第一篇：機械類英文翻譯

STUDY ON SLIPPERS FOR RAW WATER HYDRAULIC AXIAL

PISTON PUMPS AND MOTORS' 1.Abstract

As concerns for environmental compatibility, safetyand hygienic requirements, hydraulic systems using rawwater as pressure medium become more and moreattractive.A raw water hydraulic system has many advantages over conventional oil hydraulic systems,such as: environmentally compatibility, no pollution and no fire hazard, elimination of expensive oils with the associated problems of contamination, maintenance,storage, handling, elimination of the return hose, and elimination of health hazards, etc.But as a hydraulic medium, raw water has also drawbacks, such as very low viscosity, high vapor pressure, lack of lubrication and chemically active nature, etc., that all tend to promote problems of corrosion, wear, cavitation erosion, leakage, and so on, those problems must be overcome in the design and development of the raw water hydraulic components, especially the selection of materials and design of structure for the friction pairs in raw water hydraulic pumps and motors.The slipper/swashplate pair is one of the very important friction pairs in axial piston pumps and motors.Under the lubrication of raw water.materials for slipper/swashplate combination should have superior mechanical strength, low friction, resistance to corrosion, abrasion, cavitation erosion and sliding wear, and the structure of the slipper should be suitable for the characteristics of raw water and materials used

Based on authois researches, a new slipper foraxial piston pumps and motors is introduced in this paper.From tests with the slipper/swashplate lest rig, it shows that the new type slipper combined with appropriate swashplate has good tribological characteristics.This slipper can operate with raw water, even sea water.The successful study on slippers will provide good helps for design and development of raw water hydraulic axial piston pumps and motors with higher performance.2.Introduction The use of water as hydraulic fluid is not new.The first hydraulic machine as a means of transmitting not only energy but also control signals is raw water hydraulic press that manufactured by Joseph Bramah in 1795, which marks the beginning of the age of modern applied hydraulics.After that almost 100 years raw water was used as hydraulic medium, until the beginning of 20th century the mineral oil began to take the place of raw water.Because of the much better lubrication and anti-corrosi on properbes of mineral oil as compared with raw water and the development of oil resistant sealing materials, oil hydraulics boosted quickly and raw water hydraulics was left behind, gradually acquiring the image of an obsolete technology.As concerns over safe or environmental issues a number of other hydraulic fluids have been developed over the past decades, such as synthetic base fluids, water base fluids, and vegetable oil base fluids, etc.These fluids have their own advantages and a certain range of applications.For a given application, engineers can make the hydraulic system have satisfactory performance by careful hydraulic fluid choice and system design.However, these hydraulic fluids also have its own shortcomings,so me shortcomings of these fluids are inherent and fatal.No one of these hydraulic fluids can meet the requirements of fire resistance and environmentally protection at the same time, and most of these fluids are very expensive.The re-emergence of using raw water as hydraulic fluid is mainly because of the following reasons.(1)Environmental Protection Requirement

Without strict adherence to specific control techniques, it is nearly impossible to eliminate the threat of leakage in hydraulic systems.Industry observers believe that as much as 85% of all hydraulic fluids eventually leave their systems through slow leaks, catastrophic line breaks, or failures of fittings and seals.The leakage of hydraulic fluids with some toxic chemical additives not only make working conditions messy and unsafe, but also can not be biodegradable and have potential threat to the environment.Raw water has very good environmental compatibility and no pollution;water in the event of leakage eventually evaporates without leaving greasy or dirty residuals needs of applications for water hydraulics.The need of new applications is the intrinsic force of re-emergence and development of water hydraulics(2)Requirement of Safety

Mineral oil are flammable, its leakage or spilling from systems may be result in a fire when in or near heat sources.Water is not flammable and does not present a fire hazard.In some areas, such as steel and glass production, iron making and foundry, injection molding, die casting, nuclear power, coal mining, etc.the requirement of safety is prime, so raw water hydraulics may be the best choice in the near future(3)Hygienic Requirement

In some fields, such as gold mining, food and medicine processing, water supply industry, etc , where escaping of oil or chemical additives from hydraulic systems can smear the product and damage the quality of manufactured product.Under these conditions, raw water is an ideal pressure medium.(4)Economy Requirement

Water is available everywhere, needing no purchase, transport, storage, maintenance and disposal costs, so using water instead of mineral oil and other hydraulic fluids may offer tremendous economy.In ambient water environment, the system using raw water as hydraulic fluid can be designed as an open circuit.That means the return lines and water reservoir can be eliminated, further more the heater and the cooler of system are no longer needed, so the volume and weight of hydraulic equipment will reduced and the efficiency of system increased.If used underwater, such as in marine engineering, ocean exploration engineering, subsea equipment, underwater operation tools and robots, etc., water hydraulics can automatically counterbalance the water hydrostatic head, this is very important for improving the efficiency and performance of the hydraulic systems.(5)Need of New Applications

Along with the developments of modern science and technologies, many areas with special requirements provide many new opportunities of applications for water hydraulics.Such as fusion reactor equipment in nuclear power engineering, marine equipment and robots in ocean exploration engineering, etc，where the fire resistance, hygienic requirement, economy and environmental protection are all considered.Because of higher power density and smaller size of hydraulics than that of other power transmissions, there have urgent needs of applications for water hydraulics.The need of new applications is the intrinsic force of re-emergence and development of water hydraulics.3.Material Selection The slipper/swashplate pair is one of the very important friction pairs in axial piston pumps and motors.Under the lubrication of raw water,ingenious material selection is necessary.In a typical axial swashplate is stationary piston pump or motor, the swashplate is stationary;the swashplate angle with the shaft centerline determines the length of the piston stroke(see Fig.1)

When using raw water as lubricant,according to rawwater's chemically active nature, low viscositylubrication and high vapor pressure,more problem should be considered.Firstly, raw water especially seawater is more aggressive , a large number of ions in seawater result in that seawater have much higher electric conductivity and may lead to electrochemistry erosion.The materials used for slipper and swashplate inevitably suffer aggressive corrosion from raw water , and the materials used for traditional oil hydraulic components will not be suitable here.Secondly, the kinematic viscosity of water at 50℃ is approximately 0.55cs ,which is less than 1/30 of the viscosity of a typical mineral oil fluid.The very low viscosity must increase the difficulty of developing hydrodynamic film between slipper and swashplate,and the very small change of water’s viscosity with pressure means that elastohydrodynamic lubrication with hard materials is unlikely to occur.Hydraulic fluids with additives that aid in the boundary lubrication of contacting surface permit metal-on-metal contact without large amounts of surface damage or wear.Raw water contains on such additives and its lubrication is very poor.The poor lubrication of water is clearly one of its major dtawbacks, and will lead to increase contact fraction and possibly wear of contacting conponents.Indeed it is well documented that wear was the greatest problem experienced by the early users of water based fluids in axial piston pumps.Researches indicate that the elastohydrodynamic film of water is about 0.1μm thick at 3m/s and 20-60℃, the elastohydtodynamic film of HWBF is about 0.15μm thick at 0.19~1.27m/s and 23.5℃.So there are risks as high dry friction and strong wear between slipper and swashplate under the lubrication of raw water.Thirdly, the vapor pressure of water is much higher than that of mineral oil, which means that water boils or vaporizes much easier.Due to water’s high vapor pressure and high velocity flow caused be water’s low viscosity, the slipper and swashplate will be exposed to strong and fast cavitation erosion.So material selection for slipper/swashplate pair should depend on the operation conditions and the special properties of raw water.Materials for slipper/swashplate combination should have superior mechanical strength, low friction, resistance to aggressive corrosion, cavitation erosion,abrasion,and sliding wear, and should be easy available and cost low.4.Structure Design

The structure design of slipper is very important as well as the material selection.The use of polymers as the material of slipper will derive a new problem-how to make the slipper wrap on the ball-shaped head of piston.Probably the solution is to use corrosion resistant metals combined with polymers.The slipper can be divided into two parts.One is slipper pad made of polymer, directly contact on the swashplate, its main function is making the slipper have good tribological properties.The other is shoe made of corrosion resistant alloy, its main function is making the slipper wrap on the ball-shaped head of piston.This structure can take the advantages of both metal’s ductility and polymer’s good tribological property(see Fig.2).The main static forces exerted on slipper are show in Fig.3.The force F acted on slipper from piston head includes hydrostatic force Fp on the piston end, spring force Fs, inertia force Fa of piston and slipper, and friction force Ff between piston and cylinder bore as formula:

The reaction force N from swashplate can be divided into two components, component Nh of hydrostatic bearing force and component Nm of mechanical surface pressure,as following:

N=Nh+Nm

The relationship of N and F is:

F=N·cosα 5.Conclusions

Based on author’s researches, some conclusions about material selection and structure design of slipper under lubrication of raw water can be summarized as following:(1)Slipper made of polymers combined with swashplate made of corrosion resistant alloys has superior tribological properties.(2)Cotton fiber-filled phenolics can be used to manufacture slipper for a certain application range of operation pressure below 14MPa.(3)The spring force exerted on slipper should be strong enough to keep about 0.1~0.2MPa contacting pressuer on the surfaces of slipper and swashplate.Farther tests are underway, and ceramics with good toughness will be introduced to manufacture slipper and swashplate.The experiences of study on slippers will provide good helps for design and development of raw water hydraulic axial piston pumps and motors.References [1] Joseph L.Foszcz, Hydraulic Fluid Choices, Plant Engineering,(8),1996,68.[2]Li Zhuangyun, et al, Development of Hydraulic Pump to Operate with Raw water, Proceedings of ASME Fluid Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Washington DC, USA, June 21-25,1998.關于自然水液壓軸向活塞泵和電動機的滑動部分的研究

1.摘要

基于環境和諧、安全和衛生需要的考慮，液壓系統使用自然水作為壓力介質這種現象變得越來越廣泛。一個自然水液壓系統相對于普通的油液壓系統有很多優點，例如：環境和諧，沒有污染，沒有火的危害，與昂貴的油相關的危害、維護、貯存、管理問題的消除，返回塑料管的消除和健康危害的消除等等。但是作為液壓系統的介質，自然水也有一些缺點，例如非常低的粘性，很高的水蒸氣壓力，缺少潤滑和化學性自然等等，都加劇了腐蝕、磨損、氣蝕侵蝕、泄露等問題，這些問題必須在設計和自然水液壓元件的發展，尤其是材料和自然水液壓泵和電動機的摩擦部分的結構設計中被克服。

滑動部分/旋轉羅盤部分是軸向活塞泵和電動機中的重要摩擦部分。在自然水的潤滑下，滑動部分和旋轉羅盤結合部分的材料應該較好的機械強度、低摩擦力、腐蝕的抵抗性、磨損、氣蝕侵蝕和滑動摩擦，并且滑動部分的結構應該對于自然水和使用材料的特性是適合的。

根據作者的研究，一種新型的用于軸向活塞泵和電動機上的滑塊會在這篇文章中介紹。從滑塊/旋轉羅盤部分試驗中表明這種新型的與合適旋轉羅盤結合的滑塊有著非常好的摩擦特性。這種滑塊能夠用自然水潤滑，甚至是海水也可以。這個關于滑塊的研究將會為自然水液壓軸向活塞泵和電動機的更好發展提供好的幫助。2.介紹

水用來作為液壓流體已經不是新技術了。作為轉換能源和控制信號的一種方式，第一臺液壓機器就是自然水液體壓力，并且在1795年由杰瑟夫大量生產，同時也標志著現代液壓時代的開始。在那之后幾乎100年自然水被用作液壓介質，直到20世紀的初期，油介質開始取代水介質。和自然水相比，油介質有更好的潤滑和礦物油的抗腐蝕性，并且油抗性密封材料，油液壓裝置發展的很快，自然水液壓裝置就落后了，漸漸成為一種過時的技術了。

基于在安全和環境問題方面的考慮，許多其他液壓流體已經在過去的幾十年發展了，例如合成來源液體、水來源液體和蔬菜油來源液體等等。這些液體有著它們各自的優點和確定的用途。對于一種給定的用途，工程師能夠通過合理的液壓流體選擇和系統設計來使液壓系統滿足這個條件。然而，這些液壓流體也存在著自身的缺點，其中的某些缺點是內在的并且是重大的。這些液壓流體中沒有一種能同時滿足防火性和環保性的要求，同時大部分液體是很昂貴的。

使用自然水作為液壓流體主要由于以下幾個原因：（1）環境保護的需要

如果對于特殊控制技術沒有嚴格的遵守，評估液壓系統中的泄露威脅是不可能的。工業觀察員相信所有液壓流體中85%的流體最后都是通過緩慢泄露、嚴重的連接破損或者設備和密封的故障而離開液壓系統的。液壓流體和一些有毒的化學添加劑的泄露不僅使工作條件混亂和不安全，同時也不能生物降解和對環境存在潛在的危害。自然水擁有很好的環境適應性并且沒有污染；水在泄露后也會消失而沒有油膩和臟的殘留物。（2）安全的需要

礦物油是可燃的，當周圍有熱源的時候它的泄露可能會導致起火。水是不可燃的，所以不會存在起火隱患。在一些區域，例如鋼鐵和玻璃生產，鋼鐵制造和鑄造，注射模具，拉模鑄造，核動力，采煤等等，對于安全的要求是主要的，因此自然水液壓可能會成為將來的最好選擇。

（3）液壓的需要

在一些領域，例如金礦開采，事物和藥品生產，水提供工業等等，這些由于油或者化學添加劑從液壓系統中泄露而弄臟產品或是損害大批產品的質量，在這些條件下，自然水是一種理想的壓力介質。（4）經濟的需要

水在很多地方都是存在的，不需要購買、運輸、貯存、保持和清理成本，因此使用水代替礦物油和其他液壓流體可以提供極大的經濟性。在包圍的水環境中，系統使用自然水作為液壓流體能夠被設計成開式循環。那意味著返回線和水儲藏可以消除，加熱和冷卻系統也不再需要了，因此液壓設備的容積和重量也會減少而系統的效率會增加。如果水下作業，例如在海運的工程上，海洋探索工程，海底設備，水下操作工具和機器人等等，水液壓能夠自動的抵消水靜力的前端，這對于提高效率和液壓系統的性能是很重要的。（5）新應用的需要

隨著現代科學和技術的發展，許多有著特殊需求的領域為水液壓提供了很多運用的機遇。例如在核電工程中的核聚變反應裝置，在海洋探索工程中的海運設備和機器人等等，這些地方需要考慮抗燃性，清潔的設備，經濟性和環保等方面。和其它的能源轉換相比，由于液壓系統有較高的力密度和較小的尺寸，所以對于水液壓的應用是迫切需要的。新應用的需要是水液壓的出現和發展的內在反應。3．材料選擇

滑動部分/旋轉羅盤部分是軸向活塞泵和電動機中的重要摩擦部分。在自然水的潤滑下，巧妙地選擇材料是有必要的。

在一個典型的軸向活塞泵或電動機中，旋轉羅盤固定不動的，旋轉羅盤與軸線的角度決定了活塞盤的長度。

當使用自然水作為潤滑劑時，由于自然水的化學活性自然，低粘性，潤滑性差和較高的蒸汽壓力，所以需要考慮很多問題。

首先，自然水，尤其海水是活性的，海水中的大量離子導致海水有很強的導電性并且會導致電化學腐蝕。用在滑塊和旋轉羅盤上的材料會不可避免地遭到自然水的活性腐蝕，并且用于傳統油液壓器件也不適合用在這里。

第二點，水的運動粘性在50℃時接近0.55cs，少于典型礦物油液體粘性的1/30。過低的粘性一定會增加發展滑塊和旋轉羅盤之間水力薄層的困難程度，并且水的粘性伴隨著壓力的很小變化意味著硬質材料的流體動力潤滑是不容易發生的。帶有添加劑的液壓流體使得金屬與金屬表面之間沒有大量表面破壞或是磨損。自然水不包含如此多的添加劑并且它的潤滑性是很差的。水的潤滑性差很明顯是它的一個主要缺點，并且會導致接觸、破碎、和接觸器件之間摩擦的加劇。事實上摩擦是早期用水作為軸向活塞泵的流體的使用者遇到的最大問題。研究表明水的流體彈性動力薄層在3m/s和20~60℃時大約是0.1μm厚，HWBF的流體彈性動力薄層在0.19~1.27m/s和23.5℃時大約是0.15μm厚。因此在自然水潤滑下，滑塊和旋轉羅盤之間有干摩擦和強烈摩擦時會存在危險。

第三點，水的蒸汽壓力要比礦物油的高很多，這意味著水沸騰或是蒸發會更加容易。由于水的高蒸汽壓力和高速流動性由水的粘性地決定的，所以滑塊和旋轉羅盤會受到強烈和快速的氣穴氣蝕損害。

因此，對于滑塊和旋轉羅盤部分材料的選擇應該依據工作條件和自然水的特殊性質。滑塊和旋轉羅盤之間的連接部分應該有很好的機械強度、低摩擦、抗腐蝕性、和氣穴氣蝕、磨損和滑動摩擦，并且應該有很好的實用性和低成本。

4.結構設計

滑塊的結構設計和材料的選擇是同樣重要的。

用在滑塊上的高分子材料會產生一個新的問題，就是怎樣使滑塊包圍住活塞前端的球形部分。其中一個解決辦法就是使用抗腐蝕材料與高分子材料連接。滑塊可以分成兩部分。一部分就是由高分子材料制成的滑塊墊，直接與旋轉羅盤相連，他的主要的功能就是使滑塊有很好的摩擦性能。另一部分是由抗腐蝕的合金材料制成的鞋，它的主要功能是使滑塊在活塞的球形頭上摩擦。這個結構能夠很好的利用金屬的展延性和高分子材料的摩擦性。（見圖2）

在滑塊上的主要的靜力在圖3中有表示。滑塊上的力F來自活塞頭，包括活塞尾端的液體壓力Fp，反彈力Fs, 活塞和滑塊的慣性力Fa,還有活塞與圓孔之間的摩擦力Ff。

來自旋轉羅盤的反作用力N能夠被分成兩部分液壓軸承力Nh和機械表面壓力Nm，如下所示：N=Nh+Nm

N和F的關系是：F=N·cosα 5.結論

根據作者的研究，一些關于滑塊在自然水潤滑下的材料選擇和結構設計結論可以總結為如下幾條：

（1）用高分子材料制作成的滑塊與用抗腐蝕性合金制成的旋轉羅盤結合有很好的摩擦性。

（2）在滑塊的大量制造中棉布纖維填充的酚醛塑料被使用，目的是使工作壓力低于14MPa。

（3）在滑塊上的反彈力應該足夠強以確保滑塊和旋轉羅盤表面上的連接壓力在0.1~0.2MPa。

除此之外還有一些實驗需要進行，并且擁有良好韌性的陶瓷材料也會被引進用來大量制造滑塊和旋轉羅盤。在滑塊研究上的經驗將會為自然水液壓軸向活塞泵和電動機的設計和發展提供很大的幫助。參考文獻：

[1] Joseph L.Foszcz, Hydraulic Fluid Choices, Plant Engineering,(8),1996,68.[2]Li Zhuangyun, et al, Development of Hydraulic Pump to Operate with Raw water, Proceedings of ASME Fluid Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Washington DC, USA, June 21-25,1998.

第二篇：機械類-英文翻譯

NC Technology

1、Research current situation of NC lathe in our times Research and development process to such various kinds of new technologies as numerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc.of countries all over the world, linked to with the international economic situation closely.The machine tool industry has international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alert eras of World Affairs, the function that people's knowledge plays is more outstanding , and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturing industry of the machine, its key position and strategic meaning are more obvious.Within 1991-1994 years, the economic recession of the world, expensive FMS, CIMS lowers the temperature, among 1995-2000 years, the international economy increases at a low speed, according to requisition for NC lathe and the world four major international lathes exhibition in order to boost productivity of users of various fields of present world market(EMO , IMTS , JIMTOF , China CIMT of Japan of U.S.A.of Europe), have the analysis of the exhibit, there are the following several points mainly in the technical research of NC lathe in our times:（1）、Pay more attention to new technology and innovation

Worldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , new unit , research and development of the new component in a more cost-effective manner, developmental research of for instance new cutter material , the new electric main shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line electrical machinery ,etc..Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology as the foundation, for process ultra and hard difficult to cut material and special composite and complicated part , irregular curved surface ,etc.research and develop new lathe variety constantly.（2）、Improve the precision and research of machine tooling In order to improve the machining accuracy of the machining center , are improving rigidity of the lathe , reduction vibration constantly, dispel hotly and out of shape, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe , repeat precision , working dependability , stability , precision keeping, world a lot of country carry on lathe hot error , lathe sport and load out of shape software of error compensate technical research, take precision compensate , software compensate measure improve , some may make this kind of error dispel 60% already.And is developing retrofit constantly, nanometer is being processed.（3）、Improve the research of the machine tooling productivity World NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development of main shaft , electrical machinery of straight line , measuring system , NC system of high speed, under the prerequisite of boosting productivity.（4）、What a lot of countries have already begun to the numerical control system melt intelligently, openly, study networkedly A、elligent research of the numerical control system Mainly showing in the following aspects: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, the self-adaptation to the processing course is controlled, the craft parameter produces research automatically;Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, to the feedback control , adaptive operation , discerning automatically load selects models automatically , since carries on research whole definitely ,etc.of the electrical machinery parameter;There are such research of the respect as intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface , intelligence diagnosing , intelligent monitoring ,etc..B、The numerical control system melts and studies open Mainly showing in the following aspects: The development of the numerical control system is on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and support finally, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control target), form the seriation, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction.System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, norm , disposing the norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software developing instrument ,etc.are the core of present research to pass through.C、Meeting the manufacture system of the production line , demand for the information integration of the manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, it is a basic unit of realizing the new manufacture mode too.2、Classification of the machining center（1）Process according to main shaft space position when it classifies to be as follows, horizontal and vertical machining center.Horizontal machining center, refer to the machining center that the axis level of the main shaft is set up.Horizontal machining center for 3-5 sport coordinate axis, a common one three rectilinear motion coordinate axis and one turn the coordinate axis of sports round(turn the workingbench round), it can one is it is it finish other 4 Taxi processing besides installing surfaces and top surfaces to insert to install in work piece, most suitable for processing the case body work piece.Compared with strength type machining center it, the structure is complicated, the floor space is large, quality is large, the price is high.Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaft of the vertical machining center, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post type, the workingbench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3 rectilinear motion coordinate axis generally , can find a room for one horizontal numerical control revolving stage(the 4th axle)of axle process the spiral part at workingbench.The vertical machining center is of simple structure, the floor space is small, the price is low, after allocating various kinds of enclosures , can carry on the processing of most work pieces.Large-scale gantry machining center, the main shafts are mostly set up vertically, is especially used in the large-scale or with complicated form work piece , is it spend the many coordinate gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospace industry , some processing of part of large-scale steam turbine.Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of the vertical and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting , can finish all five Taxi processing besides installing the surface to install in work piece, the processing way can make form of work piece error lowest , save 2 times install and insert working, thus improve production efficiency , reduce the process cost.(2)Classify by craft use Is it mill machining center to bore, is it mill for vertical door frame machining center , horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longmen door frame mill the machining center to divide into.Processing technology its rely mainly on the fact that the door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds of complicated part special curve and large processes , curved surface of outline process, suitable for many varieties to produce in batches small.Complex machining center, point five times and compound and process mainly, the main shaft head can be turned round automatically, stand, lie and process, after the main shaft is turned round automatically, realize knowing that varies in the horizontal and vertical direction.(3)Classify by special function Single workingbench , a pair of workingbench machining center;Single axle , dual axle , three axle can change machining center , main shaft of case;Transfer vertically to the tower machining center and transfer;One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the main shaft and changes one one hundred sheets of machining centers;One hundred sheets of storehouses connects and writes hands to add the main shaft and change one hundred sheets of machining centers;One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and adds one pair of main shafts to transfer to the tower machining center.3、Development trend of the current numerical control lathe At present, the advanced manufacturing technology in the world is rising constantly, suchapplication of technology as ultrafast cutting , ultraprecision processing ,etc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system and integrated system of the computer one is constant and ripe, have put forward higher demand to the process technology of numerical control.Nowadays the numerical control lathe is being developed in several following directions.（1）.The speed and precision at a high speed , high accuracy are two important indexes of the numerical control lathe , it concerns directly that processes efficiency and product quality.At present, numerical control system adopt-figure number, frequency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system.Meanwhile , adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessors structure, in order to improve systematic data processing ability , namely improve and insert the speed and precision of mending operation.Adopt the straight line motor and urge the straight line of the lathe workingbench to be servo to enter to the way directly, it is quite superior that its responds the characteristic at a high speed and dynamically.Adopt feedforward control technology , make it lag behind error reduce greatly , thus improve the machining accuracy cut in corner not to track.For meet ultrafast demand that process, numerical control lathe adopt main shaft motor and lathe structure form that main shaft unite two into one, realize frequency conversion motor and lathe main shaft integrate , bearing , main shaft of electrical machinery adopt magnetism float the bearing , liquid sound pigeonhole such forms as the bearing or the ceramic rolling bearing ,etc..At present, ceramic cutter and diamond coating cutter have already begun to get application.（2）.Multi-functional to is it change all kinds of machining centers of organization(a of capacity of storehouse can up to 100 of the above)automatically to furnished with, can realize milling paring , boring and pares , bores such many kinds of processes as paring , turning , reaming , reaming , attacking whorl ,etc.to process at the same time on the same lathe , modern numerical control lathe adopt many main shaft , polyhedron cut also , carry on different cutting of way process to one different position of part at the same time.The numerical control system has because adopted many CPU structure and cuts off the control method in grades, can work out part processing and procedure at the same time on a lathe , realize so-called “ the front desk processes , the backstage supporter is an editor ”.In order to meet the needs of integrating the systematic one in flexible manufacturing system and computer, numerical control system have remote serial interface , can network , realize data communication , numerical control of lathe, can control many numerical control lathes directly too.（3）.Intelligent modern numerical control lathe introduce the adaptive control technology, according to cutting the change of the condition, automatic working parameter, make the processing course can keep the best working state , thus get the higher machining accuracy and roughness of smaller surface , can improve the service life of the cutter and production efficiency of the equipment at the same time.Diagnose by oneself , repair the function by oneself, among the whole working state, the system is diagnosed, checked by oneself to CNC system and various kinds of equipment linking to each other with it at any time.While breaking down , adopt the measure of shutting down etc.immediately , carry on the fault alarm, brief on position , reason to break down ,etc..Can also make trouble module person who take off automatically , put through reserve module , so as to ensure nobody demand of working environment.For realize high trouble diagnose that requires , its development trend adopts the artificial intelligence expert to diagnose the system.（4）.Numerical control programming automation with the development of application technology of the computer, CAD/CAM figure interactive automatic programming has already get more application at present, it is a new trend of the technical development of numerical control.It utilize part that CAD draw process pattern , is it calculate the trailing punishing to go on by cutter orbit data of computer and then, thus produce NC part and process the procedure automatically, in order to realize the integration of CAD and CAM.With the development of CIMS technology , the full-automatic programming way in which CAD/CAPP/CAM integrates has appeared again at present, it, and CAD/CAM systematic programming great difference their programming necessary processing technology parameter needn't by artificial to participate in most, get from CAPP database in system directly.（5）.The dependability of the dependability maximization numerical control lathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the time.The numerical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level , will utilize the extensive or super large-scale special-purpose and composite integrated circuit, in order to reduce the quantity of the components and parts , to improve dependability.Through the function software of the hardware, in order to meet various kinds of demands for controlling the function, adopt the module , standardization , universalization and seriation of the structure lathe noumenonn of the hardware at the same time , make not only improve the production lot of the hardware but also easy to is it produce to organize and quality check on..Still through operating and starting many kinds of diagnostic programs of diagnosing , diagnosing , diagnosing off-line online etc.automatically, realize that diagnoses and reports to the police the trouble to hardware , software and various kinds of outside equipment in the system.Utilize the warning suggestion, fix a breakdown in time;Utilize fault-tolerant technology, adopt and design the important part “ redundantly ”, in order to realize the trouble resumes by oneself;Utilize various kinds of test , control technology , exceed Cheng , one one hundred sheets of damages , interfering , cutting out ,etc.at the time of various kinds of accidents as production, carry on corresponding protection automatically.（6）.Control system miniaturization systematic miniaturization of numerical control benefit and combine the machine , electric device for an organic whole.Adopt the super large-scale integrated component , multi-layer printed circuit board mainly at present, adopt the three-dimensional installation method , make the electronic devices and components must use the high density to install, narrow systematic occupying the space on a larger scale.And utilize the new-type slim display of colored liquid crystal to substitute the traditional cathode ray tube, will make the operating system of numerical control miniaturize further.So can install it on the machine tool conveniently, benefit the operation of the numerical control lathe correctly even more.本文出自：Shigley J E.Mechanical Engineering Design.New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998

數控技術

1、當前世界NC機床的研究現狀

世界各國對數控機床、加工中心以至FMS、CIMS等各種新技術的研究與發展進程，是與世界經濟形勢緊密相連的。機床工業有世界經濟相互促進和發展，進入21世界知識機警時代，人們的知識所起的作用更加突出，而機床工業作為機器制造業的基礎，其重點地位與戰略意義也更加明顯。在1991—1994年間，世界經濟衰退，昂貴的FMS，CIMS降溫，1995—2000年間，世界經濟在低速增長，根據當前世界市場各方面用戶為提高生產率對NC機床的要求以及世界四大國際機床展（歐洲的EMO、美國的IMTS、日本的JIMTOF、中國的CIMT）上展品的分析，當前世界NC機床的技術研究主要有以下幾點：（1）、更加重視新技術和創新

在世界范圍內，對新工藝、新材料、新結構、新單元、新元件的研究開發工作正在大力開展，如新的刀具材料、新的主軸結構、高速電主軸、高速直線電機等的開發研究。以加工工藝的改進創新為基礎，為加工超硬、難切削材料及特殊復合材料及復雜零件、不規則曲面等在不斷研究開發新機種。（2）、提高機床加工的精度和研究

為了提高加工中心的加工精度，不斷提高機床的剛度、減少振動，消除熱變形，降低噪聲，提高NC機床的定位精度、重復精度、工作可靠性、穩定性、精度保持性，世界很多國家都在進行機床熱誤差、機床運動及負載變形誤差的軟件補償技術研究，并采取精度補償、軟件補償等措施加以改善，有的已經可以使此類誤差消除60%。并在不斷開發精細加工，納米加工。（3）、提高機床加工生產率的研究

世界NC機床、加工中心及相應的高速點主軸、直線電機、測量系統、NC系統的開發，均以提高生產率為前提。（4）、許多國家都已經開始對數控系統的智能化、開放化、網絡化研究 A、數控系統的智能化的研究

主要表現在：為追求加工效率和加工質量的智能化，對加工過程的自適應控制，工藝參數自動生成進行研究；為提高驅動性能及使用連接方便的智能化，對反饋控制、電機參數的自適應運算、自動識別負載自動選定模型、自整定等進行研究；還有智能化的自動編程、智能化的人機界面、智能診斷、智能監控等方面的研究。

B、數控系統開放化研究

主要表現在：數控系統的開發在統一的運行平臺上，面向機床廠家和最終擁護，通過改變、增加或剪裁結構對象（數控對象），形成系列化，并可方便地將用戶的特殊應用和技術訣竅集成到控制系統中，快速實現不同品種、不同檔次的開放式數控系統，形成具有鮮明個性的名牌產品。目前開放式數控系統的體系結構規范、通行規范、配置規范、運行平臺、數控系統功能庫以及數控系統功能軟件開發工具等是當前研究的核心。

C、數控裝備的網絡化將極大地滿足生產線制造系統、制造企業對信息集成的需求，也是實現新的制造模式的基礎單元。

2、加工中心的分類

（1）按主軸加工時的空間位置分類有：臥式和立式加工中心。

臥式加工中心，是指主軸軸線水平設置的加工中心。臥式加工中心一般具有3—5個運動坐標軸，常見的是三個直線運動坐標軸和一個回轉運動坐標軸（回轉工作臺），它能在工件一次裝夾完成除安裝面和頂面以外的其余4個面的加工，最適合加工箱體類工件。它與力式加工中心相比，結構復雜，占地面積大，質量大，價格高。

立式加工中心，立式加工中心主軸的軸線為垂直設置，其結構多為固定立柱式，工作臺為十字滑臺，適合加工盤類零件，一般具有3個直線運動坐標軸，并可在工作臺上安置一個水平軸的數控轉臺（第4軸）來加工螺旋類零件。立式加工中心結構簡單，占地面積小，價格低，配備各種附件后，可進行大部分工件的加工。

大型龍門式加工中心，主軸多為垂直設置，尤其使用于大型或形狀復雜的工件，像航空、航天工業及大型汽輪機上的某些零件的加工都需要用這類多坐標龍門式加工中心。

五面加工中心，這種加工中心具有立式和臥式加工中心的功能，在工件一次裝夾后，能完成除安裝面外的所有五個面的加工，這種加工方式可以使工件的形狀誤差降到最低，省去二次裝夾工作，從而提高生產效率，降低加工成本。

（2）按工藝用途分類有：

鏜銑加工中心，分為立式樘銑加工中心、臥式樘銑加工中心和龍門樘銑加工中心。其加工工藝以樘銑為主，用于箱體，殼體以及各種復雜零件特殊曲線和曲面輪廓的多工序加工，適合多品種小批量生產。

復合加工中心，主要指五面復合加工，主軸頭可自動回轉，進行立，臥加工，在主軸自動回轉后，在水平和垂直方向實現知道變換。（3）按特殊功能分類有：

單工作臺、雙工作臺加工中心；

單軸、雙軸、三軸及可換主軸箱的加工中心； 立式轉塔加工中心和臥式轉塔加工中心； 刀庫加主軸換刀加工中心； 刀庫接寫手加主軸換刀加工中心； 刀庫加機械手加雙主軸轉塔加工中心。

3、當今數控機床的發展趨勢：

目前，世界先進制造技術不斷興起，超高速切削、超精密加工等技術的應用，柔性制造系統的迅速發展和計算機集成系統的不斷成熟，對數控加工技術提出了更高的要求。當今數控機床正在朝著以下幾個方向發展。

（1）.高速度、高精度化速度和精度是數控機床的兩個重要指標，它直接關系到加工效率和產品質量。目前，數控系統采用位數、頻率更高的處理器，以提高系統的基本運算速度。同時，采用超大規模的集成電路和多微處理器結構，以提高系統的數據處理能力，即提高插補運算的速度和精度。并采用直線電動機直接驅動機床工作臺的直線伺服進給方式，其高速度和動態響應特性相當優越。采用前饋控制技術，使追蹤滯后誤差大大減小，從而改善拐角切削的加工精度。

為適應超高速加工的要求，數控機床采用主軸電動機與機床主軸合二為一的結構形式，實現了變頻電動機與機床主軸一體化，主軸電機的軸承采用磁浮軸承、液體動靜壓軸承或陶瓷滾動軸承等形式。目前，陶瓷刀具和金剛石涂層刀具已開始得到應用。

（2）.多功能化配有自動換刀機構(刀庫容量可達100把以上)的各類加工中心，能在同一臺機床上同時實現銑削、鏜削、鉆削、車削、鉸孔、擴孔、攻螺紋等多種工序加工，現代數控機床還采用了多主軸、多面體切削，即同時對一個零件的不同部位進行不同方式的切削加工。數控系統由于采用了多CPU結構和分級中斷控制方式，即可在一臺機床上同時進行零件加工和程序編制，實現所謂的“前臺加工，后臺編輯”。為了適應柔性制造系統和計算機集成系統的要求，數控系統具有遠距離串行接口，甚至可以聯網，實現數控機床之間的數據通信，也可以直接對多臺數控機床進行控制。

（3）.智能化現代數控機床將引進自適應控制技術，根據切削條件的變化，自動調節工作參數，使加工過程中能保持最佳工作狀態，從而得到較高的加工精度和較小的表面粗糙度，同時也能提高刀具的使用壽命和設備的生產效率。具有自診斷、自修復功能，在整個工作狀態中，系統隨時對CNC系統本身以及與其相連的各種設備進行自診斷、檢查。一旦出現故障時，立即采用停機等措施，并進行故障報警，提示發生故障的部位、原因等。還可以自動使故障模塊脫機，而接通備用模塊，以確保無人化工作環境的要求。為實現更高的故障診斷要求，其發展趨勢是采用人工智能專家診斷系統。

（4）.數控編程自動化隨著計算機應用技術的發展，目前CAD／CAM圖形交互式自動編程已得到較多的應用，是數控技術發展的新趨勢。它是利用CAD繪制的零件加工圖樣，再經計算機內的刀具軌跡數據進行計算和后置處理，從而自動生成NC零件加工程序，以實現CAD與CAM的集成。隨著CIMS技術的發展，當前又出現了CAD／CAPP／CAM集成的全自動編程方式，它與CAD／CAM系統編程的最大區別是其編程所需的加工工藝參數不必由人工參與，直接從系統內的CAPP數據庫獲得。

（5）.可靠性最大化數控機床的可靠性一直是用戶最關心的主要指標。數控系統將采用更高集成度的電路芯片，利用大規模或超大規模的專用及混合式集成電路，以減少元器件的數量，來提高可靠性。通過硬件功能軟件化，以適應各種控制功能的要求，同時采用硬件結構機床本體的模塊化、標準化和通用化及系列化，使得既提高硬件生產批量，又便于組織生產和質量把關。還通過自動運行啟動診斷、在線診斷、離線診斷等多種診斷程序，實現對系統內硬件、軟件和各種外部設備進行故障診斷和報警。利用報警提示，及時排除故障；利用容錯技術，對重要部件采用“冗余”設計，以實現故障自恢復；利用各種測試、監控技術，當生產超程、刀損、干擾、斷電等各種意外時，自動進行相應的保護。

（6）.控制系統小型化數控系統小型化便于將機、電裝置結合為一體。目前主要采用超大規模集成元件、多層印刷電路板，采用三維安裝方法，使電子元器件得以高密度安裝，較大規模縮小系統的占有空間。而利用新型的彩色液晶薄型顯示器替代傳統的陰極射線管，將使數控操作系統進一步小型化。這樣可以方便地將它安裝在機床設備上，更便于對數控機床的操作使用。

第三篇：畢業設計機械類

江西現代職業技術學院

畢業設計任務書

課題

院

系機械分院

專業班級

學生姓名

學

號

指導老師

審

批

任務書下達日期2011年11月28日 任務書完成日期 2011年12月16日

零件分析

零件圖：板類零件9

本零件是一個凸臺結構，凸臺上銑一個環，再鉆四個螺紋孔

零件的外形尺寸：100mmx100mm 正方形，材料為45#鋼，有直線與圓弧組成。應采用三軸聯動數控銑床

此零件之前沒有進行粗加工毛坯大小：120mmx120mmx17mm

零件的最大輪廓公差為：±0.1

表面粗糙度其余均為6.3，四個側面不作要求

2毛坯

尺寸：120mmx120mmx17mm

未經過任何加工，表面粗糙度比較差，先選擇銑一個平面，再以這個平面作為基準面

3零件的技術要求

表面粗糙度為3.2，其余6.3

零件的側面不做要求

第四篇：機械類自薦信

自薦信

尊敬的領導：！

您好!

一名有扎實專業知識，具有團隊協作精神，具有堅強意志和充滿自信的機械學子——來自山東勝利職業學院的我扎實的專業知識是成功的根本。我深知這一點，充分利用大學三年時間，認真學習，并且取得了良好的成績。通過大學三年的學習，不僅使我掌握了機械行業的相關理論，而且使我具備了較強的動手能力和設計能力。

隨著社會化大生產的發展，社會需要具備多項技能的復合型人才。在學好專業課的同時，我自修了普通話、口語和國際金融等熱門知識。在計算機方面，能熟練運用CAD/CAM進行繪圖，熟練掌握Windows,word,Office2000等辦公軟件及網路操作和計算機的簡單維修 隊協作精神是發揮所學的保證。為了它，我積極參加集體活動，具備較強的協調能力。堅強的意志是成功的必備素質。為了它，我男兒有淚不輕彈。

為了方便您更詳細地了解我的情況，請審閱我呈上的簡歷以及相關材料。

我有知識，我重團隊，我自信，我堅信……

給我一次機會，還您一個驚喜！

選擇我，沒錯！

自薦人：宋心凱

2008年10月11日

第五篇：機械類工作總結

工作總結

在過去的一年中，在廠領導車間領導的幫助帶領下，經過了工人同事的共同奮斗，和自己的積極努力，做了以下工作:

一． 工作態度，思想工作。

我熱衷于本職工作，嚴以律己，遵守各項廠規制度，嚴格要求自己，擺正工作位置，時刻保持“謙虛，謹慎，律己”的工作態度，勤奮學習，積極進取，在領導的關心培養和同事們的幫助下，努力提高自我，勤奮工作，認真完成任務，履行好自己的職責。二． 工作情況：

（一）泵的維修

雖然自己在車間設備管理維修中不斷的努力，但是設備事故仍不斷發生，說明自身對本車間設備了解還不夠深刻，設備管理仍有很大漏洞，急需修正設備管理維修的正確方向。通過兩個星期的學習與班長工人一起處理設備故障，安裝設備，維護保養設備。測繪電機及泵端聯軸器尺寸存檔為以后工作提供數據資料。上網查找水泵維修相關資料并與班長商討水泵檢修項目，確認水泵安裝尺寸聯軸器兩端間隙一般為4-8mm，水泵與電機的不同軸度，徑向位移不應超過0.2mm，滾動軸承徑向磨損量一盤不應超過0.3mm。

（二）繼電器的維修

液壓閥線圈，繼電器判斷為繼電器觸電燒蝕氧化，該繼電器觸點每天正常工作1944次，原因為觸電使用時間長觸電老化，更換故障繼電器故障排除。通過與工人師傅一起處理故障發現液壓系統維修方面的不足之處。并到圖書館借閱回相關液壓基礎書籍，與班長鉗工組長一起學習研究，向班組長講解液壓系統液壓泵，控制閥原理。(三)DYH—0.6S有軌操作機的設計和安裝

DYH—0.6S系列操作機是我們廠上得一個新項目，該產品采用全液壓傳動各運動系統，皆為無極調速。該產品造型美觀、轉動靈活、結構緊湊、性能良好，是我國鍛造行業最先進的設備之一，可與750kg空氣錘、1000—2000kg蒸空兩用錘或其它相應噸位的鍛錘配套使用，是鍛造行業的必配設備。

我和師傅們日夜加班，解決了一個又一個技術上的難題，終于在規定的時間內完成樣機試制，達到了各項技術要求。

（四）找毛病，提高設備運轉率。

俗話說設備3分用，7分養。設備使用不當養護不及時就會出現使用壽命降低，故障率上升。維修頻率多影響生產。上年最后一個月，利用車間早會前時間重點各種鉆機的電氣控制和液壓控制。督促各班組設備點檢維護。保證產品出廠前的質量問題。

三、下年工作方向。

下年重點整改自己在設計產品過程中出現的問題，查找鉆機系統問題，將已經發現的問題反饋車間及有關領導，多請教車間及有關領導。準備設計一臺新型BZC600正反循環鉆機和一臺非開挖導向鉆機。在以后的工作中要彌補不足，吸取教訓。

最后，我想說的是，上面只是我工作中取得的一點成績，這與單位的領導和同事們的幫助是分不開的。我始終堅信一句話“一根火柴再亮，也只有豆大的光。但倘若用一根火柴去點燃一堆火柴，則會熊熊燃燒”。我希望用我亮麗的青春，去點燃周圍每個人的激情，感召激勵著同事們一起為我們的事業奉獻、進取、立功、建業??

王子萱 2010.10.1