第一篇：出租車計價器畢業設計外文資料

ABSTRACT In this paper, a multi-channel taximeter that is able to deal with more than one passenger simultaneously is proposed.In order to demonstrate the theory of operation of the proposed system, a complete design for an experimental three-channel taximeter(whose prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research)is presented.System location, outline, block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams for the experimental taximeter are also included.1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table(Table 2)can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.

第二篇：出租車計價器畢業設計中英文翻譯

ABSTRACT 1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.二、中文翻譯.導言

在不發達的國家，早上把人們從他們家送到工作的地方，然后下午送回來已成為一個大問題，尤其是在大城市。

作為解決這個問題的一個部分，在某些國家出租車用來解決這個問題，送人們從一個地方到另外一個地方。例如，出租車的四個席位可攜帶四個不同的沒有任何關系的乘客，除了他們的路線是相同的。

因此，依靠目前的傳統的單車道計價以確定所需的票價，把每個乘客的計費分開，這已成為一個非常困難的問題。因此，在出租車司機，車主，乘客和國家稅務部門之間存在著不公平的財政關系。

在這種情況下，出租車司機強迫乘客支付多于他們所應付的。在某些情況下乘客支付了他們應付車費的雙倍。

本常規單頻道計程車，出租車司機不能夠確定出租車日常收入。在某些情況下（出租車的4個席位），他們可能只有出租車四分之一的收入（大部分的出租車司機）。從這些支付工資的出租車司機以及作為燃料費用外，還要維修以及汽車折舊等費用。事實上，出租車業主并非似乎如此糟糕。一項在出租車司機和車主之間的協議已經達成，司機應保證每天固定收入，以及向業主支付燃料以及維修的費用。即使如此，還是有的出租車司機的很大一部分份額之收入的出租車。現在還存在的單聲道計價，已經變得非常，國家稅務部門也知道這種困難 每年估計出租車業主的收入支出，以及應支付的稅務也很困難。

為了應對這一問題，國家稅務部已實行固定估計稅，每個座位的出租車不論收入。在本文中，我們介紹了多通道的士計程表，可處理超過一名乘客同時進行的情況。我應該指出，我所說的長期旅客指一個人或一組相關的人。我同時也應指出，我們提出的多渠道的計價，不是簡單地說，一個多顯示讀數。作為一個先進的事項，事實上它包含邏輯電路，可以自動計算變化的車費以及每公里行走距離或每分鐘的候車時間按照乘客人數雇用出租車。在下面的部分，我舉出一個例子，我們將介紹一個完整的三通道計價。框圖以及詳細的電路圖，實驗三通道計價功能也包括在內。原型下已建成 埃及贈款科學學院 和技術研究。2.實驗

出租車計價器理論的運作我們的實驗裝置從事電子數字計價依據。事實上速度電纜旋轉1 圈的每米距離行駛。因此，如果車速電纜耦合與速度傳感器，產生一個單脈沖每平方米的旅行距離，那么，我們的的士可以三倍于反模塊相與速度傳感器的單位。然而，我們的實驗是計價而不僅僅是只顯示三個讀數。事實上，它包含邏輯電路，可以根據每公里的行駛距離或每分鐘等候時間按照乘客人數雇用出租車來自動改變車費。該裝置可能會分成兩個主要部分組成：第一是速度傳感器，這個傳感器可位于任何地方，在出租車內進行這樣一個簡單的耦合車速電纜是可以實現的。

單位包含了主要的電子電路，顯示器以及控制面板。該單位應位于前排的司機和乘客之間。

A． 速度傳感器

其主要職能是本單位提供脈沖的培訓，這個脈沖的頻率會于旋轉角度相適合。一種可能的形式一個速度傳感器。如果可以包含正弦波發生器的輸出連接到脈沖整形電路的永磁器件（2通用芯片二極管，1000歐姆的電阻和施密特觸發逆變器）。

為了找到某種方式來檢測出租車的運動，正弦波發生器的輸出是糾正通過一個通用的硅二極管延胡索乙然后平滑的1000年F電容。那個輸出電壓在終端Q是當時限于價值4.7伏特用益歐姆的電阻以及一個齊納二極管ZD。出租車的終端電壓在終端Q將高電壓降為零。這電壓可作為改變出租車從距離計費到時間計費方式的開關電壓。

主要的電子和顯示單元

一個建議是主要形式的電子和顯示單元。控制和顯示器面板包含所有'控制所必需的經營的士以及四個可讀顯示器。第一頻道將給出從第一乘客，第二乘客，第三乘客分別應付的費用，第四個會給出總收入給予出租車。最后讀出的數據會包括停車的費用等等費用。頻道選擇器開關1，第2和第3個，按順時針/逆時針的立場。在充分逆時針的立場，反相應的讀出是未標明和殘疾人。以順時針方向則是未定義的，清除為零，對于第一第二第三的乘客分別計費。第四號推進總鈕第四次讀出，使任何人保留讀出相應的總收入。經過釋放按鈕，第四次讀出將再次保留。這個單位還包含主要電子電路將在下一節充分描述。

描述的主要電子電路

電路一般框圖主要電子電路。它由五個部分指定的電腦符號與電話系統整合成為4個支撐電路，它們是：判斷乘客數量電路CT1，旅行距離電路CT2，等待時間電路CT3，時鐘脈沖顯示電路CT4。

乘客人數檢測電路CT1，該電路電腦與電話系統整合有三個輸出：1，2和3相對應于三個輸出J，K和L。

這個循環電路函數包含高電壓的終端 J，K或L，如果有1個或者2，3個乘客分別租用出租車。這個組里的任意乘客都是一組相關的人。當一個乘客進入出租車后，我們只是表示這樣一種情況，自由讀出顯示在談到相應的旋轉選擇開關，以一個完全順時針方向。這將自動斷開相應的終端1，2或3個從地面。邏輯關系各種輸入端子之間第1，第2和第3個輸出端J，K和L是列于表1。作為一個組合電路，我們開始設計產生了一系列布爾函數。

一種可能的邏輯圖的基礎上，上述源性表達。它包括兩個變頻器，4個2輸入和3輸入以及2個3輸入或門。B.行駛距離標量環路CT2 如圖所示的方框圖圖4，電路CT2有4個輸入J，K，L及E和1個輸出M，輸出功能的電路是供應單脈沖的輸出M的某一些脈沖產生的輸出的速度傳感器（出租車行駛了一定得距離），根據乘客的人數租用的汽車。我們建議票價按每公里行駛距離顯示在兩個表格2里面。

這個環路，在這種情況下，應提供單脈沖的輸出M的每100，125或143脈沖所產生的輸入端根據級別的電壓輸入終端3，K或L。

我們的電路顯示，三個十年的計數器，作為一個三位數分頻器的分比率100，125和143個自動選定的電壓一級終端J，K和L分別。一種可能的線路圖可被驗證，上述功能如圖6。它包括三個十年的計數器7490，一個聲BCD-以杜威解碼器輸入7445，3個4輸入和1個3輸入以及1個2輸入和2個3輸入或門。

時間縮放電路CT3.時間縮放電路含有4個輸入端 J，K，L及F和一個輸出端N，這個電路的函數根據表格2的意思（車費每2分鐘的等待時間）是在J，K和L分別供應單脈沖到輸出端N時，提供單脈沖的輸出N。時間縮放電路將類似于距離標量環路，但是有不同的行駛比率。它包括3個十進制計數器7490，2個3輸入與門和一個5輸入與門，1個2輸入與門和一個3輸入或門。

電路產生時鐘脈沖的顯示電路CT4 這條電路的作用根據電壓電平在輸入終端J、K或者L，分別供應1，2或者脈沖在每脈沖的輸出終端R引起在任何終端N或M。無論輸入端N或者M中的誰發送脈沖，都只有一個脈沖能被輸出端P接收。它由一個反向計數器7493構成，其中一半是雙JK主從觸發器電路，型號為7476，包括三個變頻器，三個2輸入與門，一個3輸入與門，1 2輸入或門以及一個3輸入或門。當脈沖引起在輸入的終端N或M，觸發器的輸入Q上將產生高級電壓。這個門信號將被連接到計數器的輸入A并且連接到輸出終端R。當第一，第二或第三個脈沖由漣波計數器開始計數，J,K,L端會分別根據電壓的大小來使產生重置或者翻轉來改變狀態，然后Q端變為輸出低電壓。因此，1 KHz信號沒有能力到達輸出端R或是計數器的輸入端A。為了確保電路的函數準確無誤，當切換到新頻道時，觸發器要清零。對于功能選擇開關旋轉渠道的描述，稍后會以一個成功的5輸入門函數來解釋。

顯示電路

該顯示面板將包含三個4位數顯示器，這樣可以給出每個乘客應付車費的總和，一個六位數顯示器可以給出出租車的總收入。一種可能的接線圖的顯示電路。以順時針方向旋轉所選擇的開關將提供相應的顯示，這可以通過5伏電壓來分別控制1，第2和3終端。對應的顯示通過供應低級電壓通過終端A、C和G，分別。保持終端D和H在低級狀態下重置為零對應的顯示分別通過終端B,D,H而改變低壓狀態，并準備好從對應的乘客那里計算出相應的計數款額，計數脈沖這三個顯示器通過終端提供總額。計數器還將通過終端P為3個顯示器提供脈沖只要這三個顯示器中任意一個是正常的，那么總額將被顯示出來。

時間和距離變化時車費的改變

在下面的部分，兩種不同的方法使得時間和距離改變從而導致車費發生變化，有如下建議：首先是當以路程計價的費用低于以時間計費的費用時，采用時間計費。從此，一個簡單的票價表顯示當出租車移動速度小于50米/分時應該采用時間計費方式。一種可能的電路可以執行此開關行動，它包含一個轉速限位開關和一個反轉器以及兩個2輸入與門。接觸的限位開關通常是封閉，只有當角速度超過50RMP的時候才會打開。第二個改變將中斷連接到圖10C的輸入端，輸出端Q連接速度的電路。在這種情況下，只要出租車的狀態保持靜止，那么計費開關就會處于關閉狀態。

功能選擇旋轉開關

功能選擇開關旋轉的電壓應提供的該終端的旋轉選擇開關，以確保正常運行的電子電路列于表3。每5個桿就有4個板連接著3個旋轉選擇開關，每個符合邏輯功能表3，旋轉任何三個切換到完全順時針方向將通過5個職位。功能的旋轉選擇開關可以說是從第一的位置通過直到達到最后的立場如下：

初始位置：在這個位置上的低電壓電平適用于第一第二和第三終端，浙江斷開來自三個中一個顯示器的5伏特電壓供應，設置三個顯示器，乘客檢測電路并與電路系統整合到較低的水平。終端D,H采用低電壓，這是為了確保顯示的總收入選項已被禁用。

步驟1：以順時針方向旋轉任何旋轉選擇開關一格將提供5伏特電壓到相應的顯示，提供一個高等級的電壓終端1，2或3，這表明一名乘客已經進入了出租車。終端C，G應為高電平，以確保相應的顯示仍然是籠罩。其他端口，如D，H端口保持不變。

步驟2：旋轉旋轉選擇開關1，然后將在終端A，C或G上改變電壓使其處于低電壓狀態，并會產生相應的顯示。終端1，2，3以及S上的電壓狀態保持不變。終端B，D和H應保持在較低水平，以確保當顯示為無數據時相應的讀出清除為零。

第三篇：出租車計價器

基于單片機的出租車計價器設計

摘要

出租車計價器的數字系統的設計正是基于一些專用的芯片，才發揮其有效特性，從而實現出租車的計價功能。此數字系統主要分為三個單元，即里程計數及顯示單元、價格計數及顯示單元、脈沖產生。本設計是一個基于單片機AT89C51的出租車自動計費設計，附有復位電路，時鐘電路等。關鍵詞：出租車計費器；單片機；控制

Abstract Taximeter design digital system is based on some special chip, to play their effective characteristics, thus realizing the taxi valuation function.This system is mainly divided into there modules, namely the mileage counting and display unit, and display unit price counting, pulsing.The design is based on a single chip AT89C51taxis design, a reset circuit, clock circuit.Keywords:taximeter,a single-chip microcomputer,control

1引言

1.1 設計目的

近幾年來，出租汽車行業在各地得以蓬勃發展，但采用模擬電路和數字電路設計的計價器整體電路的規模較大，用到的器件多，造成故障率高，難調試。而采用單片機進行的設計，相對來說功能強大，用較少的硬件和適當的軟件相互配合可以很容易地實現設計要求，且靈活性強。

1.2 功能要求

(1)用前4位數碼管實時顯示里程數，單位為千米，最后一位為小數位；用后4位數碼管時時顯示金額數，單位為元，最后一位為小數位。

(2)規定出租車里程小于2千米收費5元，超過2千米收費為8*(way-20)/5。

1.3 設計方法

本設計采用AT89C51單片機為主控器，并用頻率信號發生器模擬車速，利用AT89C51的定時器工作在方式1下定時實現對出租車的計價設計，輸出采用共陰極的集成8位7段數碼顯示管。設計方案及原理

2.1 設計方案

采用AT89C51單片機為主控器，并用頻率信號發生器模擬車速，利用AT89C51的定時器/定時器T1工作在方式1下定時實現對出租車的計價設計，輸出采用共陰極的集成8位7段數碼顯示管。本電路設計的計價器不但能實現基本的計價，而且

單片機原理及系統課程設計報告

還能根據里程來調節單價。

2.2 設計原理

出租車計價是根據車所行駛的路程以及乘客乘車的里程綜合決定的。出租車行駛總路程可以通過車輪的周長乘車輪旋轉圈數得到。即可計算得到車輪旋轉幾周出租車能行駛一公里的路程。通過計數接收到的脈沖個數，計算出當前所行駛的路程。同時，通過數碼管顯示當前的行駛里程和需支付的車費。出租車計價器用于記錄里程、起步公里數與價格的關系。模擬出租車計價器能根據總里程數、起步公里數的情況作出相應報價等。這個系統以AT89C51單片機為主控器，單片機的計數器/定時器T1工作在方式1下來對外部脈沖計數，最后通過集成的8位7段LED數碼管顯示里程數和價錢。總體模塊框圖如圖1所示。

總金額顯示單價顯示AT89C51脈沖產生動態掃描數碼管顯示

圖1 總體框圖 硬件設計

對于AT89C51的計數器/定時器T1，通過對寄存器TCON的設置，即使它的M1M0=01，計數器/定時器T1工作在方式1下，構成16位計數器/定時器。此時TH0、TL0都是8位加法計數器。此設計中，T1為計數工作方式，計數范圍為1~2^16=1~65536(個外部脈沖)。當計數溢出時則置位并申請中斷，進入中斷服務 執行中斷程序。

通過74HC138接P20、P21、P22輸出來對8位7段的智能掃描LED進行段選，并且通過P1口對LED進行位選，最后將結果顯示在LED上。硬件設計圖如圖2所示。

74HC138是三八譯碼器，在工作之前，使74HC138的使能端有效，再使74HC138的A、B、C接P20、P21、P22的輸出達到對LED位選線的控制，使相應的位顯示相應的結果。硬件總設計圖如圖2所示。

第四篇：!出租車計價器畢業設計中英文翻譯

畢業論文準備

ABSTRACT In this paper, a multi-channel taximeter that is able to deal with more than one passenger simultaneously is proposed.In order to demonstrate the theory of operation of the proposed system, a complete design for an experimental three-channel taximeter(whose prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research)is presented.System location, outline, block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams for the experimental taximeter are also included.1.INTRODUCTION Transporting people in the morning from their homes to their works and back in the afternoon has become a big problem in big cities especially in undeveloped countries.As a partial solution of this problem, the authorities in some countries had, unofficially, left the taxicab drivers to carry different passengers to different places at the Same time.For example, a taxicab with four seats may carry four different passengers without any relation between them except that their way of travelling is the same.Accordingly, it has become very difficult to rely on the present conventional single-channel taximeter to determine the fare required from each passenger separately.Accordingly, an unfair financial relation was created between the taxicab driver, owner, passengers and the state taxation department.Under these circumstances, taxicab drivers force the passengers to pay more than what they should pay.In some cases passengers had to pay double fare they should pay.With the present conventional single-channel taximeter, taxicab owners are not able to determine the daily income of their taxicab.In some cases(a taxicab with four seats)they may only get one quarter of the income of the taxicab(collected by the taxicab driver).From which they should pay the salary of the taxicab driver as well as the cost of fuel, minor and major repairs in addition to the car depreciation.As a matter of fact the position of the taxicab owners is not so bad as it seems.A general agreement has been reached between the taxicab drivers and owners such that the drivers should guarantee a fixed daily income to the owners as well as the paying for the cost of fuel as well as the minor repaires.Even though the taxicab drivers still share the large portion ofthe income of the taxicab.Also with the presence of the single-channel taximeter, it has become very difficult for the state taxation department to know the yearly income of the taxicab and accordingly it has become very difficult to estimate the taxes to be paid by the taxicab owners.In order to face this problem, the state taxation department had to impose a fixed estimated taxes for each seat of the taxicab whatever the income of the taxicab.In this paper, we introduced a multichannel taximeter that can deal with more than one passenger simultaneously.I t should be pointed out that by the term passenger we mean a one person or a group of related persons.I t should also be pointed out that our proposed multi-channel taximeter is not, simply, a multi display readouts.As a matter of fact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per killometer of travelling distance or per minutes of 'waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.In the following part and as an example, we will present a complete design for a three-channel taximeter.Block diagrams as well as detailed circuit diagrams of the experimental three-channel taximeter are also included.A prototype has been built under grant from the Egyptian Academy for Scientific and Technological Research.2.AN EXPERIMENTAL THREECHANNEL TAXIMETER Theory of operation of our experimental device to work as an electronic digital taximeter is based on t h e fact thathe speedometer cable rotates one revolution for each meter of travelling distance.Accordingly, if the speedometer cable is coupled with a speed sensor that generates a single pulse for each meter of travelling distance, then our taximeter could be three up counter modules associated with a speed sensor unit.However, our experimental taximeter is not simply a three display readouts.As a matter offact it contains logic circuits that automatically changes the fare per kilometer of travelling distance or per minutes of waiting time according to the number of passengers hiring the taxicab.The device may be splitted into two main parts: The first is the speed sensor unit which may be located anywhere in the taxicab such that an easy coupling to the speedometer cable can be achieved.The second unit contains the main electronic circuit, the displayand control panel.The unit should be located somewhere in front of both the driver and the passengers.A possible components locations is shown in Figure 1.A.Speed Sensor Unit The main function of this unit is to supply train of pulses whose frequency is proportional to the angular rotation of the wheels.A possible form of a speed sensor is shown in Figure 2.If may consist of a tj.pica1 permanent magnet sine wave generator with its output connected to a pulse shapping circuit(two general purpose silicon diodes, 1K ohms resistor and a schmit trigger inverter).In order to find some way to detect the movement of the taxicab, the output of the sine wave generator is rectified through a general purpose silicon diode Dl then smoothed by a 1000 F capacitor.The output voltage at terminal Q is then limited to the value of 4.7 volts by using a Ik ohms resistor as well as a zener diode ZD.The level of the voltage at terminal Q would be high whenever the taxicab is moving and will be zero otherwise.This voltage can be used for the automatic switching from distance fare to time fare.B.Main Electronic and Display Unit A suggested shape for the main electronic and display unit is shown in Figure 3.The control and display panel contains all ' controls necessary for operating the taximeter as well as four readout displays.The first channel will give the sum of money required from the first passenger, while the second and third readouts are for the second and third passengers, respectively.The fourth readout will give the total income of the taxicab.The contents of the last readout should be nonvolatile and be able to be retained even during parking the taxicab.The channel rotary selector switchs 1 , 2 and 3 have fully clockwise/anticlockwise positions.In the fully anticlockwise position, the counter of the corresponding readout is blancked and disabled.In the fully clockwise position, the counter is unblanked, cleared to zero and enabled to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the first, second and third passengers, respectively.Pushing the total sum pushbutton 4 unblanks the fourth readout enabling any person to retain the readout corresponding to the total income.After the release of the pushbutton, the fourth readout will be blanked again.This unit also contains the main electronic circuit which will be fully described in the following section.3.DESCRIBTION OF THE MAIN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT The general block diagram of the main electronic circuit is shown in Figure 4.It consists of five subcircuits designated by the symboles CTI up to CT4supporting circuits, these are: The number of passenger deticition circuit CTI, travelling distance scaling circuit CT2, waiting time scaling circuit CT3, circuit CT4 which generates clock pulses for the display circuit.A.Number of Passengers Detection Circuit CT1 As shown from the general block diagram, the circuit CTI has three inputs I, 2 and 3 as well as three outputs J, K and L.The function of the circuit is to supply a high level voltage at terminals J, K or L if and only if one, two or three passengers are hiring the taxicab, respectively.The term passenger, here, means one person or a group of related persons.When a passenger is getting into the cab, we simply turn on a free readout display by turning the corresponding rotary selector switch to a fully clockwise direction.This will automatically disconnect the corresponding terminal I, 2 or 3 from ground.The logical relation between various input terminals I, 2 and 3 and the output terminals J, K and L is shown in Table 1.As a combinational circuit we start the design by deriving a set of boolean functions.A possible simplified boolean functions that gives minimum number of inputs to gates may be obtained from Table I.A possible logical diagram that is based on the above derived expressions is shown in Figure 5.It consists of two inverters, four 2-input AND, to3-input AND two 3-input OR gates B.Tavelling Distance Scaling Circuit CT2 As shown from the block diagram of Figure 4, the circuit CT2 has four input J, K, L and E and one output M.The function of the circuit is to supply a single pulse at the output M for a certain number of pulses generated at the output of the speed sensor(certain number of meters travelled by the taxicab), according to the number of passengers hiring the car.A suggested fare per kilometer of travelling distance is shown in colomn two of Table 2.the circuit, in this case, should supply a single pulse at the output M for every 100, 125 or 143 pulses generated at the input terminal E according to the level of voltage at input terminale 3, K or L, respectively.Our circuit could be, as shown in Figure 5, three decade counters, connected as a three digit frequency divider whose dividing ratios 100, 125 and 143 are automatically selected by the voltage level at terminals J, K and L, respectively.A possible circuit diagram that may verify the above function is shown in Figure 6.It consists of three decade counters type 7490, one BCD-to decimal decoder type 7445, three 4-input AND, one 3-input ANDone 2-input AND two 3-input OR gates.C.Time Scaling Circuit CT3 As shown in the block diagram, the time scalingcircuit will have four inputs J, K, L and F and one output N.The function of this circuit and accordingto colomn three of Table 2(fare per 2 minuts of waiting time)is to supply a single pulse at the output N for every 120, 240 or 360 pulses supplied at the input terminal F from the I Hz clock according to level of voltage at inputs J, K and L, respectively.Time scaling circuit would be similar to the distance scaling circuit but with different diving ratios.A Possible circuit diagram is shown in figure 7.It consists, in this case, of three decade counter type 7490, two 3-input AND, one 5-input AND, one 2-input AND one 3-input OR gates.D.Circuit CT4 Which Generates Clock Pulses for Display Circuit The function of this circuit is to supply one, two or three pulses at the output terminal R for each pulse generated at any of the terminals N or M, according to the voltage level at the input terminals J, K or L, respectively.The output P will receive a pulse for each pulse generated at any of the input terminals N or M.This function can be performed by the circuit shown in Figure 8, it consists of one ripple counter type 7493, one half of a dual JK masterslave flip-flops circuit type 7476, three inverters, three 2-input AND, one 3-input AND, one 2-input OR and one 3-input OR gates.When a pulse is generated at either input terminals N or M, a high level voltage will be generated at the output Q of the flip-flop.This will g a t e t h e I Khz signal to be connected to the input A of the ripple counter as well as to the output terminal R.When one, two or three pulses are counted by the ripple counter, according to the level of voltage at the input terminals J, K and L, respectively, a high is generated to reset the counter and change the state of the flip-flopsuch that Q becomes low.Hence, the 1 KHz signal is disabled to reach the outputerminal R or the input A of the ripple counter.In order to ensure the proper function of the circuit, the flip-flop should be cleared whenever a new channel is operated.This has been achieved by the input 5 and will be explained later when describing the function of the channels rotary selector switchs.E.Display Circuit As shown in Figure 2, the display panel would contain three 4-digit displays that give the sum of money required from each passenger separately as well as a one six-digit display that gives the total income of the taxicab.A possible wiring diagram for the display circuit is shown in Figure 9.Rotating any of the rotary selector switches to fully clockwise direction will supply the corresponding display by5 volts through terminals 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The corresponding display will be unblanked by supplying a low level of voltage through terminals A, C and G, respectively.Keeping terminals 8, D and H, respectively, at low level will keep them reset to zero.The corresponding display is then enabled by removing the low voltage from terminals B, D, and H, respectively, to be ready for counting the sum of money required from the corresponding passenger starting from zero.The counting pulses for these three displays are supplied through terminal P.The total sum display will be enabled whenever any of the three displays is enabled(this is done by a 3-input OR gate as shown in Figure 8).Retaining the contents of the last display will be done by unblanking it by supplying a low level of voltage to terminal I as shown in Figure 10 b.F.Changing Over Between Time and Distance Fares In the following part, two different methods for changing over between time andistance fares are suggested: The first is to switch to time fare whenever the distance fare is less than the time fare.Hence, a simple look to fares table(Table 2)can show that time fare should be used whenever the taxicab moves with speed less than 50 m/min.A possible circuit that can perform this switching action is shown in Figure IO c.It contains one rpm limit switch and a one inverter as well as two 2-input AND gates.The contacts of the limit switch are normally closed and will be opened whenever the angular speed of the speedometer cablexceeds 50 rmp.The second alternation is to connect the input of the inverter in Figure 10 c.to the output terminal Q of the speedometer circuit, Figure 2.In this case, the switching into time fare will be done whenever the taxicab is at stand still.G.Function of the Rotary Selector Switches The voltage levels that should be supplied by the terminals of the rotary selector switches in order to ensure proper operation by the electronic circuit are given in Table 3.Connection of three rotary selector switches each witb four decks of five poles each, that satisfy the logic function of Table 3, is shown in Figure 10 a.Rotating any of the three switches into fully clockwise direction will pass through five positions.The function of the rotary selector switches can be described starting from the first position passing through variousteps until reaching the final position as follows: Initial position: In this position a low voltage level is applied to terminals I, 2 and 3, this will disconnect the 5 volts supply from the three first displays, set the three inputs of the number of passenger detection circuit CTI to low level.A low voltage level is applied to terminals 8, D and H, this is to ensure that the total income display is disabled.Voltage levels at terminals A, C, G and S are at no care condition.Step I: Rotating any of the rotary selector switches one step toward clockwise direction will supply 5 volts to the corresponding display, provides a high level voltage at terminals 1, 2 or 3 indicating that one passenger have entered the taxicab.A high level voltage should be applied to terminals A, C or G in order to ensure that the corresponding display is still blanked.Other terminals B, D, H and S are kept unchanged.Step 2: Rotating the rotary selector switch one step further, will change the state of voltages at terminal A, C or G to be at low level and unblanks the corresponding display.States of voltages at terminals I, 2, 3 and S are remained unchanged.Terminals B, D and H should be remained at low level to ensure that the corresponding readout is cleared to zero while unblanking the display.二、中文翻譯

摘要

本文提出了一種出租車多通道計價的方案，能同時處理一個以上乘客的情形。為了從理論上說明本方案，提出了一個實驗上的三通道型的士的完整設計（其原型是根據埃及科學和技術研究學院的研究而建成得）。.導言

在不發達的國家，早上把人們從他們家送到工作的地方，然后下午送回來已成為一個大問題，尤其是在大城市。

作為解決這個問題的一個部分，在某些國家出租車用來解決這個問題，送人們從一個地方到另外一個地方。例如，出租車的四個席位可攜帶四個不同的沒有任何關系的乘客，除了他們的路線是相同的。

因此，依靠目前的傳統的單車道計價以確定所需的票價，把每個乘客的計費分開，這已成為一個非常困難的問題。因此，在出租車司機，車主，乘客和國家稅務部門之間存在著不公平的財政關系。

在這種情況下，出租車司機強迫乘客支付多于他們所應付的。在某些情況下乘客支付了他們應付車費的雙倍。

本常規單頻道計程車，出租車司機不能夠確定出租車日常收入。在某些情況下（出租車的4個席位），他們可能只有出租車四分之一的收入（大部分的出租車司機）。從這些支付工資的出租車司機以及作為燃料費用外，還要維修以及汽車折舊等費用。事實上，出租車業主并非似乎如此糟糕。一項在出租車司機和車主之間的協議已經達成，司機應保證每天固定收入，以及向業主支付燃料以及維修的費用。即使如此，還是有的出租車司機的很大一部分份額之收入的出租車。現在還存在的單聲道計價，已經變得非常，國家稅務部門也知道這種困難 每年估計出租車業主的收入支出，以及應支付的稅務也很困難。

為了應對這一問題，國家稅務部已實行固定估計稅，每個座位的出租車不論收入。在本文中，我們介紹了多通道的士計程表，可處理超過一名乘客同時進行的情況。我應該指出，我所說的長期旅客指一個人或一組相關的人。我同時也應指出，我們提出的多渠道的計價，不是簡單地說，一個多顯示讀數。作為一個先進的事項，事實上它包含邏輯電路，可以自動計算變化的車費以及每公里行走距離或每分鐘的候車時間按照乘客人數雇用出租車。在下面的部分，我舉出一個例子，我們將介紹一個完整的三通道計價。框圖以及詳細的電路圖，實驗三通道計價功能也包括在內。原型下已建成 埃及贈款科學學院 和技術研究。.實驗THREECHANNEL

出租車計價器理論的運作我們的實驗裝置從事電子數字計價依據。事實上速度電纜旋轉1 圈的每米距離行駛。因此，如果車速電纜耦合與速度傳感器，產生一個單脈沖每平方米的旅行距離，那么，我們的的士可以三倍于反模塊相與速度傳感器的單位。然而，我們的實驗是計價而不僅僅是只顯示三個讀數。事實上，它包含邏輯電路，可以根據每公里的行駛距離或每分鐘等候時間按照乘客人數雇用出租車來自動改變車費。該裝置可能會分成兩個主要部分組成：第一是速度傳感器，這個傳感器可位于任何地方，在出租車內進行這樣一個簡單的耦合車速電纜是可以實現的。

單位包含了主要的電子電路，顯示器以及控制面板。該單位應位于前排的司機和乘客之間。

A． 速度傳感器

其主要職能是本單位提供脈沖的培訓，這個脈沖的頻率會于旋轉角度相適合。一種可能的形式一個速度傳感器。如果可以包含正弦波發生器的輸出連接到脈沖整形電路的永磁器件（2通用芯片二極管，1000歐姆的電阻和施密特觸發逆變器）。

為了找到某種方式來檢測出租車的運動，正弦波發生器的輸出是糾正通過一個通用的硅二極管延胡索乙然后平滑的1000年F電容。那個輸出電壓在終端Q是當時限于價值4.7伏特用益歐姆的電阻以及一個齊納二極管ZD。出租車的終端電壓在終端Q將高電壓降為零。這電壓可作為改變出租車從距離計費到時間計費方式的開關電壓。

主要的電子和顯示單元

一個建議是主要形式的電子和顯示單元。控制和顯示器面板包含所有'控制所必需的經營的士以及四個可讀顯示器。第一頻道將給出從第一乘客，第二乘客，第三乘客分別應付的費用，第四個會給出總收入給予出租車。最后讀出的數據會包括停車的費用等等費用。頻道選擇器開關1，第2和第3個，按順時針/逆時針的立場。在充分逆時針的立場，反相應的讀出是未標明和殘疾人。以順時針方向則是未定義的，清除為零，對于第一第二第三的乘客分別計費。第四號推進總鈕第四次讀出，使任何人保留讀出相應的總收入。經過釋放按鈕，第四次讀出將再次保留。這個單位還包含主要電子電路將在下一節充分描述。描述的主要電子電路

它由五個部分指定的電腦符號與電話系統整合成為4個支撐電路，它們是：判斷乘客數量電路CT1，旅行距離電路CT2，等待時間電路CT3，時鐘脈沖顯示電路CT4。

乘客人數檢測電路CT1如圖所示的一般框圖，該電路電腦與電話系統整合有三個輸出：1，2和3相對應于三個輸出J，K和L。

這個循環電路函數包含高電壓的終端 J，K或L，如果有1個或者2，3個乘客分別租用出租車。這個組里的任意乘客都是一組相關的人。當一個乘客進入出租車后，我們只是表示這樣一種情況，自由讀出顯示在談到相應的旋轉選擇開關，以一個完全順時針方向。這將自動斷開相應的終端1，2或3個從地面。邏輯關系各種輸入端子之間第1，第2和第3個輸出端J，K和L是列于表1。作為一個組合電路，我們開始設計產生了一系列布爾函數。

一種可能的邏輯圖的基礎上，它包括兩個變頻器，4個2輸入和3輸入以及2個3輸入或門。B.行駛距離標量環路CT2，電路CT2有4個輸入J，K，L及E和1個輸出M，輸出功能的電路是供應單脈沖的輸出M的某一些脈沖產生的輸出的速度傳感器（出租車行駛了一定得距離），根據乘客的人數租用的汽車。我們建議票價按每公里行駛距離顯示在兩個表格2里面。

表2 這個環路，在這種情況下，應提供單脈沖的輸出M的每100，125或143脈沖所產生的輸入端根據級別的電壓輸入終端3，K或L。

我們的電路按圖5顯示，三個十年的計數器，作為一個三位數分頻器的分比率100，125和143個自動選定的電壓一級終端J，K和L分別。一種可能的線路圖可被驗證，它包括三個十年的計數器7490，一個聲BCD-以杜威解碼器輸入7445，3個4輸入和1個3輸入以及1個2輸入和2個3輸入或門。

時間縮放電路CT3.時間縮放電路含有4個輸入端 J，K，L及F和一個輸出端N，這個電路的函數根據表格2的意思（車費每2分鐘的等待時間）是在J，K和L分別供應單脈沖到輸出端N時，提供單脈沖的輸出N。時間縮放電路將類似于距離標量環路，但是有不同的行駛比率。它包括3個十進制計數器7490，2個3輸入與門和一個5輸入與門，1個2輸入與門和一個3輸入或門。

電路產生時鐘脈沖的顯示電路CT4 這條電路的作用根據電壓電平在輸入終端J、K或者L，分別供應1，2或者脈沖在每脈沖的輸出終端R引起在任何終端N或M。無論輸入端N或者M中的誰發送脈沖，都只有一個脈沖能被輸出端P接收。它由一個反向計數器7493構成，其中一半是雙JK主從觸發器電路，型號為7476，包括三個變頻器，三個2輸入與門，一個3輸入與門，1 2輸入或門以及一個3輸入或門。當脈沖引起在輸入的終端N或M，觸發器的輸入Q上將產生高級電壓。這個門信號將被連接到計數器的輸入A并且連接到輸出終端R。當第一，第二或第三個脈沖由漣波計數器開始計數，J,K,L端會分別根據電壓的大小來使產生重置或者翻轉來改變狀態，然后Q端變為輸出低電壓。因此，1 KHz信號沒有能力到達輸出端R或是計數器的輸入端A。為了確保電路的函數準確無誤，當切換到新頻道時，觸發器要清零。對于功能選擇開關旋轉渠道的描述，稍后會以一個成功的5輸入門函數來解釋。

顯示電路

該顯示面板將包含三個4位數顯示器，這樣可以給出每個乘客應付車費的總和，一個六位數顯示器可以給出出租車的總收入。以順時針方向旋轉所選擇的開關將提供相應的顯示，這可以通過5伏電壓來分別控制1，第2和3終端。對應的顯示通過供應低級電壓通過終端A、C和G，分別。保持終端D和H在低級狀態下重置為零對應的顯示分別通過終端B,D,H而改變低壓狀態，并準備好從對應的乘客那里計算出相應的計數款額，計數脈沖這三個顯示器通過終端提供總額。計數器還將通過終端P為3個顯示器提供脈沖只要這三個顯示器中任意一個是正常的，那么總額將被顯示出來。

時間和距離變化時車費的改變

在下面的部分，兩種不同的方法使得時間和距離改變從而導致車費發生變化，有如下建議：首先是當以路程計價的費用低于以時間計費的費用時，采用時間計費。從此，一個簡單的票價表顯示當出租車移動速度小于50米/分時應該采用時間計費方式。一種可能的電路可以執行此開關行動如圖10c，它包含一個轉速限位開關和一個反轉器以及兩個2輸入與門。接觸的限位開關通常是封閉，只有當角速度超過50RMP的時候才會打開。第二個改變將中斷連接到圖10C的輸入端，輸出端Q連接速度的電路。在這種情況下，只要出租車的狀態保持靜止，那么計費開關就會處于關閉狀態。

功能選擇旋轉開關

功能選擇開關旋轉的電壓應提供的該終端的旋轉選擇開關，以確保正常運行的電子電路列于表3。每5個桿就有4個板連接著3個旋轉選擇開關，每個符合邏輯功能表3，旋轉任何三個切換到完全順時針方向將通過5個職位。功能的旋轉選擇開關可以說是從第一的位置通過直到達到最后的立場如下：

初始位置：在這個位置上的低電壓電平適用于第一第二和第三終端，浙江斷開來自三個中一個顯示器的5伏特電壓供應，設置三個顯示器，乘客檢測電路并與電路系統整合到較低的水平。終端D,H采用低電壓，這是為了確保顯示的總收入選項已被禁用。

步驟1：以順時針方向旋轉任何旋轉選擇開關一格將提供5伏特電壓到相應的顯示，提供一個高等級的電壓終端1，2或3，這表明一名乘客已經進入了出租車。終端C，G應為高電平，以確保相應的顯示仍然是籠罩。其他端口，如D，H端口保持不變。

步驟2：旋轉旋轉選擇開關1，然后將在終端A，C或G上改變電壓使其處于低電壓狀態，并會產生相應的顯示。終端1，2，3以及S上的電壓狀態保持不變。終端B，D和H應保持在較低水平，以確保當顯示為無數據時相應的讀出清除為零。

第五篇：畢業設計開題報告(出租車計價器).

畢業設計開題報告 題 目 新型出租車計價器控制電路設計 姓 名 牛敏 學 號 120433322 專 業 班 級 電氣 123 指 導 老 師 黃俊梅

電子工程系電氣自動化教研室 2014年 12月 2 日 一.選題背景和意義

隨著我國經濟的迅速發展, 人民生活水平的顯著提高, 我國出租汽車行業迅 猛發展,出租汽車已經成為我國城 市公共交通的重要組成部分和現代化城市必 備的基礎設施, 成為人們工作、生活中不可缺少的交通工具。出租汽車服務行業 和出租汽車計價器緊密相關, 因為出租汽車必須安裝出租汽車計價器才能投入營 運。出租汽車計價器是一種能根據乘客乘坐汽車行駛距離和等候時間的多少進行 計價, 并直接顯示車費值的計量器具。計價器是出租汽車的經營者和乘坐出租汽 車的消費者之間用于公平貿易結算的工具, 因而計價器計價準確與否, 直接關系 到經營者和消費者的經濟利益。依據國家有關法律、法規, 出租汽車計價器是列 入國家首批強制檢定的工作計量器具之一, 也是近年來國家質量技術監督部門強 化管理的六類重點計量器具之一。

二、國內外研究現狀、發展動態

出租車行業在我國是八十年代初興起的一項新興行業,隨著我國國民經濟 的高速發展, 出租汽車已成為城市公共交通的重要組成部分。多年來國內普遍使 用的計價器只具備單一的計量功能。目前全世界的計價器中有 90%為臺灣所生 產。現今我國生產計價器的企業有上百家,主要是集中在北京,上海,沈陽和廣 州等地。當單片機出現并應用于計價器后, 現代出租車計價器的模型也就基本具 備了,它可以完成計程,計價,顯示等基本工作。單片機以及外圍芯片的不斷發 展促進了計價器的發展。出租車計價器在最初使用時具備的主要功能是根據行駛 里程計價,要求精度高,可靠性好。

三、研究的內容及可行性分析 1.研究的內容 : 計價器顯示的營運金額是營運里程與價格的函數(等候時間一般折算成一 定比例的里程來計算。出租車計價器通過傳感器與行駛車輛連接。出租汽車的 實際里程通過傳感器的脈沖信號在計價器里折算成一定的計價營運里程。針對這 一點我們來利用單片機作為控制核心,設計一款出租車計價器,具有計價顯示、等待時間計價,公里數顯示,時間顯示等相關功能。

2設計要求 :(1 4位數碼管用于實時顯示行車里程數(0.0,單位為公里;4位數碼管用 于實時顯示金額數(000.0,單位為元。

(2規定白天出租車單程價格為 1.5元 /公里 , 往返則價格為 1.0元每公里。夜間出租車單程價格為 1.8元 /公里 , 往返則價格為 1.2元每公里。設置單程往返 按鍵。

(3 起步公里數為 3公里, 價格為 10元, 若實際運行大于 3公里, 按 “基 本要求 2”計算價格。

2.設計任務 :

1.單片機控制電路原理與設計

2.鍵盤電路原理與設計---按鈕來實現乘車方式、狀態操作、查詢、清除、參數 調整等操作。

3.車速檢測與里程計算電路原理與設計---霍爾傳感器輸出的里程信號經過光耦 隔離后送到計量 CPU 的外部中斷 1, 計量 CPU 通過中斷計數并和 K 值進行相關運 算得出行駛里程和車速。

4.數碼管顯示電路原理與設計;5.蜂鳴提示原理與設計---利用普通蜂鳴器來進行語音提示;為了避免司機由于 工作緊張而無法確定是否按下各個按鈕,我們增加了蜂鳴提示功能。6.軟件編程, protues 仿真模擬 四總體設計方案

實驗箱有六個數碼管,故起步價、大的費用以及單價均由 P4、P5(即最左 邊兩個數碼管顯示,里程由 P2、P3(即中間兩個數碼管顯示,脈沖計數由 P0、P1(即最右邊兩個數碼管顯示。由于缺少霍爾傳感器,因此只能通過輸入 脈沖模擬。因此電路由時鐘脈沖電路(8MHZ 接 P1.0、復位電路、數碼管顯示電 路構成。

2-1 出租車計價器總體設計圖

2-2 單片機單元框圖 五計價器設計思想 5.1具體設計思想

利用 80C51單片機控制出租車計價系統工作。

單片機 P1.0口作為脈沖輸入。8255的 PB 口連接一個 74LS245芯片(雙向 總線驅動器 ,再與外部六個數碼管連接, PB 口連接一個 74LS245芯片與 6個數 碼管的公共 COM 端連接, 用于選擇數據輸出的地址, 這樣就可以實現起始價、單 價、里程、脈沖計數的動態顯示,并且節省了端口數。數碼管的段控制信號是由 8255的 PB 口經 74LS245緩沖器后輸出得到, 6位位控制信號由 8255的 PA 口經 74LS245緩沖器后輸出得到。鍵盤電路由 8255構成,其中 8255的 PC0-PC3作為 矩陣式鍵盤行掃描線, 8255的 PA 口為矩陣鍵盤列入線。

5.2計價器相應控制

通過軟件編程實現計價器起始價、單價、脈沖技術的顯示以及按下相應鍵實 現開始暫停、設置單價、復位功能,各個鍵按下的功能如表 2-2所示。

在白天,不用調節價格,當里程超過 3公里即按照每公里 1.5元計算, 3公 里以內則均按起始價 10元計費。操作如下:白天只要顧客上車,就按下 0鍵, 到達目的地按下 E 鍵,然后讀數碼管上的 L6、L5(最左邊兩位數碼管即為費 用,中間兩位即為里程。顧客付費完后按下 F 鍵復位,恢復起始價格,等待下一 個顧客的到來。

在晚上, 由于夜間行車風顯以及司機加班狀態, 3公里內還是按照起始價 10元計費;超過 3公里則按照每公里 1.2元計價。操作如下:按下 2鍵顯示單程 1.8元 /公里,按下 3鍵確定往返是 1.2元 /公里并恢復起始價 10元,待顧客上 車按 0鍵開始計價,到達目的地按下 E 鍵,然后讀數碼管上的 L6、L5(最左邊

兩位數碼管即為費用,中間兩位即為里程。顧客付費完后按下 F 鍵復位,恢復 起始價格,等待下一個顧客的到來。

5.3出租車計價顯示電路

出租車計價器顯示電路主要由代碼實現。顯示電路如下圖所示。

圖 3-7 出租車計價器顯示電路

六、工作進度

1.查閱資料,撰寫開題報告 第 1周~第 2周 2.英文資料翻譯 第 3周~第 4周

3.查閱相關資料,設計總體方案 第 5周~第 6周

4.熟悉單片機控制系統,設計系統硬件電路 第 7周~第 10周 5.熟悉 proteus 或 protel 電路設計軟件,畫出電路圖 第 11周~第 13周 6.編寫并調試程序,模擬實現部分控制功能 第 14周~第 15周 7.畢業設計審查、畢業答辯 第 16周~第 17周

七、參考文獻

[1].馮先成, 常翠芝.單片機應用系統設計 [M].北京:北京航空航天大學出版社, 2009.[2].元增民.模擬電子技術 [M].北京:中國電力出版社, 2009.[3].南建輝等.MCS-51單片機原理及應用實例 [M].北京:清華大學出版社, 2004.3.[4] 王幸之等.單片機應用系統抗干擾技術 [M].北京:北京航空航天大學出版 社，2000.[5] 童詩白,等.仿真電子技術基礎[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.[6] 張毅剛.單片機原理及應用.北京:高等教育出版社,2004.[7] 李秉操.單片機接口技術及在工業控制中的應用[M].陜西:陜西電子出版 社,1992.[8] 丁元杰.單片微機原理及應用(第二版.北京：機械工業出版社，2002 [9] 蔡惟錚.集成電子技術.哈爾濱:哈爾濱工業大學出版社，2003.[10]馮博情,吳寧.微型計算機原理與接口技術.北京：清華大學出版社，2010.題目 新型出租車計價器控制電路 進 度 安 排（1）2014 年 10 月——2014 年 11 月：進一步收集和閱讀與論文相關的 資料。（2）2014 年 10 月——2014 年 11 月：根據閱讀的資料，構思畢業設計 框架。（3）2014 年 11 月——20114 年 12 月：初步設計出 kappa 值軟測量數 學模型。（4）2014 年 11 月——20114 年 12 月：根據老師的安排安排思路。（5）2014 年 11 月——20114 年 12 月：實驗、分析實驗結果,改進數學 模型。（6）2014 年 11 月——20114 年 12 月：確定論文最終方案及完成論文 的撰寫。（7）2014 年 12 月：準備答辯。指導老師意見： 簽字： 年 月 日