhuǎn)矩和疲勞強度。

另外，可以充分證明，一些細節(jié)，如表面粗糙度、圓角、開槽、制造公差和熱處理都對機械零件的強度及使用壽命有影響。設(shè)計和構(gòu)建布局要完全詳細地說明每一個細節(jié)，并且對最終產(chǎn)品進行必要的測試。

綜上所述，機械設(shè)計是一個非常寬的工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域。例如，從設(shè)計理念到設(shè)計分析的每一個階段，制造，市場，銷售。以下是機械設(shè)計的一般領(lǐng)域應(yīng)考慮的主要方面的清單：

①最初的設(shè)計理念

②受力分析

③材料的選擇

④外形

⑤制造

⑥安全性

⑦環(huán)境影響

⑧可靠性及壽命

在沒有破壞的情況下，強度是抵抗引起應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變的一種量度。這些力可能是：

①漸變力

②瞬時力

③沖擊力

④不斷變化的力

⑤溫差

如果一個機器的關(guān)鍵件損壞，整個機器必須關(guān)閉，直到修理好為止。設(shè)計一臺新機器時，關(guān)鍵件具有足夠的抵抗破壞的能力是非常重要的。設(shè)計者應(yīng)盡可能準確地確定所有的性質(zhì)、大小、方向及作用點。機器設(shè)計不是這樣，但精確的科學(xué)是這樣，因此很難準確地確定所有力。另外，一種特殊材料的不同樣本會顯現(xiàn)出不同的性能，像抗負載、溫度和其他外部條件。盡管如此，在機械設(shè)計中給予合理綜合的設(shè)計計算是非常有用的。

此外，顯而易見的是一個知道零件是如何和為什麼破壞的設(shè)計師可以設(shè)計出需要很少維修的可靠機器。有時，一次失敗是嚴重的，例如高速行駛的汽車的輪胎爆裂。另一方面，失敗未必是麻煩。例如，汽車的冷卻系統(tǒng)的散熱器皮帶管松開。這種破壞的后果通常是損失一些散熱片，可以探測并改正過來。零件負載類型是一個重要的標志。一般而言，變化的動負載比靜負載會引起更大的差異。因此，疲勞強度必須符合。另一個關(guān)心的方面是這種材料是否直或易碎。例如有疲勞破壞的地方不易使用易碎的材料。一般的，設(shè)計師要靠考慮所有破壞情況，其包括以下方面：

①應(yīng)力

②應(yīng)變

③外形

④腐蝕

⑤震動

⑥外部環(huán)境破壞

⑦緊固件的松脫

零件的尺寸和外形的選擇也有很多因素。外部負荷的影響，如幾何間斷，由于輪廓而產(chǎn)生的殘余應(yīng)力和組合件干涉。

質(zhì)量保證與控制

產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量是生產(chǎn)中最重要的。如果放任質(zhì)量惡化下去，生產(chǎn)者會很快發(fā)現(xiàn)銷售量銳減，可能從而會導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)業(yè)的失敗。用戶期望他們買的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量性能好，而且如果制造商想建立并維持其信譽，必須在產(chǎn)品制造前制造過程中及制造過程后進行質(zhì)量控制和質(zhì)量保證。一般來說，質(zhì)量保證包括所有的活動，其包括質(zhì)量建立和質(zhì)量控制。質(zhì)量保證可以被分為三個主要領(lǐng)域，他們?nèi)缦滤觯?①制造之前的原材料的檢查 ②在制造加工過程中的質(zhì)量控制 ③制造之后的質(zhì)量保證

生產(chǎn)制造后的質(zhì)量控制包括保證書和面對產(chǎn)品用戶的服務(wù)。生產(chǎn)制造之前的原材料檢驗

質(zhì)量保證常常在實際生產(chǎn)制造之前就開始了。這些都是生產(chǎn)者在供應(yīng)原材料、散件或配件的車間里進行檢驗。生產(chǎn)制造公司的原材料檢驗員到供應(yīng)廠并且檢查原材料及于制造的另配件。原材料檢驗為生產(chǎn)者提供了一次機會，那就是在原料及散件被運到生產(chǎn)車間之前先進行挑選淘汰。原料檢察員的責任是去檢查原料和零件是否達到設(shè)計規(guī)格并且淘汰那些未達到特殊指標的原料。原料檢驗有很多于檢查產(chǎn)品相同的檢驗。其如下所述： ①目測 ②冶金測試 ③尺寸測試

④損傷檢驗 ⑤性能檢驗 目測

目測檢驗一種產(chǎn)品或原料的某些特征，如顏色、紋理、表面光潔度或部件的總體外觀，從而判斷其是否具有明顯的缺損。冶金測試

冶金測試常常是原料間嚴厲的一個很重要的部分，尤其是像棒料、建筑材料毛坯一些原材料。金屬測試包含所有主要的檢驗類型，其中有目測，化學(xué)檢驗，光譜檢驗和機械性能檢驗，其包括硬度、伸縮性能、剪切性能、壓縮性能和合成 12

成分的光譜分析。冶金測試既可用于成品件也可用于預(yù)制件。尺寸檢驗

質(zhì)量控制的一些領(lǐng)域是重要的生產(chǎn)件的要求尺寸。尺寸在檢驗過程中，像其在生產(chǎn)過程中一樣重要。如果這些零件是為總成供應(yīng)的，那尺寸尤其嚴格。一些尺寸在生產(chǎn)車間用標準測量工具進行檢驗，像特種接頭、造型和需求的功能標準度量。符合尺寸規(guī)格對所制造多部件的互換性和對多部件成功組裝成復(fù)雜的裝置，如汽車、輪船、飛機和其他多部件產(chǎn)品都地極其重要的。損傷檢驗

在一些情況下，對原材料或零部件采取損傷測試的原始測驗是很必要的。特別是涉及到大批的原材料時。例如，在被運到生產(chǎn)車間作最終機器之前，對鑄件進行X-射線、電磁離子、染色滲透劑技術(shù)的探傷是很必要的，又對機器總成的電子或持久運作測試而確定的規(guī)格，是無損測試的又一例證。有時，對材料及零件的測試是很必要的，但由于無損測試的花費和成本及時間不是任何時候都允許的。

例如，有壓力測試決定在設(shè)計中其是否安全。損傷測試經(jīng)常用于設(shè)計樣機的測試，而不是原材料或零件的常規(guī)檢驗。一旦設(shè)計達到了所希望的材料強度，通常對零件做進一步的損傷測試是不必要的，除非他們確實存在疑點。

性能測試

性能測試在零部件被其他產(chǎn)品被安裝之前，檢查部件的功能，尤其是那些機械構(gòu)造復(fù)雜的部件。例如電子設(shè)備零件，飛機和汽車發(fā)動機，泵、閥及其他需要在裝運和最后安裝前進行性能測驗的機械系統(tǒng)。

選自《現(xiàn)代材料和制造工藝》

汽車起重機的不同類型

根據(jù)汽車吊的使用情況，像：工作的范圍，工作的自然情況。他們的構(gòu)造裝備體現(xiàn)著不同的理念。

1、工作范圍（不同的設(shè)計）

當起重機工作在一個小范圍內(nèi)（倉庫，碼頭，戲臺等）告訴是沒有必要的。根據(jù)這種應(yīng)用，我們的裝置最高速為35km/h。

驅(qū)動裝置布置在后面，集成了車輛和起重機的控制，這種類型稱為：單驅(qū)起重機。當起重機在大場地內(nèi)工作時，有幾個較遠的工作點，高速軸就是必要的了。隨之而來的，布置在車輛后端的單驅(qū)動是不可能的。由于這個原因，提供兩個驅(qū)動是必要的，相對的允許像傳統(tǒng)卡車那樣驅(qū)動車輛。這種類型的起重機，在構(gòu)造上必須裝備一個特殊的變速箱，對起重機允許像傳統(tǒng)車輛那樣的前進和后退。我們這種類型的起重機裝備了一個特殊的變速箱，可以提供一個前進速度和一個后退速度，一般其最大運輸速度為：55/60km/h，這種類型稱為雙驅(qū)起重機。

2、地面情況

當起重機操作困難時，在平整的路面上（體育場，碼頭，倉庫等）起構(gòu)造是傳統(tǒng)概念的單驅(qū)動的運輸工具。

如果起重機離開路面移動到惡劣路況下（臟且沙軟的路面）不平的，其構(gòu)造根據(jù)“全工況路面”的限定標準而建立，其要求實現(xiàn)：

雙驅(qū)甚至是三驅(qū)；兩種速度范圍，有一個特別慢的值；不同驅(qū)動軸的轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)；軸端的特殊軸承；特殊的制動；提供低壓的大尺寸的輪胎，在軟地面上運轉(zhuǎn)；獨立的大車輪；懸空的地面監(jiān)視和清晰的構(gòu)造是非常重要的；安裝及駕駛服務(wù)

所有的主要點是絕對必要的對于在無路的情況下的各種類型的車輛，有一個良好的運行。

當然起重機不得不在各種路況下工作，為此其裝備了雙驅(qū)。

（附圖見英文資料）

液力傳動

動力傳動的兩種類型

在液力傳動中，用來將機械能（電能、化學(xué)能）轉(zhuǎn)化成液力能的裝置（泵）被布置在傳動鏈的輸入端，而用來將液力能轉(zhuǎn)化成機械能的裝置（馬達）被布置在輸出端。（圖2-1）

這種能量轉(zhuǎn)化的理論上的設(shè)計依據(jù)是液力傳動的各部分的伯努里方程。

在系統(tǒng)中，流體靜壓力主要用來替代泵和馬達，而在某些方面，流體動力是作為液力能轉(zhuǎn)化后的力傳動而被利用的（如離心泵）這種能量轉(zhuǎn)換的特征取決于單位力的傳動。他能說明這種微小力的液體靜壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換和高壓力的液體動力能轉(zhuǎn)換更受人們的歡迎。（圖2-2）者是液力轉(zhuǎn)換被應(yīng)用于工業(yè)器械的主要原因。液力傳動的能量轉(zhuǎn)換

1、原動機（電機、內(nèi)燃機）

2、機械能

3、泵

4、液力能

5、液壓馬達

6、機械能

7、負載 在流體靜力能和流體動力能中單位里的質(zhì)量變化

替代能量轉(zhuǎn)換僅應(yīng)用以下幾方面，在液體靜壓力轉(zhuǎn)換中相關(guān)的替代執(zhí)行元件提供一個或數(shù)個工作室，他們恒定或尺寸可變。

泵的工作室在外部能量進入時伸長，馬達是靠液力能，工作是伸長時液體流入，而收縮時實現(xiàn)流體流出。這些裝置通常被稱為能量轉(zhuǎn)換裝置。液體充滿一個體積為V1的容器，在壓力P1下所作的功W是壓縮功W1和改變液體的功W2組成的。

為了分析這個過程，讓我們假設(shè)一個活塞機構(gòu)（圖2-3（a）），它是有兩個閥Z0、Z1和貯液器連接而成，表面壓力為P0，貯

液器內(nèi)部壓力為 P1，活塞處于上部的X=X0處，Z0打開，液體充滿體積為V0的汽缸，壓力為 P0，現(xiàn)在關(guān)閉閥Z0，并且開始向下移動活塞，如果 Z1關(guān)閉，當活塞下降到 X=X1處時，液體體積由V0變?yōu)閂1，此時壓力升至P1，驅(qū)動活塞所作的外部功是（假設(shè)熱量改變）

W1=-∫X1X0(P-P0)Adx=-∫V1V0(P-P0)dv

制動器的應(yīng)用

YWW系列電力液壓塊式制動器是一種常閉、臥式安裝的制動器，主要用于門座式起重機、斗輪堆取料機以及中大型塔式起重機回轉(zhuǎn)機構(gòu)的制動。

YKW系列電力液壓塊式制動器是一種常開、臥式安裝的制動器，推動器為閉合（上閘）驅(qū)動裝置，它通過腳踏開關(guān)控制，司機在司機室內(nèi)可隨意空。主要用于門座式起重機和塔式起重機等回轉(zhuǎn)機構(gòu)的減速制動。當需要在機構(gòu)斷電時（非工作狀態(tài)）進行制動，可通過增設(shè)手動閉合（上閘）來實現(xiàn)。

RKW系列制動器為常開式、液壓驅(qū)動、臥式安裝的制動器。通過腳踏式液壓泵進行控制，可實現(xiàn)隨意制動。主要用于中小型門座式起重機和塔式起重機的回轉(zhuǎn)機構(gòu)。帶有手動閉合（上閘）裝置，在非工作狀態(tài)下有需要時，可通過其進行維持制動。主要設(shè)計特點

聯(lián)鎖式退距均等裝置，專利技術(shù)，在使用過程中可始終保持兩側(cè)瓦塊制動襯浮貼制動輪的現(xiàn)象；設(shè)有瓦塊自動隨位裝置。

主要擺動鉸點均設(shè)有自動潤滑軸承，傳動效率高，壽命長，在使用過程中無需潤滑。

設(shè)有可調(diào)式支撐裝置，確保制動器工作靈活自如。

制動彈簧在方管內(nèi)布置）（僅YWW產(chǎn)品）并在一側(cè)設(shè)有標尺，用戶可十分方便的讀出制動力距值，免去測量和計算的麻煩。

制動襯墊為卡裝式整體結(jié)構(gòu)，更換十分方便，快捷，備有半金屬（無石棉）硬質(zhì)和半硬質(zhì)，軟質(zhì)（含石棉）等不同材質(zhì)的制動襯墊供用戶選擇。全部采用本公司新型推動器配套，動作靈敏，壽命長。

第二篇：機械英文翻譯

Cutting tool design Physics of metal-cutting provide the theoretical framework by which we must examine all other elements of cutting tool design.We have workpiece materials from a very soft, buttery consistency to very hard and shear resistant.Each of the workpiece materials must be handled by itself;the amount of broad information that is applicable to each workpiece material is reduced as the distinctions between workpiece characteristics increase.Not only is there a vast diversity of workpiece materials, but there is also a variety of shapes of tools and tool compositions.The tool designer must match the many variables to provide the best possible cutting geometry.There was a day when trial and error was normal for this decision, but today, with the ever-increasing variety of tools, trial and error is far too expensive.The designer must develop expertise in applying date and making comparisons on the basis of the experience of others.For example: tool manufactures and material salesmen will have figures their companies have developed.The figures are meant to be guidelines;however, a careful examination of the literature available will provide an excellent place from which to start, and be must cheaper than trial and error.Material removal by machining involves interaction of five elements: the cutting tool, the toolholding and guiding device, the workholder, the workpiece, and the machine.The cutting tool may have a single cutting edge or may have many cutting edges.It may be designed for linear or rotary motion.The geometry of the cutting tool depends upon its intended function.The toolholding device may or may not be used for guiding or locating.Toolholder selection is governed by tool design and intended function.The physical composition of the workpiece greatly influences the selection of the machining method, the tool composition and geometry, the rate of material removal.The intended shape of the workpiece influences the selection of the machining method and the choice of linear or rotary tool travel.The composition and geometry of the workpiece to a great extent determines the workholder requirements.Workholder selection also depends upon forces produced by the tool on the workpiece.Tool guidance may be incorporated into the workholding function.Successful design of tools for the material removal processes requires, above all, a complete understanding of cutting tool function and geometry.This knowledge will enable the designer to specify the correct tool for a given task.The tool, in turn, will govern the selection of toolholding and guidance methods.Tool forces govern selection of the workholding device.Although the process involves interaction of the five elements, everything begins with and is based on what happens at the point of contact between the workpiece and cutting tool.The primary method of imparting form and dimension to a workpiece is the removal of material by the use of edged cutting tools.An oversize mass is literally carved to its intended shape.The removal of material from a workpiece is termed generation of form by machining, or simply machining.Form and dimension may also be achieved by a number of alternative processes such as hot or cold extrusion, sand casting, die casting, and precision casting.Sheet metal can be formed or drawn by the application of pressure.In addition to machining, metal removal can be accomplished by chemical or electrical methods.A great variety of workpiece may be produced without resorting to a machining operation.Economic considerations, however, usually dictate form generation by machining either as the complete process or in conjunction with another process.Cutting tools are designed with sharp edges to minimize rubbing contact between the tool and workpiece.Variations in the shapes of the cutting tool influence tool life, surface finish of the workpiece, and the amount of force required to shear a chip from the parent metal.The various angles on a tool compose what is often termed tool geometry.The tool signature or nomenclature is a sequence of alpha and numeric characters representing the various angles, signification dimensions, special features, and the size of the nose radius.This method of identification has been standardized by the American National Standards Institute for carbide and for high speed steel.

第三篇：有關(guān)機械的英文翻譯

Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on.With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being.The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program.Modern industrial robots are true marvels of engineering.A robot the size of a person can easily carry a load over one hundred pounds and move it very quickly with a repeatability of +/-0.006 inches.Furthermore these robots can do that 24 hours a day for years on end with no failures whatsoever.Through they are reprogrammable, in many applications(particularly those in the auto industry)they are programmed once and then repeat that ,exact same task for years.At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use.To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development.With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly.With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal.Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage diposal.The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage diposal.The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity.Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding.With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware.In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate and the arthrosis coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system.The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement.In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion int linear motion.Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio.Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure.The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever.＂The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system.In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality.On this basis, the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given.The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system.Kinematics analysis is the basis of path programming and track control.The positive and reverse analysis of manipulator gives the relationship between manipulator space and drive space in position and speed.The relationship between manipulator’s tip position and arthrosis angles is concluded by coordinate transform method.The geometry method is used in solving inverse kinematics problem and the result will provide theory evidence for control system.The function of dynamics is to get the relationship between the movement and force and the target is to satisfy the demand of real time control.In this chamfer, Newton-Euripides method is used in analysis dynamic problem of the cleaning robot and the arthrosis force and torque are given which provide the foundation for step motor selecting and structure dynamic optimal ting.Control system is the key and core part of the object holding manipulator system design which will direct effect the reliability and practicality of the robot system in the division of configuration and control function and also will effect or limit the development cost and cycle.With the demand of the PCL-839 card, the PC computer which has a tight structure and is easy to be extended is used as the principal computer cell and takes the function of system initialization, data operation and dispose, step motor drive and error diagnose and so on..At the same time, the configuration structure features, task principles and the position function with high precision of the control card PCL-839 are analyzed.Hardware is the matter foundation of the control.System and the software is the spirit of the control system.The target of the software is to combine all the parts in optimizing style and to improve the efficiency and reliability of the control system.The software design of the object holding manipulator control system is divided into several blocks such as system initialization block, data process block and error station detect and dispose model and so on.PCL-839 card can solve the communication between the main computer and the control cells and take the measure of reducing the influence of the outer signal to the control system.The start and stop frequency of the step motor is far lower than the maximum running frequency.In order to improve the efficiency of the step motor, the increase and decrease of the speed is must considered when the step motor running in high speed and start or stop with great acceleration.The increase and decrease of the motor’s speed can be controlled by the pulse frequency sent to the step motor drive with a rational method.This can be implemented either by hardware or by software.A step motor shift control method is proposed, which is simple to calculate, easy to realize and the theory means is straightforward.The motor’s acceleration can fit the torque-frequency curve properly with this method.And the amount of calculation load is less than the linear acceleration shift control method and the method which is based on the exponential rule to change speed.The method is tested by experiment.At last, the research content and the achievement are sum up and the problems and shortages in main the content are also listed.The development and application of robot in the future is expected.機器人是典型的機電一體化裝置，它綜合運用了機械與精密機械、微電子與計算機、自動控制與驅(qū)動、傳感器與信息處理及人工智能等多學(xué)科的最新研究成果，隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和各行各業(yè)對自動化程度要求的提高，機器人技術(shù)得到了迅速發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了各種各樣的機器人產(chǎn)品。現(xiàn)代工業(yè)機器人是人類真正的奇跡工程。一個像人那么大的機器人可以輕松地抬起超過一百磅并可以在誤差+/-0.006英寸誤差范圍內(nèi)重復(fù)的移動。更重要的是這些機器人可以每天24小時永不停止地工作。在許多應(yīng)用中（特別是自動工業(yè)種）它們是通過編程控制的，但是它們一旦編程一次，便可以重復(fù)地做同一件工作多年。機器人產(chǎn)品的實用化，既解決了許多單靠人力難以解決的實際問題，又促進進了工業(yè)自動化的進程。

目前，由于機器人的研制和開發(fā)涉及多方面技術(shù)，系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，開發(fā)和研制的成本普遍較高，在某種程度上限制了該項技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用，因此，研制經(jīng)濟型、實用化、高可靠性機器人系統(tǒng)就有廣泛的社會現(xiàn)實意義和經(jīng)濟價值。由于我國經(jīng)濟建設(shè)和城市化的快速發(fā)展，城市污水排放量增長很快，污水處理已經(jīng)擺在人們的議事日程上來。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和人類知識水平的提高，人們越來越認識到污水處理的重要性和迫切性，科學(xué)家金額研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)塑料制品在水中是用于污水處理的很有效的污泥菌群的附著體。塑料制品的大量需求，使得塑料制品生產(chǎn)的自動化和高效率要求成為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的必然。本文結(jié)合塑料一次擠出成型機和塑料抓取機械手的研制過程種出現(xiàn)的問題，綜述近幾年機器人技術(shù)研究和發(fā)展的狀況，在充分發(fā)揮機、電、軟、硬件各自特點和優(yōu)勢互補的基礎(chǔ)上，對物料抓取機械手整體機械結(jié)構(gòu)、傳動系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動裝置和控制系統(tǒng)進行了分析和設(shè)計，提出了一套經(jīng)濟型設(shè)計方案。采用直角坐標和關(guān)節(jié)坐標相結(jié)合的框架式機械結(jié)構(gòu)形式，這種方式能夠提高系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和操作靈活性。傳動裝置的作用是將驅(qū)動原件的動力傳遞給機器人機械手相應(yīng)的執(zhí)行機構(gòu)，以實現(xiàn)各種必要的運動，傳動方式上采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、傳都比大的渦輪蝸桿傳動和將旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)換為直線運動的螺旋傳動。機械手驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計往往受到作業(yè)環(huán)境條件的限制，同時也要考慮價格因素的影響以及能夠達到的技術(shù)水平。由于步進電機能夠直接接收數(shù)字量，響應(yīng)速度快而且工作可靠并無累積誤差，常用作數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動機構(gòu)的動力元件，因此，在驅(qū)動裝置中采用由步進電機構(gòu)成的開環(huán)控制方式，這種方式既能滿足控制精度的要求，又能達到經(jīng)濟性、實用化目的，在此基礎(chǔ)上，對步進電機的功率計算及選型問題進行了分析。運動學(xué)分析是路徑規(guī)劃和軌跡控制的基礎(chǔ)，對操作壁進行運動學(xué)正、逆問題的分析可以完成操作空間位置和速度向驅(qū)動空間的映射看，采用其次坐標變換法得到了操作臂末端位置和姿態(tài)隨關(guān)節(jié)夾角之間的變換關(guān)系，采用幾何法分析了操作臂的逆向運動學(xué)方程求解問題，對控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計提供了理論依據(jù)。控制部分是整個物料抓取機械手系統(tǒng)設(shè)計關(guān)鍵和核心，它在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上的劃分和實現(xiàn)直接關(guān)系到機器人系統(tǒng)的可靠性、實用性，也影響和制約機械手系統(tǒng)的研制成本和開發(fā)周期。在控制主機的選用上，采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、擴展功能強和可靠性高的PC工業(yè)控制計算機作為主機，配以PCL-839卡的結(jié)構(gòu)特點、功能原理和其高定位功能等給予了分析。硬件是整個控制系統(tǒng)以及極限位置功能賴以存在的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，軟件則是計算機控制系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)中樞，軟件設(shè)計的目的是以最優(yōu)的方式將各部分功能有機結(jié)合起來，使系統(tǒng)具有較高的運行效率和較強的可靠性。在物料抓取機械手軟件的設(shè)計上，采用的是模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)，分為系統(tǒng)初始化模塊、數(shù)據(jù)處理模塊和故障狀態(tài)檢測與處理等幾部分。主控計算機和各控制單元之間全部由PCL-839卡聯(lián)系，并且由該卡實現(xiàn)抗干擾等問題，減少外部信號對系統(tǒng)的影響。步進電機的啟停頻率遠遠小于其最高運行頻率，為了提高工作效率發(fā)，需要步進電機高速運行并快速啟停時，必須考慮它的升、降速控制問題。電機的升降速控制可以歸結(jié)為以某種合理的力式控制發(fā)送到步進電機驅(qū)動器的脈沖頻率，這可由硬件實現(xiàn)，也可由軟件方法來實現(xiàn)。本文提出了一種算法簡單、易于實現(xiàn)、理論意義明確的步進電機變速控制策略：定時器常量修改變速控制方案。該方法能使步進電機加速度與其力矩—頻率曲線較好地擬合，從而提高變速效率。而且它的計算量比線性加速度變速和基于指數(shù)規(guī)律加速度的變速控制小得多。通過實驗證明了該方法的有效性。最后，對論文主要研究內(nèi)容和取得的技術(shù)成果進行了總結(jié)，提出了存在的問題和不足，同時對機器人技術(shù)的應(yīng)用進行了展望。

第四篇：機械英文翻譯

Shigley的機械工程設(shè)計

機械工程設(shè)計簡介 基礎(chǔ)知識部分

章節(jié)大綱

1-1設(shè)計 [4] 1-2機械工程設(shè)計 [5] 1-3階段和設(shè)計過程的相互作用 1-4設(shè)計工具和資源

[8] 1-5設(shè)計工程師的職業(yè)責任 [10] 1-6標準和規(guī)范

[12] 1-7經(jīng)濟學(xué)

[12] 1-8安全和產(chǎn)品責任

[15] 1-9應(yīng)力和強度

[15] 1-10不確定性

[16] 1-11設(shè)計因素和安全

[17] 1-12可靠性

[18] 1-13尺寸和公差

[19] 1-14單位

[21] 1-15計算和有效數(shù)字

[22] 1-16設(shè)計主題相互依賴

[23] 1-17輸電案例研究規(guī)格

[24]

[5] 機械工程設(shè)計

機械設(shè)計是一個復(fù)雜的過程，需要很多技巧。廣泛復(fù)雜的關(guān)系需要被細分為一系列簡單的任務(wù)。復(fù)雜的設(shè)計過程在于要逐步按一定的規(guī)則去展現(xiàn)。

我們一般首先解決設(shè)計的本質(zhì)，然后在機械工程設(shè)計中尤為如此。設(shè)計是有許多交互階段的迭代過程。設(shè)計師需要許多資源的支持，包括許多來源豐富的信息和計算設(shè)計工具。設(shè)計師不僅要發(fā)展在自己領(lǐng)域的能力，他們也必須培養(yǎng)責任意識，并有專業(yè)的職業(yè)道德。

在設(shè)計過程中扮演比較重要角色規(guī)范和標準往往是經(jīng)濟性，安全性和產(chǎn)品責任的考慮。機械零件能否工作往往與應(yīng)力和強度有關(guān)。無論是一個確定性的或者統(tǒng)計性的形式，不確定的因素在工程設(shè)計中無法排除，通常由設(shè)計因素和安全系數(shù)處理。后者，統(tǒng)計方法，能處理與設(shè)計的可靠性問題并且需要良好的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)。

在機械設(shè)計，其他考慮因素包括尺寸和公差，單元和計算。該書由四部分組成。第1部分，基礎(chǔ)知識，首先解釋一些差異和分析，并圍繞引入一些基本概念來寫的。它延續(xù)了3個章節(jié)，審查材料特性，應(yīng)力分析，和剛度強度分析，對于這本書余下的部分這是必要的原理部分。

第2部分，預(yù)防失效，包括兩章關(guān)于預(yù)防機械部件故障和為什么機器零件會發(fā)生故障，以及如何可以避免設(shè)計中失效的問題，所以我們用兩章來回答這些問題，一是關(guān)于預(yù)防由于靜載荷而發(fā)生的疲勞失效，而另一種預(yù)防由于載荷隨時間變化和循環(huán)載荷的疲勞失效。

在第3部分，機械零件的設(shè)計，第1部分和第2部分的概念可用于分析，選擇特定的機械元件，例如軸的設(shè)計，緊固件，焊接件，彈簧，滾動軸承，油膜軸承，齒輪，傳動帶，鏈，和鋼絲繩。

第4部分，分析工具，介紹兩個重要的方法來進行機械設(shè)計，有限元分析和統(tǒng)計分析。可以用這兩種方法來選擇和研究材料，實例1?3說明了如何使用這些工具。

在書的最后有兩個附錄。附錄A包含了許多有用的表遍布整本書的引用。附錄B包括了怎樣選尾章的問題。

1-1 設(shè)計

設(shè)計是為滿足某一指定的需要或解決問題制定一個計劃的具體問題。如果制定的計劃具有現(xiàn)實意義，那么該產(chǎn)品必須是功能齊全，安全，可靠，有競爭力，可用，可制造，有市場性的。

設(shè)計是一個創(chuàng)新的，高度迭代的過程。

它也是一個決策的處理。有時決策只需要少量的信息，偶爾只有正確的信息數(shù)量，或用過量的部分矛盾信息。決定有時會做出試探性地用正確的預(yù)留調(diào)整隨著越來越多的為人所知。有一點是，工程設(shè)計人員必須親自參與決策，了解如何正確的解決問題。

設(shè)計是一個通信密集型活動，其中既有文字和圖片的使用，又有書面和口頭形式使用。工程師們進行有效的溝通并與許多學(xué)科的人工作。這些都是重要的技能，以及一個工程師的成功取決于它們。

一個設(shè)計師的個人資源包括創(chuàng)造力、交際能力，和解決問題技能與知識的技術(shù)和第一原則。工程工具（如數(shù)學(xué)，統(tǒng)計，計算機，圖形和語言）被組合以產(chǎn)生一個計劃，當進行時，會產(chǎn)生一種產(chǎn)品，是功能性的，安全，可靠，有競爭力，可用，可制造和銷售，而不管是誰建造，或誰使用它。

1-2機械工程設(shè)計 機械工程師為能源生產(chǎn)和有關(guān)加工提供生產(chǎn)工具，使運輸工具和技術(shù)自動化。技能和知識基礎(chǔ)是廣泛的。運用的基礎(chǔ)形態(tài)是固體和液體，質(zhì)量和動量運輸，制造的力學(xué)過程，以及電氣和信息論。機械工程設(shè)計涉及機械工程的所有學(xué)科。真正的問題抵制條塊分割。一個簡單的滑動軸承涉及流體流動，傳熱，摩擦，能源運輸，材料選擇，熱處理，統(tǒng)計描述，等等。建筑物的環(huán)保控制。加熱，通風和空調(diào)的考慮是足夠的專門一些講供暖，通風和空調(diào)的設(shè)計中，就好像它是獨立的與機械工程設(shè)計截然不同。同樣地，內(nèi)燃機設(shè)計，渦輪機的設(shè)計，和噴氣發(fā)動機的設(shè)計有時被認為是離散實體。在這里，字設(shè)計前述字句的領(lǐng)先字符串僅僅是一個產(chǎn)品描述符。同樣，也有短語，如機械設(shè)計，機械元件設(shè)計，機器組件設(shè)計，系統(tǒng)設(shè)計和流體動力設(shè)計。所有的這些話是有點機械工程設(shè)計更有針對性的例子。他們都吸取知識的同一機構(gòu)，類似組織，并要求類似的技能。

1-3階段和設(shè)計過程的相互作用

什么是設(shè)計過程？它是如何開始的？請問工程師簡單地坐到用一張白紙一張桌子，并記下一些想法？ 接下來發(fā)生什么？ 什么因素影響或控制了必須做出的決定？最后，請問該怎么讓設(shè)計過程結(jié)束？

完整的設(shè)計過程中，從開始到結(jié)束，常被概述如圖1-1。該過程開始于一個關(guān)于它的識別以及判定。許多次迭代之后，為滿足需要該方法用這些計劃的顯現(xiàn)結(jié)束。根據(jù)設(shè)計任務(wù)的性質(zhì)，一些設(shè)計階段可以在整個產(chǎn)品生命周期中重復(fù)，從開始到結(jié)束。在接下來的幾個小節(jié)中，我們將審查在設(shè)計這些步驟詳細過程。

一般開始時需要一個鑒定的過程。認識需要和措辭需要往往構(gòu)成一個具有高度創(chuàng)造性的行為，因為這種需要可能只有一個模糊的不滿，一種不舒服的感覺，或者是感覺到了的東西是不正確的。通常情況下需要的是不明顯的，識別可以由特定的惡劣環(huán)境或一組隨機情況幾乎同時出由噪音水平，通過在包裝重量的變化，并通過輕微，但可察覺的變化現(xiàn)觸法。例如，要做些什么食品包裝機的需求可能會指示在包裝或包裹的質(zhì)量。圖1-1

Identification of need

需要鑒定 Definition of problem

問題定義 Synthesis

合成 Analysis and optimization

分析與優(yōu)化 Evaluation

評估 Presentation

介紹

還有就是需要的聲明和定義之間有明顯的區(qū)別的問題。的問題的定義是更具體的并且必須包括所有規(guī)格為對象，它是被設(shè)計。規(guī)格有輸入和輸出數(shù)量時，特征和對象必須占據(jù)的空間的尺寸，和所有這些量的限制。我們可以把被設(shè)計為對象在一個黑盒子。在這種情況下，我們必須指定框的輸入和輸出，他們的特點和局限性在一起。的規(guī)范定義了成本，在要制造號碼，預(yù)期壽命，的范圍內(nèi)，操作溫度，以及的可靠性。規(guī)定特性可以包括速度，飼料，溫度限制最大范圍，在該變量預(yù)期的變化，尺寸和重量限制等。

有跡象表明，導(dǎo)致無論是從設(shè)計師的特別是許多隱含的規(guī)格環(huán)境或從問題本身的性質(zhì)。制造可用，具有某些植物的設(shè)施一起的過程，構(gòu)成了上的設(shè)計師的自由的限制，并且因此是隱含的規(guī)格的一部分。它可以是一個小的植物，例如，不擁有冷作機械。知道了這一點，設(shè)計人員可能會選擇其他金屬加工的方法可以在植物中進行。可用的勞動技能和競爭態(tài)勢也構(gòu)成隱含的限制。凡是限制了設(shè)計師的自由選擇的是一個制約因素。許多材料和尺寸都列在供應(yīng)商的產(chǎn)品目錄，例如，但這些都不是所有容易獲得和短缺頻頻發(fā)生。此外，庫存經(jīng)濟學(xué)要求制造商股票的最低的材料和尺寸數(shù)。一個規(guī)范的一個例子在二段中給出。1-17。這個例子是用于呈現(xiàn)整個動力傳動的案例研究本文。

連接可能的系統(tǒng)元素的方案的合成所謂的概念或概念設(shè)計的發(fā)明。這是第一個也是最重要的步驟中合成的任務(wù)。各種計劃必須提出，調(diào)查，并在建立metrics.1作為充實的計劃進展來定量，分析必須被執(zhí)行以評估系統(tǒng)的性能是否令人滿意，如果滿意，就如何它將執(zhí)行。系統(tǒng)方案不這樣做生存分析，修改，改進，或丟棄。這些潛在的優(yōu)化以確定哪個的方案能夠在最佳的性能。競爭機制進行比較，以便導(dǎo)致最具有競爭力的產(chǎn)品的路徑可以被選擇。圖1-1顯示了綜合分析和優(yōu)化是密切相關(guān)的。

我們已經(jīng)注意到，我們強調(diào)，該設(shè)計是一個反復(fù)的過程，我們通過幾個步驟進行，評估結(jié)果，然后返回到先前相的過程。因此，我們可以合成一個系統(tǒng)的幾個組件，分析和對其進行優(yōu)化，并返回到合成看到這這個系統(tǒng)其余部分有什么作用，例如，一個系統(tǒng)傳輸功率的設(shè)計需要注意個別組件（例如，齒輪，軸承，軸）的設(shè)計和選擇。然而，這是常有的設(shè)計的情況，這些部件不是獨立的。為了設(shè)計偏轉(zhuǎn)軸的應(yīng)力，有必要知道施加的力。如果力通過齒輪傳遞，有必要知道齒輪規(guī)格為了將確定的力傳送到軸，但齒輪都具有一定的軸徑，需要必要的軸徑的知識。顯然，粗略估計將需要了解實際的過程，煉油和迭代，直到最終的設(shè)計獲得了對于每個令人滿意單個組件以及用于整體設(shè)計規(guī)格。在整個文字，我們將詳細闡述這一過程中產(chǎn)生的電力傳輸設(shè)計的案例研究。無論分析和優(yōu)化要求我們建造或設(shè)計的抽象模型該系統(tǒng)會承認某種形式的數(shù)學(xué)分析的。我們把這些車型數(shù)學(xué)模型。在創(chuàng)建他們來說，這是我們的希望，我們可以找到一個會模擬真實物理系統(tǒng)非常好。如圖8中所示。1-1，評價是總的設(shè)計過程的顯著相。評估是一個成功的最終證明設(shè)計并通常涉及在實驗室樣機的測試。在這里，我們希望發(fā)現(xiàn)是否在設(shè)計確實滿足了需求。它是可靠的？這將與同類產(chǎn)品爭奪成功？是經(jīng)濟的制造和使用？是嗎易于維護和調(diào)整？可獲利從其銷售或使用，制成？的可能性有多大它是導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)品責任訴訟？而且是保險容易和便宜獲得？它是可能的召回將需要更換有缺陷的部件或系統(tǒng)？該項目的設(shè)計師或設(shè)計團隊將需要解決工程無數(shù)和非工程的問題。

傳達設(shè)計給他人是在設(shè)計的最后，是重要的介紹步驟處理。毫無疑問，許多偉大的設(shè)計，發(fā)明和創(chuàng)意作品已經(jīng)失去了后人僅僅是因為創(chuàng)始人是無法或不愿好好解釋一下自己的成就他人。演講是一個銷售的工作。工程師，呈現(xiàn)當新的解決方案的行政，管理或監(jiān)督人員，正試圖出售或向他們證明，他們的解決方案是一個更好的。除非能成功完成，花在獲取解決方案的時間和精力已經(jīng)在很大程度上浪費了。什么時候設(shè)計師賣一個新的想法，他們也賣自己。如果他們在多次中標銷售理念，設(shè)計和新的解決方案來管理，就開始收到工資增加和促銷活動;其實，這是任何人如何成功地在他或她的職業(yè)。

1這個主題一個很好的參考是由Stuart Pugh，總設(shè)計集成的方法介紹成功的產(chǎn)品工程，Addison-Wesley出版社，1991還提供了方Stuart Pugh法的說明在11.2節(jié)。8，大衛(wèi)G.烏爾曼，機械設(shè)計流程，第三版，麥格勞2，說明了隨著更精細的加工，制造成本的急劇增加，應(yīng)該做公差減小處理。盈虧平衡點

有時會發(fā)生這樣的情況，當2個或更多的設(shè)計方法相比，成本，兩者之間的選擇取決于一組條件，如生產(chǎn)數(shù)量，裝配線的速度，或其他條件。然后發(fā)生了等于成本對應(yīng)的點，稱為盈虧平衡點。圖1-2

成本與公差/加工過程。（摘自戴維·烏爾曼，該第三版，麥格勞-希爾，新紐約，2003年）圖1-3

一個平衡點

作為一個例子，考慮一個特定的部分可以制造的情況每小時25個部件的速度在一個自動螺絲機或每小時10個零件上手動螺桿機。讓我們假設(shè)，對于自動的設(shè)置時間是3小時和這兩臺機器的人工成本是每小時20美元，包括開銷。圖1-3是雙方法成本與生產(chǎn)圖。這個盈虧平衡點實例對應(yīng)50個部分。如果所需的產(chǎn)量大于50部分，則自動機器使用。

成本測算

有很多方法獲得相對成本的數(shù)字，使2個或更多的設(shè)計可以 大致比較。有些判斷可能需要一定量的實例。例如，我們可以比較兩個汽車的相對價值比較每磅重的美元成本。另一種比較成本的方法一種設(shè)計與另一個是簡單地計算的數(shù)量的零件。設(shè)計有較小的零件數(shù)量可能會花費更少的成本。許多其他成本估計可以使用時，根據(jù)不同的應(yīng)用，如面積，體積，馬力，扭矩，容量，速度和各種性能比。

1-8安全及產(chǎn)品責任

嚴格責任概念及產(chǎn)品責任普遍在美國盛行。這一概念指出，一篇文章的制造企業(yè)對任何損害或損害承擔責任這一結(jié)果是因為缺陷。而這并不重要，制造商是否知道關(guān)于這個缺陷，甚至可以知道它。例如，假設(shè)一篇文章制造，說，10年前。并且假設(shè)在那個時候這篇文章不能被認為有缺陷的基礎(chǔ)上，所有的技術(shù)知識，然后可用。十年后，根據(jù)嚴格責任的概念，制造商仍然承擔責任。因此，根據(jù)這一理念，原告只需證明該物品是缺陷和缺陷造成的損害或損害。制造商的疏忽 不需要證明。

預(yù)防產(chǎn)品責任的最佳途徑是良好的工程分析設(shè)計，質(zhì)量控制，綜合測試程序。廣告管理者經(jīng)常會在保證產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和銷售方面做出承諾。這些陳述應(yīng)該由工程人員認真審核，以消除過多的承諾，并插入適當?shù)木婧褪褂谜f明。

1-9的壓力和強度

許多產(chǎn)品的生存取決于設(shè)計師如何調(diào)整在關(guān)鍵位置的組件中的最大應(yīng)力小于組件的強度。設(shè)計人員必須允許最大應(yīng)力小于能保證安全的強度，使盡管有不確定性，失敗是罕見的。應(yīng)該側(cè)重的是應(yīng)力強度比較，在關(guān)鍵的（控制）的位置，我們經(jīng)常尋找“在幾何和使用條件的實際作用力。”強度是應(yīng)力的幅度在該反應(yīng)的東西，例如比例極限，0.2％偏置屈服，或斷裂（見秒2-1）。在許多情況下，這樣的事件表示在該功能喪失發(fā)生的應(yīng)力水平。

強度是一種材料或一個機械部件的性能。一個元件的強度選擇，處理，和材料的處理。例如，考慮一批彈簧。我們可以把一個強度與一個特定的彈簧當這個彈簧被引入到一臺機器時，外部力被施加這導(dǎo)致在彈簧負載引起的應(yīng)力，其大小依賴于它的幾何形狀和獨立的材料及其加工。如果彈簧是 從機械地除去，由于外部勢力的壓力會回到零。但強度仍然是彈簧的特性之一。記住，然后，這種力量是一個部分的固有屬性，一部分是因為有一個屬性，因為使用一種特殊的材料和工藝。

各種金屬加工和熱處理過程，如鍛造、軋制、和冷成形，導(dǎo)致強度的變化，從點到一個部分。這個上面提到的彈簧很有可能會有一種力量在外的線圈不同從內(nèi)部的力量，因為春天已經(jīng)形成了一個寒冷的繞組過程，雙方可能不會被相同數(shù)量的變形。記住，因此，一個部分的強度值可能僅適用于一個特定的部分點或組點。

在這本書中，我們將使用大寫字母S表示強度，擁有適當?shù)臉酥緛肀硎緩姸鹊念愋汀Ｒ虼耍琒Y是屈服強度，SU屈服極限，SSY剪切屈服強度和SE的持久強度。

按照公認的工程實踐，我們將采用希臘字母σ（Sigma）和τ（TAU）指定的正應(yīng)力和剪應(yīng)力，分別。各種標會顯示一些特殊的特性。例如，σ1是正應(yīng)力，σY Y方向的正應(yīng)力分量，和σR正常應(yīng)徑向方向分量。

應(yīng)力是一個特定的點在一個物體上，這是一個函數(shù)的狀態(tài)屬性負載，幾何，溫度，加工工藝。在一個基本課程中材料力學(xué)，強調(diào)了荷載和幾何關(guān)系，強調(diào)了一些熱應(yīng)力的討論。然而，強調(diào)由于熱處理，成型，組裝等也很重要，有時被忽視。應(yīng)力分析，回顧第3章的基本負荷狀態(tài)和幾何。

1-10不確定性

在機械設(shè)計中的不確定性比比皆是。關(guān)于壓力和強度的不確定性的例子包括如下：

?材料的組成和變化對性能的影響。?在從一個地方到其它地方性質(zhì)的變化。?加工的影響在本地，或附近，上屬性。

?附近的組件，如焊件的影響和收縮應(yīng)力狀態(tài)下的配合。?對性能的形變熱處理的影響。?強度和負荷分布。

?用來代表現(xiàn)實的數(shù)學(xué)模型的有效性。?應(yīng)力集中的強度。

?時間對強度和幾何形狀的影響。?腐蝕的影響。?磨損的影響。?不確定因素的數(shù)量

工程師必須適應(yīng)不確定性。不確定性總是伴隨著變化。工程師必須關(guān)注材料特性，負載變化，制造保真度和數(shù)學(xué)的有效性。

用數(shù)學(xué)方法來解決不確定性。主要技術(shù)是確定性和隨機性方法。確定性方法建立

第五篇：機械專業(yè)課程英文翻譯

機械制圖Descriptive Geometry & Engineering Graphing85

機械工程材料Mechanical Engineering Material90

工程力學(xué)Engineering Mechanics89

機械原理Principle of Mechanics85

機械原理課程設(shè)計Course Exercise for Principle of Mechanicsgood良好 機械設(shè)計Mechanical Design80

機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計Course Exercise for Mechanical Designgood良好 液壓與氣壓傳動Hydraulic & Pneumatic Technology89

機械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)Fundamentals of Manufacturing Technology77

機械制造裝備設(shè)計Modern Manufacturing Equipment Design84

電工與電子技術(shù)Mechanical Electric Electronic Control Technique86

微型計算機原理Principle and Application of Microcomputer81

互換性與測量技術(shù)Fundamentals of Exchangeability and Measurement Technology 77

機械工程控制基礎(chǔ)Introduction to Control Engineering85

計算機數(shù)控技術(shù)Technology and Application of Numerical Control Programming 77

PLCPrinciple and Application of PLC82

模具制造技術(shù)Mould Manufacture Technology76

傳感器與測試技術(shù)Measurement and Testing Technology81

計算機輔助設(shè)計Computer-aided Design86

機械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計Mechanical System Design88

生產(chǎn)實習(xí)Production Practical Traininggood良好

機械制圖、機械工程材料、工程力學(xué)、機械原理、機械原理課程設(shè)計、機械設(shè)計、機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計、液壓與氣壓傳動、機械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)、機械制造裝備設(shè)計、電工與電子技術(shù)、微型計算機原理、互換性與測量技術(shù)、機械工程控制基礎(chǔ)、計算機數(shù)控技術(shù)、PLC、模具制造技術(shù)、傳感器與測試技術(shù)、計算機輔助設(shè)計、機械系統(tǒng)設(shè)計、生產(chǎn)實習(xí)等

由于在大二第一學(xué)期就過了英語6級，所以，從那個時候起，一直都在通過選修口語課，加入英語角，看美劇，晨讀等方式學(xué)英語口語，因此口語水平良好，可以和以英語為母語的人進行交流。

Descriptive Geometry & Engineering Graphing85

Mechanical Engineering Material90

Engineering Mechanics89

Principle of Mechanics85

Course Exercise for Principle of Mechanicsgood

Mechanical Design80

Course Exercise for Mechanical Designgood

Hydraulic & Pneumatic Technology89

Fundamentals of Manufacturing Technology77

Modern Manufacturing Equipment Design84

Mechanical Electric Electronic Control Technique86 Principle and Application of Microcomputer81

Fundamentals of Exchangeability and Measurement Technology 77 Introduction to Control Engineering85

計Technology and Application of Numerical Control Programming Principle and Application of PLC82

Mould Manufacture Technology76

Measurement and Testing Technology81

Computer-aided Design86

Mechanical System Design88

Production Practical Traininggood

Course Exercise for Fundamentals of Manufacturing Technology

Course Exercise for Modern Manufacturing Equipment Design77