第一篇：jsp技術(shù)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

外文翻譯

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工學(xué)一部 網(wǎng)絡(luò)工程 B741111 B74111104 王雨娉 潘琢金

沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院

2011年6月沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯——原文

Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application.Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is “a preparation, run everywhere” to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a “one-prepared everywhere realized.” And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application.For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much(script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties.In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together.This is the random development of the defects.Early dynamic pages mainly CGI(Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface)technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on.Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, 沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯——原文

it is gradually being replaced by the trend.Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology.Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model.When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to the customer.And the CGI is different, Servlet not generate a new process, but with HTTP Server at the same process.It threads through the use of technology, reduce the server costs.Servlet handling of the request process is this: When received from the client's request, calling service methods, the method of Servlet arrival of the first judgement is what type of request(GET / POST / HEAD…), then calls the appropriate treatment(DoGet / doPost / doHead…)and generate a response.Although such a complex, in fact, simply said to Servlet is a Java class.And the general category of the difference is that this type operating in a Servlet container, which can provide session management and targeted life-cycle management.So that when you use the Servlet, you can get all the benefits of the Java platform, including the safety of the management, use JDBC access the database and cross-platform capability.Moreover, Servlet using thread, and can develop more efficient Web applications.JSP technology is a key J2EE technology, it at a higher level of abstraction of a Servlet.沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯——原文

It allows conventional static and dynamic HTML content generated by combining an HTML page looks like, but as a Servlet to run.There are many commercial application server support JSP technology, such as BEA WebLogic, IBM WebSphere, JRun, and so on.JSP and Servlet use more than simple.If you have a JSP support for Web servers, and a JSP document, you can put it Fangdao any static HTML files can be placed, do not have to compile, do not have to pack, do not have to ClassPath settings, you can visit as ordinary Web It did visit, the server will automatically help you to do other work.JSP document looks like an ordinary static HTML document, but inside contains a number of Java code.It uses.Jsp the suffix, used to tell the server this document in need of special treatment.When we visit a JSP page, the document will first be translated into a JSP engine Java source files, is actually a Servlet, and compiler, and then, like other Servlet, from Servlet engine to handle.Servlet engine of this type loading, handling requests from customers, and the results returned to the customer, as shown below:

Figure 1: Calling the process of JSP pages 沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯——原文

After another visit this page to the customer, as long as the paper there have been no changes, JSP engine has been loaded directly call the Servlet.If you have already been modified, it will be once again the implementation of the above process, translate, compile and load.In fact, this is the so-called “first person to punishment.” Because when the first visit to the implementation of a series of the above process, so will spend some time after such a visit would not.Java servlets offer a powerful API that provides access to all the information about the request, the session, and the application.combining JSP with servlets lets you clearly separate the application logic from the presentation of the application;in other words, it lets you use the most appropriate component type for the roles of Model, View and Controller.Servlets, Filters, and Listeners

A servlet is a Java class that extends a server with functionality for processing a request and producing a response.It's implemented using the classes and interfaces defined by the Servlet API.The API consists of two packages: the javax.servlet package contains classes and interfaces that are protocol-independent, while the javax.servlet.http package provides HTTP-specific extensions and utility classes.What makes a servlet a servlet is that the class implements an interface named javax.servlet.Servlet, either directly or by extending one of the support classes.This interface defines the methods used by the web container to manage and interact with the 沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯——原文

servlet.A servlet for processing HTTP requests typically extends the javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet class.This class implements the Servlet interface and provides additional methods suitable for HTTP processing.Servlet Lifecycle The web container manages all aspects of the servlet's lifecycle.It creates an instance of the servlet class when needed, passes requests to the instance for processing, and eventually removes the instance.For an HttpServlet, the container calls the following methods at the appropriate times in the servlet lifecycle.Besides the doGet()and doPost()methods, there are methods corresponding to the other HTTP methods: doDelete(), doHead(), doOptions(), doPut(), and doTrace().Typically you don't implement these methods;the HttpServlet class already takes care of HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE requests in a way that's suitable for most servlets, and the DELETE and PUT HTTP methods are rarely used in a web application.It's important to realize that the container creates only one instance of each servlet.This means that the servlet must be thread safe--able to handle multiple requests at the same time, each executing as a separate thread through the servlet code.Without getting lost in details, you satisfy this requirement with regards to instance variables if you modify the referenced objects only in the init()and destroy()methods, and just read them in the request processing methods.沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯——原文

Compiling and Installing a Servlet To compile a servlet, you must first ensure that you have the JAR file containing all Servlet API classes in the CLASSPATH environment variable.The JAR file is distributed with all web containers.Tomcat includes it in a file called servlet.jar, located in the common/lib directory.On a Windows platform, you include the JAR file in the CLASSPATH..Reading a Request One of the arguments passed to the doGet()and doPost()methods is an object that implements the HttpServletRequest interface.This interface defines methods that provide access to a wealth of information about the request.Generating a Response Besides the request object, the container passes an object that implements the HttpServletResponse interface as an argument to the doGet()and doPost()methods.This interface defines methods for getting a writer or stream for the response body.It also defines methods for setting the response status code and headers.Using Filters and Listeners The servlet specification defines two component types beside servlets: filters and listeners.These two types were introduced in the Servlet 2.3 specification, so if you're using a container that doesn't yet support this version of the specification, I'm afraid you're 沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯——原文

out of luck.Filters A filter is a component that can intercept a request targeted for a servlet, JSP page, or static page, as well as the response before it's sent to the client.This makes it easy to centralize tasks that apply to all requests, such as access control, logging, and charging for the content or the services offered by the application.A filter has full access to the body and headers of the request and response, so it can also perform various transformations.One example is compressing the response body if the Accept-Language request header indicates that the client can handle a compressed response.A filter can be applied to either a specific servlet or to all requests matching a URL pattern, such as URLs starting with the same path elements or having the same extension.Listeners

Listeners allow your application to react to certain events.Prior to Servlet 2.3, you could handle only session attribute binding events(triggered when an object was added or removed from a session).You could do this by letting the object saved as a sessionattribute(using

the

HttpSession.setAttribute()

method)implement

the HttpSessionBindingListener interface.With the new interfaces introduced in the 2.3 version of the specification, you can create listeners for servlet context and session lifecycle events as well as session activation and passivation events(used by a container that temporarily saves session state to disk or migrates a session to another server).A new 沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯——原文

session attribute event listener also makes it possible to deal with attribute binding events for all sessions in one place, instead of placing individual listener objects in each session.The new types of listeners follow the standard Java event model.In other words, a listener is a class that implements one or more of the listener interfaces.The interfaces define methods that correspond to events.The listener class is registered with the container when the application starts, and the container then calls the event methods at the appropriate times.Initializing Shared Resources Using a Listener Beans like this typically need to be initialized before they can be used.For instance, they may need a reference to a database or some other external data source and may create an initial information cache in memory to provide fast access even to the first request for data.You can include code for initialization of the shared resources in the servlet and JSP pages that need them, but a more modular approach is to place all this code in one place and let the other parts of the application work on the assumption that the resources are already initialized and available.An application lifecycle listener is a perfect tool for this type of resource initialization.This type of listener implements the javax.servlet.ServletContextListener interface, with methods called by the container when the application starts and when it shuts down.Picking the Right Component Type for Each Task The Project Billboard application introduced is a fairly complex application.Half the 沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯——原文

pages are pure controller and business logic processing, it accesses a database to authenticate users, and most pages require access control.In real life, it would likely contain even more pages, for instance, pages for access to a shared document archive, time schedules, and a set of pages for administration.As the application evolves, it may become hard to maintain as a pure JSP application.It's easy to forget to include the access control code in new pages.This is clearly an application that can benefit from using a combination of JSP pages and the component types defined by the servlet specification for the MVC roles.Let's look at the main requirements and see how we can map them to appropriate component types: ? Database access should be abstracted, to avoid knowledge of a specific data schema or database engine in more than one part of the application: beans in the role of Model can be used to accomplish this.? The database access beans must be made available to all other parts of the application when it starts: an application lifecycle event listener is the perfect component type for this task.? Only authenticated users must be allowed to use the application: a filter can perform access control to satisfy this requirement.? Request processing is best done with Java code: a servlet, acting as the Controller, fits the bill.? It must be easy to change the presentation: this is where JSP shines, acting as the 沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯——原文

View.Adding servlets, listeners, and filters to the mix minimizes the need for complex logic in the JSP pages.Placing all this code in Java classes instead makes it possible to use a regular Java compiler and debugger to fix potential problems.Centralized Request Processing Using a Servlet With a servlet as the common entry point for all application requests, you gain control over the page flow of the application.The servlet can decide which type of response to generate depending on the outcome of the requested action, such as returning a common error page for all requests that fail, or different responses depending on the type of client making the request.With the help from some utility classes, it can also provide services such as input validation, I18N preparations, and in general, encourage a more streamlined approach to request handling.When you use a servlet as a Controller, you must deal with the following basic requirements:

? All requests for processing must be passed to the single Controller servlet.? The servlet must be able to distinguish requests for different types of processing.Here are other features you will want support for, even though they may not be requirements for all applications:

? A strategy for extending the application to support new types of processing requests in a flexible manner.沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯——原文

? A mechanism for changing the page flow of the application without modifying code.Mapping Application Requests to the Servlet The first requirement for using a Controller servlet is that all requests must pass through it.This can be satisfied in many ways.If you have played around a bit with servlets previously, you're probably used to invoking a servlet with a URI that starts with /myApp/servlet.This is a convention introduced by Suns Java Web Server(JWS), the first product to support servlets before the API was standardized.Most servlet containers support this convention today, even though it's not formally defined in the servlet specification.沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(外文翻譯)

將Servlet和JSP組合使用

Servlet和JSP技術(shù)是用Java開發(fā)服務(wù)器端應(yīng)用的主要技術(shù)，是開發(fā)商務(wù)應(yīng)用表示端的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Java開發(fā)者喜歡使用它有多種原因，其一是對(duì)于已經(jīng)熟悉Java語(yǔ)言的開發(fā)者來(lái)說(shuō)這個(gè)技術(shù)容易學(xué)習(xí)；其二是Java把“一次編寫，到處運(yùn)行”的理念帶入到Web應(yīng)用中，實(shí)現(xiàn)了“一次編寫，到處實(shí)現(xiàn)”。而且更為重要的是，如果遵循一些良好的設(shè)計(jì)原則的話，就可以把表示和內(nèi)容相分離，創(chuàng)造出高質(zhì)量的、可以復(fù)用的、易于維護(hù)和修改的應(yīng)用程序。比方說(shuō)，在HTML文檔中如果嵌入過(guò)多的Java代碼（scriptlet），就會(huì)導(dǎo)致開發(fā)出來(lái)的應(yīng)用非常復(fù)雜、難以閱讀、不容易復(fù)用，而且對(duì)以后的維護(hù)和修改也會(huì)造成困難。事實(shí)上，在CSDN的JSP/Servlet論壇中，經(jīng)常可以看到一些提問，代碼很長(zhǎng)，可以邏輯卻不是很清晰，大量的HTML和Java代碼混雜在一起，讓人看得一頭霧水。這就是隨意開發(fā)的弊端。

早期的動(dòng)態(tài)網(wǎng)頁(yè)主要采用CGI（Common Gateway Interface，公共網(wǎng)關(guān)接口）技術(shù)，你可以使用不同的語(yǔ)言編寫CGI程序，如VB、C/C++或Delphi等。雖然CGI技術(shù)發(fā)展成熟且功能強(qiáng)大，但由于編程困難、效率低下、修改復(fù)雜等缺點(diǎn)，所以有逐漸被取代的趨勢(shì)。在所有的新技術(shù)中，JSP/Servlet具備更高效、更容易編程、功能更強(qiáng)、更安全和具有良好的可移植性，因而被許多人認(rèn)為是未來(lái)最有發(fā)展前途的動(dòng)態(tài)網(wǎng)站技術(shù)。

與CGI相似，Servlet支持請(qǐng)求/響應(yīng)模型。當(dāng)一個(gè)客戶向服務(wù)器遞交一個(gè)請(qǐng)求時(shí)，服務(wù)器把請(qǐng)求送給Servlet，Servlet負(fù)責(zé)處理請(qǐng)求并生成響應(yīng)，然后送給服務(wù)器，再由服務(wù)器發(fā)送給客戶。與CGI不同的是，Servlet沒有生成新的進(jìn)程，而是與HTTP Server處于同一進(jìn)程中。它通過(guò)使用線程技術(shù)，減小了服務(wù)器的開銷。Servlet處理請(qǐng)求的過(guò)程是這樣的：當(dāng)收到來(lái)自客戶端的請(qǐng)求后，調(diào)用service方法，該方法中Servlet先判斷到來(lái)的請(qǐng)求是什么類型的（GET/POST/HEAD?），然后調(diào)用相應(yīng)的處理方法（doGet/doPost/doHead?）并生成響應(yīng)。

沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(外文翻譯)別看這么復(fù)雜，其實(shí)簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)來(lái)Servlet就是一個(gè)Java類。與一般類的不同之處是，這個(gè)類運(yùn)行在一個(gè)Servlet容器內(nèi)，可以提供session管理和對(duì)象生命周期管理。因而當(dāng)你使用Servlet的時(shí)候，你可以得到Java平臺(tái)的所有好處，包括安全性管理、使用JDBC訪問數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)以及跨平臺(tái)的能力。而且，Servlet使用線程，因而可以開發(fā)出效率更高的Web應(yīng)用。

JSP技術(shù)是J2EE的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，它在更高一級(jí)的層次上抽象Servlet。它可以讓常規(guī)靜態(tài)HTML與動(dòng)態(tài)產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)容相結(jié)合，看起來(lái)像一個(gè)HTML網(wǎng)頁(yè)，卻作為Servlet來(lái)運(yùn)行。現(xiàn)在有許多商業(yè)應(yīng)用服務(wù)器支持JSP技術(shù)，比如BEA WebLogic、IBM WebSphere、JRun等等。使用JSP比用Servlet更簡(jiǎn)單。如果你有一個(gè)支持JSP的Web服務(wù)器，并且有一個(gè)JSP文件，你可以把它放倒任何靜態(tài)HTML文件可以放置的位置，不用編譯，不用打包，也不用進(jìn)行ClassPath的設(shè)置，就可以像訪問普通網(wǎng)頁(yè)那樣訪問它，服務(wù)器會(huì)自動(dòng)幫你做好其他的工作。

JSP 文件看起來(lái)就像一個(gè)普通靜態(tài)HTML文件，只不過(guò)里面包含了一些Java代碼。它使用.jsp的后綴，用來(lái)告訴服務(wù)器這個(gè)文件需要特殊的處理。當(dāng)我們?cè)L問一個(gè)JSP頁(yè)面的時(shí)候，這個(gè)文件首先會(huì)被JSP引擎翻譯為一個(gè)Java源文件，其實(shí)就是一個(gè)Servlet，并進(jìn)行編譯，然后像其他Servlet一樣，由Servlet引擎來(lái)處理。Servlet引擎裝載這個(gè)類，處理來(lái)自客戶的請(qǐng)求，并把結(jié)果返回給客戶，如下圖所示：

圖1： 調(diào)用JSP頁(yè)面的流程

沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(外文翻譯)以后再有客戶訪問這個(gè)頁(yè)面的時(shí)候，只要該文件沒有發(fā)生過(guò)更改，JSP引擎就直接調(diào)用已經(jīng)裝載的Servlet。如果已經(jīng)做過(guò)修改的話，那就會(huì)再次執(zhí)行以上過(guò)程，翻譯、編譯并裝載。其實(shí)這就是所謂的“第一人懲罰”。因?yàn)槭状卧L問的時(shí)候要執(zhí)行一系列以上的過(guò)程，所以會(huì)耗費(fèi)一些時(shí)間；以后的訪問就不會(huì)這樣了。

Java servlet提供了一種強(qiáng)有力的API，用這個(gè)API可以訪問關(guān)于請(qǐng)求、會(huì)話和應(yīng)用程序的所有信息。將servlet和JSP頁(yè)面組合起來(lái)使用，可以把應(yīng)用程序的邏輯部分和外觀呈現(xiàn)部分清楚地分開；換句話，利用這個(gè)方式可以對(duì)模型、視圖和控制器這三種角色分別使用最合適的組件類型。Servlet、過(guò)濾器和監(jiān)聽器

Servlet是一種Java類，它使得服務(wù)器的功能可擴(kuò)展至處理請(qǐng)求和生成應(yīng)答。它是用Servlet API定義的類和接口實(shí)現(xiàn)的。API由兩個(gè)程序包組成：jvavax.servlet程序包包含獨(dú)立于協(xié)議的類和接口，而javax.servlet.http程序包則提供HTTP特定的擴(kuò)展的實(shí)用程序類。

Servlet的實(shí)質(zhì)是實(shí)現(xiàn)了接口javax.servlet.Servlet的類，實(shí)現(xiàn)是直接完成或通過(guò)擴(kuò)展某個(gè)支持類來(lái)完成的。該接口定義了Web容器用來(lái)管理servlet和與之交互的方法。用于處理HTTP請(qǐng)求的servlet一般情況下都會(huì)擴(kuò)展javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet類。該類實(shí)現(xiàn)了Servlet接口，并提供了使用HTTP處理的附加方法。Servlet的生命周期

Web容器管理servlet生命周期的所有方面。它根據(jù)需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建servlet類的實(shí)例、將請(qǐng)求傳遞給實(shí)例進(jìn)行處理，最終刪除實(shí)例。對(duì)于HttpServlet來(lái)說(shuō)，容器會(huì)在servlet生命周期的適當(dāng)時(shí)間調(diào)用方法。

除了doGet（）和doPost（）方法之外，還有一些對(duì)應(yīng)于其他HTTP方法的方法：doDelete（）、doHead（）、doOptiongs（）、doPut（）和doTrace（）。一般情況下不用實(shí)現(xiàn)這些方法，因?yàn)镠ttpServlet類已經(jīng)用適用于大多數(shù)servlet的方法考慮到了HEAD、OPTIONS和TRACE請(qǐng)求，而且DELETE和PUT這兩種HTTP方法很少用在Web應(yīng)用程序中。

沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(外文翻譯)容器只為每個(gè)Servlet創(chuàng)建一個(gè)實(shí)例非常重要。這意味著servlet必須是線程安全的—即，能夠同時(shí)處理多個(gè)請(qǐng)求，每個(gè)處理都通過(guò)servlet代碼作為單獨(dú)的線程來(lái)執(zhí)行。如果只在init（）和destroy（）方法中修改參考的對(duì)象，而且只在請(qǐng)求處理方法中讀取他們，那么不用喪失任何細(xì)節(jié)就可以滿足關(guān)于實(shí)例變量的這個(gè)要求。編譯和安裝servlet 要編譯servlet，必須首先確保JAR文件包含著CLASSPATH環(huán)境變量中所有Servlet API類。該JAR文件將隨所有的Web容器一起發(fā)布。Tomcat中包含了一個(gè)名為servlet.jar的JAR文件，位于common/lib目錄中。在Windows平臺(tái)中，應(yīng)在CLASSPATH中包含JAR文件。讀取請(qǐng)求

傳遞到doGet（）和doPost（）方法的參數(shù)之一是實(shí)現(xiàn)了HttpServletRequest接口的對(duì)象。該接口定義的方法可提供對(duì)關(guān)于請(qǐng)求的許多信息的訪問。生成應(yīng)答

除應(yīng)答對(duì)象之外，容器還將實(shí)現(xiàn)HttpServletRequest接口的對(duì)象作為icanshu傳遞給doGet（）和doPost（）方法。該接口定義了為應(yīng)答行為體獲取數(shù)序程序或流的方法。它還定義了設(shè)置應(yīng)答狀態(tài)代碼和首部的方法。使用過(guò)濾器和監(jiān)聽器

Servlet規(guī)范servlet內(nèi)定義了兩種組件類型：過(guò)濾器和監(jiān)聽器。這兩種類型是在Servlet 2.3規(guī)范中引入的，因此，如果你使用的是不支持該版本規(guī)范的容器，恐怕就不能繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)了。過(guò)濾器

過(guò)濾器是一種組件，可以解釋對(duì)servlet、JSP頁(yè)面或靜態(tài)頁(yè)面的請(qǐng)求以及發(fā)送給客戶端之前的應(yīng)答。這樣可以很容易地將應(yīng)用于所有請(qǐng)求的任務(wù)集中在一起，例如訪問控制、登錄和內(nèi)容的開銷或應(yīng)用提供的服務(wù)等。過(guò)濾器對(duì)請(qǐng)求與應(yīng)答的行為體和首部具有完全訪問權(quán)限，因此還可以執(zhí)行各種轉(zhuǎn)換。例如，如果Accept-Language請(qǐng)求

沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(外文翻譯)首部指出客戶端可以處理壓縮的應(yīng)答，那么過(guò)濾器就可以壓縮應(yīng)答的行為體。

過(guò)濾器可以應(yīng)用在特定servlet上，或匹配某種URL模式的所有請(qǐng)求上，例如以相同的路徑元素開頭或具有相同擴(kuò)展名的URL。監(jiān)聽器

監(jiān)聽器允許應(yīng)用程序?qū)μ囟ㄊ录龀龌貞?yīng)。Servlet 2.3之前，只能處理會(huì)話屬性綁定事件（在添加對(duì)象或從會(huì)話中刪除對(duì)象時(shí)）。實(shí)現(xiàn)監(jiān)聽器的方式是用保存為會(huì)話屬性（使用HttpSession.setAttribute()方法）的對(duì)象實(shí)現(xiàn)HttpSessionBinding-Listener接口。隨著Servlet規(guī)范的2.3版本中新接口的引入，可以為servlet環(huán)境和會(huì)話生命周期事件以及激活和鈍化事件（容器用來(lái)暫時(shí)將會(huì)話狀態(tài)保存在磁盤上或?qū)?huì)話移植到另一個(gè)服務(wù)器上）創(chuàng)建監(jiān)聽器。使用新的會(huì)話屬性事件監(jiān)聽器還可以在一個(gè)位置上處理所有會(huì)話的屬性綁定事件，而不是在每個(gè)會(huì)話中防止單獨(dú)的監(jiān)聽器對(duì)象。

新類型的監(jiān)聽器遵循的是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Java事件模型。換句話說(shuō)，監(jiān)聽器是實(shí)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)或多個(gè)監(jiān)聽器接口的類。接口定義的是事件相應(yīng)的方法。當(dāng)應(yīng)用程序啟動(dòng)是，容易會(huì)注冊(cè)監(jiān)聽器類，然后該容器會(huì)在合適的事件調(diào)用那些事件方法。使用監(jiān)聽器初始化共享資源

Bean一般都有需要在使用之前進(jìn)行初始化。例如，它們可能需要對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)或某些其他外部數(shù)據(jù)源的引用，還可能在內(nèi)存中創(chuàng)建一個(gè)初始消息緩存，以便即使是第一個(gè)請(qǐng)求數(shù)據(jù)也可以提供更快的訪問。可以在需要共享資源的servlet和JSP頁(yè)面中包含初始化共享資源的代碼，但是更標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的方法是在一個(gè)位置放置所有這些代碼，并在假設(shè)資源已經(jīng)初始化和可用的情況下，使應(yīng)用程序的其他部分可以正常工作。應(yīng)用程序生命周期監(jiān)聽器是此類資源初始化的絕好工具。此類監(jiān)聽器實(shí)現(xiàn)了javax.servlet.ServletContextListener接口，當(dāng)應(yīng)用程序啟動(dòng)和關(guān)閉時(shí)會(huì)由容器調(diào)用該接口的方法。

為每個(gè)任務(wù)選擇正確的組件類型

在之前介紹的項(xiàng)目公告牌應(yīng)用程序是相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的應(yīng)用程序。頁(yè)面的一般都是純粹的控制器和商務(wù)邏輯處理，它訪問數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)以對(duì)用戶進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證，而且多數(shù)頁(yè)面都需

沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(外文翻譯)要訪問控制。在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，它可能會(huì)包含更多的頁(yè)面，例如，用于訪問共享文檔檔案、事件表的頁(yè)面和用于管理的一組頁(yè)面等。由于應(yīng)用程序在不斷地發(fā)展變化，因此可能變得很難作為純JSP應(yīng)用程序來(lái)維護(hù)。例如，很容易忘記在新頁(yè)面中包含訪問控制代碼。

很明顯，這種應(yīng)用程序可以從使用JSP頁(yè)面與組件類型的組合中受益，其中組件類型由用于MVC角色的servlet規(guī)范所定義。下面看一下主要的要求，并了解如何將他們映射到適當(dāng)?shù)慕M件類型上：

? 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)訪問應(yīng)該是抽象的，從而避免料接應(yīng)用程序中多個(gè)部分的特定數(shù)據(jù)模式或數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)引擎：模型角色中的bean可以用來(lái)完成這種認(rèn)知。

? 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)訪問bean必須在應(yīng)用程序啟動(dòng)時(shí)可用于所有其他的部分：應(yīng)用程序生命周期時(shí)間監(jiān)聽器是用了該任務(wù)的完美的組件類型。

? 只有通過(guò)驗(yàn)證的用戶才允許使用應(yīng)用程序：過(guò)濾器可以完成訪問控制以滿足該要求。

? 用Java代碼進(jìn)行請(qǐng)求處理效果最佳：servlet作為控制器正符合需要。? 必須很容易改編外觀呈現(xiàn)：這正是JSP的反光點(diǎn)，也就是作為視圖。將servlet、監(jiān)聽器和過(guò)濾器混合起來(lái)，就將JSP頁(yè)面對(duì)復(fù)雜邏輯的需求降到了最低。將這些代碼放置到Java類中后，就可以使用普通的Java編譯程序和調(diào)試程序來(lái)修復(fù)潛在的問題。

使用servlet集中處理請(qǐng)求

將servlet作為所有應(yīng)用程序請(qǐng)求的公共入口時(shí)，可以獲得對(duì)應(yīng)用程序頁(yè)面流的整體控制。Servlet可以根據(jù)所請(qǐng)求行為的結(jié)果來(lái)決定要生成的應(yīng)答類型，例如，為所有失敗的請(qǐng)求返回公共的錯(cuò)誤頁(yè)面，或者根據(jù)發(fā)出請(qǐng)求的客戶端返回不同的應(yīng)答等。在某些使用程序類的幫助下，servlet還可以提供諸如輸入驗(yàn)證、J18N準(zhǔn)備之類的服務(wù)，而且通常會(huì)鼓勵(lì)使用更有效率的方法來(lái)請(qǐng)求處理。

當(dāng)使用servlet作為控制器時(shí)，必須處理下列基本要求： ? 所有處理請(qǐng)求必須傳遞到單獨(dú)的控制器servlet中。

沈陽(yáng)航空航天大學(xué)北方科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(外文翻譯)? Servlet必須能夠區(qū)分請(qǐng)求，以便進(jìn)行不同類型的處理。

下面是其他一些你可能希望支持的功能，即使并非所有應(yīng)用程序都要求： ? 擴(kuò)展應(yīng)用程序以便以更靈活的方式支持新類型的請(qǐng)求處理。? 在不修改代碼的情況下改變應(yīng)用程序頁(yè)面流的機(jī)制。

當(dāng)然，你可以自己開發(fā)滿足這些要求的servlet，但是已經(jīng)有開源式servlet了，他們可以滿足所有這些要求，甚至還有更多的功能。將應(yīng)用程序請(qǐng)求映射到servlet 使用控制器servlet的第一個(gè)要求是所有請(qǐng)求必須都經(jīng)過(guò)該servlet。該要求可以通過(guò)多種方式來(lái)滿足。如果你以前曾經(jīng)使用過(guò)servlet，那么你可能習(xí)慣于用以/myApp/servlet開頭的URI來(lái)調(diào)用servlet。這是由Sun公司的Java Web Server（JWS）所引入的一個(gè)約定，JWS是在推出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)API之前第一個(gè)支持servlet的產(chǎn)品。今天，大部分servlet容器都支持這個(gè)約定，即使servlet規(guī)范中并沒有正式的定義。

第二篇：網(wǎng)站建設(shè)技術(shù)外文翻譯（精選）

原文：

On site construction technology.Introduction

The development of network technology for today's global information exchange and sharing funding source in the establishment of contacts and provide more channels and possible.Homes will be known world affairs, according few keyboard or a few mouse clicks can be distant friends thousands of miles away exchanges, and online communications, Internet browsing, on-line interactive, e-commerce has become a modern part of people's lives.Internet era, has created the new people's work and lifestyle, the Internet, openness and sharing of information model, breaking the traditional mode of information dissemination many barriers for people with new opportunities.With computers and the advent of the information age, the pace of the advance of human society in gradually accelerated.In recent years the development of web design, fast people occupied.With the development of web design, a colorful online website together one scenic beauty.To design aesthetic and practical web site should be thoroughly master the building techniques.In building site, we analyzed the websites of objectives, contents, functions, structure, the application of more web design technology.2.the definition of website

How definition of websites 2.1

Web site identified the tasks and objectives, the building site is the most important issue.Why people will come to your website? You have a unique service? The first people to your website is to what? They will come back? All these issues must be taken into account when the site definition of the problem.Definition site to, first of all, the entire site must have a clear understanding of what the design should understand in the end, the main purpose of the mission, how to carry out the task of organization and planning.Second, to maintain the high-quality Web site.Many websites in the face of strong competition from high-quality product is the greatest long-term competitive advantage.An excellent Web site should have the following:

(1)users visit Web site is faster.(2)attention to the feedback and updates.To update the content of the website and timely feedback the user's requirements;

(3)Home design to be reasonable.Home to the first impression left by visitors is important, the design must be attractive in order to have a good visual effect.2.2 The contents of the website and function

The content of the web site is to be a new, fast, all three sides.The content of the website, including the type of static, dynamic, functional and things to deal with.Website content is determined in accordance with the nature of the site, in the design of the site, commercial websites, popular science site, company websites, teaching and exchange websites, the content and style are different.We have established websites with the nature of these types of sites are not the same.2.3 The structure website(1)site structure;

(2)definition of navigation;(3)Visual Design;

(4)framework and design pages.3.Site Design and Implementation

With increasing demands on design, high style, high-grade design work before gaining popularity.This also to the designers have put forward higher requirements, from this point of view, the plate design is to meet the requirements of the people should be and Health.The rapid development of science and technology, the Internet into millions of households, also produced a new design space, and a new web design an important part of the field of design.Excellent web design, we must have good creative, so that the audience can be difficult to shift attention long time, produce power.Layout is very important, through text, graphics space portfolio, can best express harmony with the United States.If you want to further understand website design, made separately from other web site's homepage, you need to have more like CSS, javascript, CGI, and other web design technology.In building on the site of the CSS, javascript and other web design technology.CSS 3.1 Application Design website

(1)What is CSS? CSS is a style sheet(stylesheet)technology.Some of them called CSS(Cascading Stylesheet).(2)the combination of CSS and HTML form.Mode 1: The CSS content, as defined in the writing between the labels.Mode 2: CSS will be preserved as a separate text file, and then from labels to call.(3)CSS the web site of examples.The web site pages, and increase the following definition so that the pages show with special effects.3.2 Application Design website javascript

Javascript and the emergence of making information between users is not only a display and browse the relationship, but to achieve a real-time, dynamic, cross-expression.Thus based on the CGI static HTML pages will be to provide dynamic real-time information, and customer response to the operation of the Web pages replaced.javascript scripting is satisfy this demand arising from the language.It's loved by extensive user.Many scripting language it is in a relatively good..A.S.Boranbayev, Optimal Methods for Java Web Services, News of the National Academy of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 5(2007), 38-43.

第三篇：網(wǎng)站遠(yuǎn)程管理外文翻譯

湖北大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯

外文翻譯：

淺談網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的遠(yuǎn)程控制

原文來(lái)源：

Rabiner, L.R.;Gold, B.Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2009 p.譯文正文：

摘要：在網(wǎng)絡(luò)高速發(fā)展的今天，隨著計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用的普及，遠(yuǎn)程控制也逐漸被人們所關(guān)注。遠(yuǎn)程控制是網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一大優(yōu)勢(shì)，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理、遠(yuǎn)程協(xié)作、遠(yuǎn)程辦公等計(jì)算機(jī)領(lǐng)域都有著廣泛的應(yīng)用，它進(jìn)一步克服了由于地域性的差異而帶來(lái)的操作中的不便性，使得網(wǎng)絡(luò)的效率得到了更大的發(fā)揮。遠(yuǎn)程控制可通過(guò)多種方法加以實(shí)現(xiàn)。關(guān)鍵詞：遠(yuǎn)程控制；遙控操作；技術(shù)應(yīng)用；實(shí)現(xiàn)方法 計(jì)算機(jī)遠(yuǎn)程控制

計(jì)算機(jī)遠(yuǎn)程控制是在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上由一臺(tái)電腦(主控端Remote／客戶端)遠(yuǎn)距離去控制另一臺(tái)電腦(被控端Host／J]服務(wù)器端)的技術(shù)?。這里的遠(yuǎn)程不是字面意思的遠(yuǎn)距離，而是指通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)對(duì)遠(yuǎn)端的計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)施遙控。

遠(yuǎn)程控制只是通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)操縱計(jì)算機(jī)的一種手段而已，只要運(yùn)用得當(dāng)，操縱遠(yuǎn)程的計(jì)算機(jī)也就如同你操縱眼前正在使用的計(jì)算機(jī)一樣沒有任何區(qū)別。當(dāng)操作者使用主控端電腦控制被控端電腦時(shí)，就如同坐在被控端電腦的屏幕前一樣，可以啟動(dòng)被控端電腦的應(yīng)用程序，可以使用被控端電腦的文件資料，甚至可以利用被控端電腦的外部打印設(shè)備和通信設(shè)備來(lái)進(jìn)行打印和訪問互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中主控端電腦只是將鍵盤和鼠標(biāo)的指令傳送給遠(yuǎn)程電腦，同時(shí)將被控端電腦的屏幕畫面通過(guò)通信線回傳過(guò)來(lái)。也就是說(shuō)，我們控制被控端電腦進(jìn)行操作似乎是在眼前的電腦上進(jìn)行的，實(shí)質(zhì)是在遠(yuǎn)程的電腦中實(shí)現(xiàn)的，不論打開文件，還是上網(wǎng)瀏覽、下載，所有的資料和上網(wǎng)等都是存儲(chǔ)在遠(yuǎn)程的被控端電腦中的。

實(shí)行遠(yuǎn)程控制，實(shí)際上就是一個(gè)服務(wù)器程序(以下簡(jiǎn)稱被控程序)和一個(gè)客戶程序(以下簡(jiǎn)稱主控程序)，被控方即為服務(wù)器程序，它監(jiān)聽客戶的請(qǐng)求，并做出處理；主控方即為客戶程序，它連接上服務(wù)器后，發(fā)出自己的請(qǐng)求，服務(wù)器便根據(jù)客戶的請(qǐng)求做出不同的響應(yīng)。遠(yuǎn)程控制系統(tǒng)組成如圖1所示。

當(dāng)今的遠(yuǎn)程控制技術(shù)支持的網(wǎng)絡(luò)方式有：LAN、WAN、撥號(hào)方式、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)方式。此外，有的遠(yuǎn)程控制軟件還支持通過(guò)串口、并口、紅外端口來(lái)對(duì)遠(yuǎn)程機(jī)進(jìn)行控制。遠(yuǎn)程控制克服了由于地域性的差異而帶來(lái)的操作中的不便性，使得網(wǎng)絡(luò)的效率得到了更大的發(fā)揮。

2遠(yuǎn)程控制的技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)

2．1遠(yuǎn)程控制的原理

“只要網(wǎng)絡(luò)有通路就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程控制”，遠(yuǎn)程控制必須通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)才能進(jìn)行。位于本地的、已被安裝了客戶端程序的主控端是操縱指令的發(fā)出端，它像一個(gè)普通客戶一樣向非本地、安裝了服務(wù)器端程序的被控端發(fā)出信號(hào)，建立并通過(guò)一個(gè)特殊的遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)，使用各種遠(yuǎn)程控制功能發(fā)送遠(yuǎn)程控制命令，控制被控端電腦中的各種應(yīng)用程序運(yùn)行，使得被控端按照主控端的 要求進(jìn)行各種操作，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程控制的目的。圖2遠(yuǎn)程控制示意圖

湖北大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯

通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)實(shí)現(xiàn)的遠(yuǎn)程控制示意圖如圖2所示。

2．2遠(yuǎn)程控制實(shí)現(xiàn)方法

2．2．1 利用微軟Windows XP系統(tǒng)中遠(yuǎn)程控制功能

每臺(tái)Windows XP電腦都同時(shí)包括客戶端和服務(wù)器端，也就是說(shuō)它既可以當(dāng)成客戶端來(lái)連接其他的Windows XP電腦，也可以將自己當(dāng)成服務(wù)器端，讓別的電腦來(lái)控制自己。服務(wù)器端的系統(tǒng)都是使用Windows XP，而客戶端就可以是Windows XP、Windows 2000或者Windows Me，并且對(duì)客戶端沒有語(yǔ)言的限制。用戶可以利用遠(yuǎn)程桌面通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)遠(yuǎn)程計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行控制，控制后可以訪問所有應(yīng)用程序、文件和網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源等。

2．2．2利用一些功能強(qiáng)大的遠(yuǎn)程控制軟件。

遠(yuǎn)程控制技術(shù)發(fā)展到今天，產(chǎn)生了許多優(yōu)秀的遠(yuǎn)程控制軟件，有提供多層次安全防護(hù)的遠(yuǎn)程遙控軟件，還有加速遠(yuǎn)程遙控操作軟件，以及更加利于快速文檔傳送的控制軟件。還有如“RemotelyAnywhere”只需在服務(wù)器端一次性安裝，客戶端在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中不需要再增加任何軟件，就可以直接通過(guò)瀏覽器來(lái)對(duì)服務(wù)器進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程控制。它不僅僅只是讓客戶端能夠遠(yuǎn)程控制服務(wù)器的桌面，還可以給多個(gè)用戶設(shè)置不同的權(quán)限，以便讓他們根據(jù)授權(quán)對(duì)服務(wù)器的文件管理器、注冊(cè)表等項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行查詢和管理；它允許服務(wù)器和客戶端之間傳遞剪貼板，也可實(shí)現(xiàn)普通文檔的傳送。另外，一些集遠(yuǎn)程控制、數(shù)據(jù)通信和文件傳輸?shù)裙δ苡谝惑w，具有很高的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸效率和系統(tǒng)安全保障的遠(yuǎn)程控制系統(tǒng)正在被推廣。

2．2．3根據(jù)實(shí)際需求開發(fā)實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程控制

自行開發(fā)實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程控制，涉及主控機(jī)和受控機(jī)，故采用Client／Server結(jié)構(gòu)。可以用Delphi編程環(huán)境分別在兩臺(tái)不同的電腦上編制控制和被控制程序，一個(gè)為Clientdpr．exe，裝在受控機(jī)上；另一個(gè)為Serverdpr．exe，裝在主控機(jī)上。Serverdpr．exe指定要監(jiān)視的受控機(jī)的IP地址和發(fā)送指令給客戶機(jī)的Clientdpr．exe，客戶機(jī)的Clientdpr．exe得到指令后，接著在本機(jī)執(zhí)行相應(yīng)指令，將結(jié)果返回給主控機(jī)。主控方的功能是這樣實(shí)現(xiàn)的：讀取命令串一將命令串轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)組一清除內(nèi)存流一指定目標(biāo)計(jì)算機(jī)(通過(guò)讀取所輸入的IP地址)一將指令碼發(fā)送給目標(biāo)計(jì)算機(jī)。當(dāng)主控機(jī)將指令發(fā)給受控機(jī)后，受控機(jī)將在本機(jī)上調(diào)用Windows的應(yīng)用程序接口API函數(shù)以執(zhí)行所接收的指令。當(dāng)受控機(jī)接收到數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，便開始執(zhí)行主控機(jī)發(fā)送的操作。具體操作是這樣的：讀取控制碼_+識(shí)別控制碼一執(zhí)行相應(yīng)的過(guò)程或API函數(shù)以達(dá)到相應(yīng)的功能。結(jié)束語(yǔ)

遠(yuǎn)程控制雖然可以方便地操縱遠(yuǎn)程計(jì)算機(jī)，給人們帶來(lái)很多便利，但它也會(huì)由此帶來(lái)安全方面的隱患。隨著遠(yuǎn)程控制市場(chǎng)的成熟，網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全變得越發(fā)重要，只有徹底解決這一關(guān)鍵問題，才能促進(jìn)遠(yuǎn)程控制真正走向應(yīng)用。

湖北大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯

Remote control of network

Abstract: The rapid development of the network today, with the popularization of computer applications, remote control have gradually been of concern to the people.Network remote control is a major advantage in network management, remote collaboration, remote office and other computer fields have a wide range of applications, it further to overcome regional differences in the operation brought the inconvenience, making the network efficiency Given greater play.Remote control can be achieved through a variety of ways.Keywords: remote control;remote operation;technology;Implementation 1 computer remote control

Computer remote control is on the network by a computer(host Remote / Client)remote to control another computer technology.Here is not the literal meaning of the long-distance remote, but rather through the network to the remote computer on the implementation of remote control.Remote control is to manipulate the computer through the network as a means only, if used properly, will control the remote computer as you manipulate the front of the computer being used as there is no difference.When the operator using the host computer control host computer to host computer as if sitting in front of the screen as the computer can start the host application, you can use the host computer documentation, or even Host computer using the external printing device and communications equipment to print and access the Internet.In this process, host computer is just a keyboard and mouse commands sent to the remote computer, while host computer's screen image come through the communication line return.That is, we control the host computer to operate in front of the computer seems to be carried out, in essence, a remote computer to achieve, whether to open the file, or Web browsing, downloading, all the information and the Internet are all Stored in the remote host computer.Implementation of remote control, in fact, a server program(hereinafter referred to as charged program)and a client(hereinafter referred to as master control program), the prosecution is the server program that listens to customer requests, and to deal with it;Master Is the client side, it is connected to the server, to make their request, the server will be made according to customer's request a different response.Remote control system shown in Figure 1.Today's technical support network remote control methods are: LAN, WAN, dial-up Internet way.In addition, some remote control software also supports serial, parallel, infrared port to control a remote machine.Remote control to overcome regional differences in the operation brought the inconvenience, make the network to play a greater efficiency.2 remote control technology 2.1 Principles of remote control

“As long as the network has access to connect remote control ”, remote control must be carried out through the network.At local, has been installed, the host is a client program to issue control instructions side, it is the same as an ordinary customer to non-local, the installation of the host server program signals, and through the establishment of a special Remote service, using a variety of remote control function to send a remote control command, control, host computers running various applications, making the host in accordance with the master's

湖北大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯

Requirements for various operations, in order to achieve the remote control.Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the remote control

Remote control through the network diagram shown in Figure 2.2.2Implementation of Remote Control 2.2.1 Microsoft Windows XP system using the remote control function

Windows XP computers each include both client and server side, meaning that both can be used as a client to connect to other Windows XP computer, you can also themselves as the server side, so that other computer to control themselves.Server systems are using Windows XP, the client can be Windows XP, Windows 2000 or Windows Me, and the client without language restrictions.Users can use the Remote Desktop computer through the network to the remote control, after controlling for access to all applications, files and network resources.2.2.2 using some powerful remote control software.Remote control technology to today, have a lot of great remote control software, providing multi-level security protection for remote control software, as well as speed up the remote control operating software, and more conducive to the rapid document transmission control software.Also, as “RemotelyAnywhere” just a one-time installation on the server side, the client in the network do not need to add any software to connect directly through the browser on the server for remote control.It is not just the client to remotely control the server's desktop, but also can set different permissions for multiple users so that they are under the authority of the server's file manager, registry, query and manage projects;it allows the server and Clipboard passed between the client can also be transmitted to achieve common document.In addition, some set of remote control, data communications and file transfer and other functions into one, with high data transmission efficiency and system security remote control system is being promoted.2.2.3 Development and implementation of the actual needs of the remote control

Develop their own remote control, involving the host computer and controlled machines, so the use of Client / Server structure.Delphi programming environment can be used separately on two different computers to be controlled preparation of control and procedures, one for Clientdpr.exe, installed in the controlled machine;one for Serverdpr.exe, installed in the main computer on.Serverdpr.exe designated to monitor the controlled machine IP address and send instructions to the client Clientdpr.exe, client Clientdpr.exe get command, and then execute the corresponding instructions in the machine, the results are returned to the host computer.Master side function is implemented as follows: Read command string into a string array of commands to clear the memory of a stream to a specified target computer(by reading the entered IP address)to send the script to a target computer.When the command sent to the host computer controlled machine, the machine will be controlled on the unit's application program interface calls Windows API functions to perform the received command.When the controlled unit receives the data, they begin to send the host computer operation.To do this: Read identification control code _ + implementation of the corresponding control code for a procedure or function to achieve the appropriate API function.3 Conclusion

Although the remote control can easily manipulate the remote computer, to bring a lot of convenience, but it also the resulting security risks.As the market matures remote control, network security becomes more important, only solve this critical issue, to really go for remote

control applications.

第四篇：社交網(wǎng)站_外文翻譯

社交網(wǎng)站

我們定義的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)站點(diǎn)作為基于Web的服務(wù)，允許個(gè)人：（1）有界系統(tǒng)內(nèi)構(gòu)建一個(gè)公共或半公共的配置文件。（2）闡明列表中的其他用戶，與他們共享一個(gè)連接。

（3）查看和遍歷他們的名單和那些由其他系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的連接。性質(zhì)和命名這些連接可能會(huì)有所不同，從站點(diǎn)到站點(diǎn)。

雖然我們使用的術(shù)語(yǔ)―社交網(wǎng)站‖來(lái)形容這種現(xiàn)象，―社交網(wǎng)站‖也出現(xiàn)在公共話語(yǔ)中，經(jīng)常交替使用這兩個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。我們選擇不采用―聯(lián)網(wǎng)‖的原因有兩個(gè)：重點(diǎn)和范圍。―物聯(lián)網(wǎng)‖強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系啟動(dòng)，往往陌生人之間。雖然網(wǎng)絡(luò)是可能在這些網(wǎng)站上，它是不是主要的做法，他們中的許多，也不是有什么區(qū)別他們從其他形式的計(jì)算機(jī)中介傳播（CMC）。

是什么讓獨(dú)特的社交網(wǎng)站并不是說(shuō)他們?cè)试S個(gè)人見陌生人，而是他們讓使用者能夠表達(dá)，使人們看到他們的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致個(gè)人之間的連接，否則不會(huì)進(jìn)行，但往往不是我們的目標(biāo)，而這些會(huì)議之間―的潛在關(guān)系‖（Haythornthwaite，2005年）誰(shuí)分享一些脫機(jī)連接頻繁。許多大型SNS網(wǎng)站，參與者不一定―網(wǎng)絡(luò)‖或?qū)ふ遥詽M足新的人，相反，它們是人誰(shuí)已經(jīng)擴(kuò)展社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一部分，他們的主要溝通。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)這一點(diǎn)明確的社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這些網(wǎng)站作為一個(gè)重要的組織特征，我們將它們標(biāo)記―社交網(wǎng)站‖。

雖然SNS網(wǎng)站已經(jīng)實(shí)施了各種各樣的技術(shù)特點(diǎn)，他們的骨干組成可見型材顯示鉸接式的Friends1誰(shuí)也系統(tǒng)的用戶列表。配置文件是獨(dú)特的網(wǎng)頁(yè)，人們可以―輸入自己的應(yīng)運(yùn)而生‖（松登，2003年，第3頁(yè)）。在加入一個(gè)SNS，一個(gè)人被要求填寫表格，包含了一系列的問題。回答這些問題，這些問題通常包括描述符，如年齡，位置，興趣，和一個(gè)―關(guān)于我‖一節(jié)使用該配置文件。大多數(shù)網(wǎng)站還鼓勵(lì)用戶上傳的個(gè)人資料照片。有些網(wǎng)站允許用戶添加多媒體內(nèi)容，或修改他們的個(gè)人資料的外觀和感覺，以提高他們的檔案。其他，如Facebook，允許用戶添加模塊（―應(yīng)用程序‖），提高他們的個(gè)人資料。

在一個(gè)檔案中的知名度不同的網(wǎng)站，并根據(jù)用戶的自由裁量權(quán)。默認(rèn)情況下，型材Friendster和Tribe.net被搜索引擎抓取，使他們的人看到，無(wú)論是否觀眾有一個(gè)帳戶。另外，LinkedIn的控制的基礎(chǔ)上，他或她是否有付費(fèi)帳戶，觀眾可能會(huì)看到什么。像MySpace允許用戶來(lái)選擇他們是否希望他們的個(gè)人資料，以成為公眾或―朋友只。‖F(xiàn)acebook的一個(gè)不同的方法默認(rèn)情況下，誰(shuí)是在相同的―網(wǎng)絡(luò)‖的一部分用戶可以查看對(duì)方的輪廓，除非一個(gè)輪廓所有者已決定拒絕那些在其網(wǎng)絡(luò)的權(quán)限。結(jié)構(gòu)變化的可視性和訪問社交網(wǎng)站區(qū)別于對(duì)方的主要方式之一。

加入一個(gè)社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)站點(diǎn)后，會(huì)提示用戶識(shí)別系統(tǒng)與他們有關(guān)系的人在。這些關(guān)系的不同而有所不同的標(biāo)簽對(duì)網(wǎng)站熱門詞匯，包括―朋友‖，―聯(lián)系人‖和―粉絲‖，大多數(shù)SNS網(wǎng)站需要雙向確認(rèn)的友誼，但有些則沒有。這些單向的關(guān)系有時(shí)會(huì)標(biāo)示為―粉絲‖或―關(guān)注‖，但許多網(wǎng)站稱這些朋友。

―朋友‖一詞是誤導(dǎo)，因?yàn)檫B接并不一定意味著在日常白話感的友誼，人們連接的原因是多種多樣的（博伊德，2006A）。

公共顯示器的連接是SNS網(wǎng)站的重要組成部分。好友列表中包含鏈接到每個(gè)朋友的個(gè)人資料，使觀眾通過(guò)點(diǎn)擊好友列表遍歷網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖。在大多數(shù)網(wǎng)站，好友列表是可見的人誰(shuí)被允許查看配置文件，但也有例外。例如，一些MySpace的用戶已經(jīng)破解隱藏好友顯示他們的個(gè)人資料，LinkedIn允許用戶選擇退出顯示其網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

大多數(shù)SNS網(wǎng)站還提供了一種機(jī)制，用戶朋友的個(gè)人資料上留下消息。此功能通常涉及離開―的評(píng)論，‖雖然網(wǎng)站使用此功能的各種標(biāo)簽。此外，SNS網(wǎng)站往往有一個(gè)私人消息功能類似的webmail。雖然私人消息和評(píng)論上流行的主要SNS網(wǎng)站，他們尚未普及。

并非所有的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)站等開始。

QQ作為中國(guó)的即時(shí)通訊服務(wù)，LunarStorm開始作為一個(gè)社區(qū)網(wǎng)站，賽我網(wǎng)作為韓國(guó)的討論區(qū)工具，以及環(huán)訊（原Skyblog）的加入SNS功能，是法國(guó)前博客服務(wù)。

Classmates.com，學(xué)校聯(lián)營(yíng)公司在1995年推出的一個(gè)目錄，開始支持SNS網(wǎng)站走紅后，鉸接式好友列表。在2005-2006年與SNS的功能和結(jié)構(gòu)，然后再重新啟動(dòng)，MiGente AsianAvenue，BlackPlanet早期流行的民族社區(qū)網(wǎng)站與好友的功能有限。

雖然SNS網(wǎng)站的設(shè)計(jì)通常是普及，許多吸引同質(zhì)人群最初，因此它并不少見找到組使用網(wǎng)站分開自己的國(guó)籍，年齡，教育程度，或其他因素，通常段的社會(huì)（Hargittai，這個(gè)問題）即使那是在沒有設(shè)計(jì)師的意圖。字的口碑策略有吸引力，因?yàn)樗麄兘Y(jié)合消費(fèi)者克服阻力顯著降低成本和快速的交付，尤其是通過(guò)技術(shù)，如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的前景。不幸的是，目前scantregarding經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)的相對(duì)有效性口碑營(yíng)銷提高企業(yè)績(jī)效隨著時(shí)間的推移。這就提出了一個(gè)需要研究企業(yè)如何測(cè)量WOM通信和口碑如何與其他形式的營(yíng)銷傳播效果。

字的口碑營(yíng)銷是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的一個(gè)特別突出的特點(diǎn)。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為消費(fèi)者提供了大量的場(chǎng)地，分享自己的觀點(diǎn)，喜好，或與別人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，以及公司利用口碑營(yíng)銷的機(jī)會(huì)。正如一位評(píng)論家指出，―折騰了數(shù)百萬(wàn)美元的超級(jí)碗廣告，而不是初出茅廬的dot-com公司正試圖通過(guò)吸引注意力的營(yíng)銷策略，如博客和[口碑]運(yùn)動(dòng)‖（2006年，惠特曼B3A頁(yè)）便宜得多。因此，重要的是要了解是否口碑才是真正有效的，如果是這樣，如何與傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)的影響比較。

萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)發(fā)展最快的舞臺(tái)之一是所謂的社交網(wǎng)站的空間。社交網(wǎng)站通常由一小群發(fā)送了邀請(qǐng)函，以自己的個(gè)人網(wǎng)絡(luò)的成員加入該網(wǎng)站的創(chuàng)始人發(fā)起的。反過(guò)來(lái)，新的

成員發(fā)送邀請(qǐng)到他們的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，等等。

因此，邀請(qǐng)函（即口碑推薦）網(wǎng)站獲得新的成員一直是最重要的推動(dòng)力。隨著社交網(wǎng)站的成熟，他們可能會(huì)開始增加他們的傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷工具的使用。因此，在這個(gè)階段，管理層可能會(huì)開始質(zhì)疑口碑的相對(duì)有效性。

本研究的目的是開發(fā)和估計(jì)一個(gè)模型，捕捉新成員收購(gòu)，口碑轉(zhuǎn)介，與傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷活動(dòng)之間的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系。在這樣做，我們提供一些貢獻(xiàn)。

首先，我們之間的第一次直接觀察到的口碑鏈接

吸納新客戶。其次，我們將展示如何配裝有口碑與傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷的措施（例如，增加口碑營(yíng)銷行動(dòng)的活動(dòng)，這反過(guò)來(lái)又增加了新的成員收購(gòu)）的直接影響和間接影響。我們經(jīng)驗(yàn)證明，我們的數(shù)據(jù)集，新加入的會(huì)員UPS，這些營(yíng)銷變量之間的內(nèi)生性。這突出表明，需要考慮到這些間接影響口碑與傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷的效果，以避免偏估計(jì)。第三，我們量化和對(duì)比口碑和傳統(tǒng)的營(yíng)銷行動(dòng)，立即和長(zhǎng)期彈性。特別是，我們結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)效果強(qiáng)的口碑在我們的數(shù)據(jù)文件。最后，我們估計(jì)貨幣價(jià)值附加到每個(gè)口碑推薦，提供一個(gè)上限的財(cái)政獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)管理可能會(huì)考慮提供口碑推薦。事實(shí)上，這種做法的播種或刺激口碑已迅速增長(zhǎng)，但這一活動(dòng)的有效性仍然很難量化（例如，戈德斯和Mayzlin 2004的）。

我們本文的其余部分組織如下：首先，我們總結(jié)前人的研究，以幫助的角度，把我們的貢獻(xiàn)。然后，我們描述我們的建模方法。接下來(lái)，我們提出了我們的實(shí)證分析的數(shù)據(jù)合作的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)社交網(wǎng)站，并提供理論和管理者的影響。特別是，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，口碑推薦強(qiáng)烈影響收購(gòu)新客戶，并具有比傳統(tǒng)的營(yíng)銷形式由該公司與3至7天（21天）顯著較長(zhǎng)的結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)。我們估計(jì)口碑的長(zhǎng)期彈性為0.53-約20-30倍，高于傳統(tǒng)營(yíng)銷的彈性。

Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship

danah m.boyd, Nicole B.Ellison

Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Volume 13, Issue 1, pages 210–230, October 2007

Social Network Sites: Definition We define social network sites as web-based services that allow individuals to(1)construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system,(2)articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and(3)view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system.The nature and nomenclature of these connections may vary from site to site.While we use the term ―social network site‖ to describe this phenomenon, the term ―social networking sites‖ also appears in public discourse, and the two terms are often used interchangeably.We chose not to employ the term ―networking‖ for two reasons: emphasis and scope.―Networking‖ emphasizes relationship initiation, often between strangers.While networking is possible on these sites, it is not the primary practice on many of them, nor is it what differentiates them from other forms of computer-mediated communication(CMC).What makes social network sites unique is not that they allow individuals to meet strangers, but rather that they enable users to articulate and make visible their social networks.This can result in connections between individuals that would not otherwise be made, but that is often not the goal, and these meetings are frequently between ―latent ties‖(Haythornthwaite, 2005)who share some offline connection.On many of the large SNSs, participants are not necessarily ―networking‖ or looking to meet new people;instead, they are primarily communicating with people who are already a part of their extended social network.To emphasize this articulated social network as a critical organizing feature of these sites, we label them ―social network sites.‖

While SNSs have implemented a wide variety of technical features, their backbone consists of visible profiles that display an articulated list of Friends1 who are also users of the system.Profiles are unique pages where one can ―type oneself into being‖(Sundén, 2003, p.3).After joining an SNS, an individual is asked to fill out forms containing a series of questions.The profile is generated using the answers to these questions, which typically include descriptors such as age, location, interests, and an ―about me‖ section.Most sites also encourage users to upload a profile photo.Some sites allow users to enhance their profiles by adding multimedia content or modifying their profile’s look and feel.Others, such as Facebook, allow users to add modules(―Applications‖)that enhance their profile.The visibility of a profile varies by site and according to user discretion.By default, profiles on Friendster and Tribe.net are crawled by search engines, making them visible to anyone, regardless of whether or not the viewer has an account.Alternatively, LinkedIn controls what a viewer may see based on whether she or he has a paid account.Sites like MySpace allow users to choose whether they want their profile to be public or ―Friends only.‖ Facebook takes a different approach—by default, users who are part of the same ―network‖ can view each other’s profiles, unless a profile owner has decided to deny permission to those in their network.Structural variations around visibility and access are one of the primary ways that SNSs differentiate themselves from each other.After joining a social network site, users are prompted to identify others in the system with whom they have a relationship.The label for these relationships differs depending on the site—popular terms include ―Friends,‖―Contacts,‖ and ―Fans.‖ Most SNSs require bi-directional confirmation for Friendship, but some do not.These one-directional ties are sometimes labeled as ―Fans‖ or ―Followers,‖ but many sites call these Friends as well.The term ―Friends‖ can be misleading, because the connection does not necessarily mean friendship in the everyday vernacular sense, and the reasons people connect are varied(boyd, 2006a).The public display of connections is a crucial component of SNSs.The Friends list contains links to each Friend’s profile, enabling viewers to traverse the network graph by clicking through the Friends lists.On most sites, the list of Friends is visible to anyone who is permitted to view the profile, although there are exceptions.For instance, some MySpace users have hacked their profiles to hide the Friends display, and LinkedIn allows users to opt out of displaying their network.Most SNSs also provide a mechanism for users to leave messages on their Friends’ profiles.This feature typically involves leaving ―comments,‖ although sites employ various labels for this feature.In addition, SNSs often have a private messaging feature similar to webmail.While both private messages and comments are popular on most of the major SNSs, they are not universally available.Not all social network sites began as such.QQ started as a Chinese instant messaging service, LunarStorm as a community site, Cyworld as a Korean discussion forum tool, and Skyrock(formerly Skyblog)was a French blogging service before adding SNS features.Classmates.com, a directory of school affiliates launched in 1995, began supporting articulated lists of Friends after SNSs became popular.AsianAvenue, MiGente, and BlackPlanet were early popular ethnic community sites with limited Friends functionality before re-launching in 2005–2006 with SNS features and structure.While SNSs are often designed to be widely accessible, many attract homogeneous populations initially, so it is not uncommon to find groups using sites to segregate themselves by nationality, age, educational level, or other factors that typically segment society(Hargittai, this issue), even if that was not the intention of the designers.Word-of-mouth communication strategies are appealing because they combine the prospect of overcoming consumer resistance with significantly lower costs and fast delivery—especially through technology, such as the Internet.Unfortunately, empirical evidence is currently scantregarding the relative effectiveness of WOM marketing in increasing firm performance over time.This raises the need to study how firms can measure the effects of WOM communications and how WOM compares with other forms of marketing communication.Word-of-mouth marketing is a particularly prominent feature on the Internet.The Internet provides numerous venues for consumers to share their views, preferences, or experiences with others, as well as opportunities for firms to take advantage of WOM marketing.As one commentator stated, ―Instead of tossing away millions of dollars on Superbowl advertisements, fledgling dot-com companies are trying to catch attention through much cheaper marketing strategies such as blogging and [WOM] campaigns‖(Whitman 2006, p.B3A).Thus, it is important to understand whether WOM is truly effective and, if so, how its impact compares with traditional marketing activities.One of the fastest-growing arenas of the World Wide Web is the space of so-called social networking sites.A social networking site is typically initiated by a small group of founders who send out invitations to join the site to the members of their own personal networks.In turn, new members send invitations to their networks, and so on.Thus, invitations(i.e., WOM referrals)have been the foremost driving force for sites to acquire new members.As social networking sites mature, they may begin to increase their use of traditional marketing tools.Therefore, management may begin to question the relative effectiveness of WOM at this stage.The objective of this research is to develop and estimate a model that captures the dynamic relationships among new member acquisition, WOM referrals, and traditional marketing activities.In doing so, we offer several contributions.First, we are among the first to link observed WOM directly to new customer acquisition.Second, we show how toincorporate both the direct effects and the indirect effects of WOM and traditional marketing actions(e.g., a marketing action increases WOM activity, which in turn increases new member acquisition).We empirically demonstrate, for our data set, the endogeneity among new member sign-ups and these marketing variables.This highlights the need to account for these indirect effects to avoid biased estimates for both WOM and traditional marketing effects.Third, we quantify and contrast the immediate and long-term elasticities of WOM and traditional marketing actions.In particular, we document strong carryover effects for WOM in our data.Finally, we attach an estimated monetary value to each WOM referral, providing an upper bound to the financial incentive management might consider offering for WOM referrals.Indeed, the practice of seeding or stimulating WOM has grown rapidly, but quantifying the effectiveness of this activity remains difficult(e.g., Godes and Mayzlin 2004).We organize the remainder of this article as follows: We begin by summarizing previous research to help put our contributions in perspective.We then describe our modeling approach.Next, we present our empirical analysis of the data from a collaborating Internet social networking site and offer implications for theory and managers.In particular, we find that WOM referrals strongly affect new customer acquisitions and have significantly longer carryover than traditional forms of marketing used by the firm(21 days versus 3 to 7 days).We estimate a long-term elasticity for WOM of.53—approximately 20–30 times higher than the elasticities for traditional marketing.

第五篇：外文翻譯-變速器設(shè)計(jì)

汽車變速器設(shè)計(jì)

----------外文翻譯

我們知道，汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在一定的轉(zhuǎn)速下能夠達(dá)到最好的狀態(tài)，此時(shí)發(fā)出的功率比較大，燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性也比較好。因此，我們希望發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)總是在最好的狀態(tài)下工作。但是，汽車在使用的時(shí)候需要有不同的速度，這樣就產(chǎn)生了矛盾。這個(gè)矛盾要通過(guò)變速器來(lái)解決。

汽車變速器的作用用一句話概括，就叫做變速變扭，即增速減扭或減速增扭。為什么減速可以增扭，而增速又要減扭呢？設(shè)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出的功率不變，功率可以表示為 N = wT，其中w是轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的角速度，T是扭距。當(dāng)N固定的時(shí)候，w與T是成反比的。所以增速必減扭，減速必增扭。汽車變速器齒輪傳動(dòng)就根據(jù)變速變扭的原理，分成各個(gè)檔位對(duì)應(yīng)不同的傳動(dòng)比，以適應(yīng)不同的運(yùn)行狀況。

一般的手動(dòng)變速器內(nèi)設(shè)置輸入軸、中間軸和輸出軸，又稱三軸式，另外還有倒檔軸。三軸式是變速器的主體結(jié)構(gòu)，輸入軸的轉(zhuǎn)速也就是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速，輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)速則是中間軸與輸出軸之間不同齒輪嚙合所產(chǎn)生的轉(zhuǎn)速。不同的齒輪嚙合就有不同的傳動(dòng)比，也就有了不同的轉(zhuǎn)速。例如鄭州日產(chǎn)ZN6481W2G型SUV車手動(dòng)變速器，它的傳動(dòng)比分別是：1檔3.704:１；2檔2.202:1；3檔1.414:1；4檔1:1；5檔（超速檔）0.802:1。

當(dāng)汽車啟動(dòng)司機(jī)選擇1檔時(shí)，撥叉將1/2檔同步器向后接合1檔齒輪并將它鎖定輸出軸上，動(dòng)力經(jīng)輸入軸、中間軸和輸出軸上的1檔齒輪，1檔齒輪帶動(dòng)輸出軸，輸出軸將動(dòng)力傳遞到傳動(dòng)軸上（紅色箭頭）。典型1檔變速齒輪傳動(dòng)比是3:1,也就是說(shuō)輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)3圈，輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)1圈。

當(dāng)汽車增速司機(jī)選擇2檔時(shí)，撥叉將1/2檔同步器與1檔分離后接合2檔齒輪并鎖定輸出軸上，動(dòng)力傳遞路線相似，所不同的是輸出軸上的1檔齒輪換成2檔齒輪帶動(dòng)輸出軸。典型2檔變速齒輪傳動(dòng)比是2.2:1，輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)2.2圈，輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)1圈，比1檔轉(zhuǎn)速增加，扭矩降低。

當(dāng)汽車加油增速司機(jī)選擇3檔時(shí)，撥叉使1/2檔同步器回到空檔位置，又使3/4檔同步器移動(dòng)直至將3檔齒輪鎖定在輸出軸上，使動(dòng)力可以從軸入軸—中間軸—輸出軸上的3檔變速齒輪，通過(guò)3檔變速齒輪帶動(dòng)輸出軸。典型3檔傳動(dòng)比是1.7:1，輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)1.7圈，輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)1圈，是進(jìn)一步的增速。

當(dāng)汽車加油增速司機(jī)選擇4檔時(shí)，撥叉將3/4檔同步器脫離3檔齒輪直接與輸入軸主動(dòng)齒輪接合，動(dòng)力直接從輸入軸傳遞到輸出軸，此時(shí)傳動(dòng)比1:1，即輸出軸與輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)速一樣。由于動(dòng)力不經(jīng)中間軸，又稱直接檔，該檔傳動(dòng)比的傳動(dòng)效率最高。汽車多數(shù)運(yùn)行時(shí)間都用直接檔以達(dá)到最好的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性。

換檔時(shí)要先進(jìn)入空檔，變速器處于空檔時(shí)變速齒輪沒有鎖定在輸出軸上，它們不能帶動(dòng)輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，沒有動(dòng)力輸出。

一般汽車手動(dòng)變速器傳動(dòng)比主要分上述1－4檔，通常設(shè)計(jì)者首先確定最低（1檔）與最高（4檔）傳動(dòng)比后，中間各檔傳動(dòng)比一般按等比級(jí)數(shù)分配。另外，還有倒檔和超速檔，超速檔又稱為5檔。

當(dāng)汽車要加速超過(guò)同向汽車時(shí)司機(jī)選擇5檔，典型5檔傳動(dòng)比是0.87:1，也就是用大齒輪帶動(dòng)小齒輪，當(dāng)主動(dòng)齒輪轉(zhuǎn)0.87圈時(shí)，被動(dòng)齒輪已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)完1圈了。

倒檔時(shí)輸出軸要向相反方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。如果一對(duì)齒輪嚙合時(shí)大家反向旋轉(zhuǎn)，中間加上一個(gè)齒輪就會(huì)變成同向旋轉(zhuǎn)。利用這個(gè)原理，倒檔就要添加一個(gè)齒輪做“媒介”，將軸的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)，因此就有了一根倒檔軸。倒檔軸獨(dú)立裝在變速器殼內(nèi)，與中間軸平行，當(dāng)軸上齒輪分別與中間軸齒輪和輸出軸齒輪嚙合時(shí)，輸出

軸轉(zhuǎn)向會(huì)相反。

通常倒檔用的同步器也控制5檔的接合，所以5檔與倒檔位置是在同一側(cè)的。由于有中間齒輪，一般變速器倒檔傳動(dòng)比大于1檔傳動(dòng)比，增扭大，有些汽車遇到陡坡用前進(jìn)檔上不去就用倒檔開上去。

從駕駛平順性考慮，變速器檔位越多越好，檔位多相鄰檔間的傳動(dòng)比的比值變化小，換檔容易而且平順。但檔位多的缺點(diǎn)就是變速器構(gòu)造復(fù)雜，體積大，現(xiàn)在輕型汽車變速器一般是4－5檔。同時(shí)，變速器傳動(dòng)比都不是整數(shù)，而是都帶小數(shù)點(diǎn)的，這是因?yàn)閲Ш淆X輪的齒數(shù)不是整倍數(shù)所致，兩齒輪齒數(shù)是整倍數(shù)就會(huì)導(dǎo)致兩齒輪嚙合面磨損不均勻，使得輪齒表面質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生較大的差異。

手動(dòng)變速器與同步器

手動(dòng)變速器是最常見的變速器，簡(jiǎn)稱MT。它的基本構(gòu)造用一句話概括，就是兩軸一中軸，即指輸入軸、軸出軸和中間軸，它們構(gòu)成了變速器的主體，當(dāng)然還有一根倒檔軸。手動(dòng)變速器又稱手動(dòng)齒輪式變速器，含有可以在軸向滑動(dòng)的齒輪，通過(guò)不同齒輪的嚙合達(dá)到變速變扭目的。典型的手動(dòng)變速器結(jié)構(gòu)及原理如下。

輸入軸也稱第一軸，它的前端花鍵直接與離合器從動(dòng)盤的花鍵套配合，從而傳遞由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)過(guò)來(lái)的扭矩。第一軸上的齒輪與中間軸齒輪常嚙合，只要軸入軸一轉(zhuǎn)，中間軸及其上的齒輪也隨之轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。中間軸也稱副軸，軸上固連多個(gè)大小不等的齒輪。輸出軸又稱第二軸，軸上套有各前進(jìn)檔齒輪，可隨時(shí)在操縱裝置的作用下與中間軸的對(duì)應(yīng)齒輪嚙合，從而改變本身的轉(zhuǎn)速及扭矩。輸出軸的尾端有花鍵與傳動(dòng)軸相聯(lián)，通過(guò)傳動(dòng)軸將扭矩傳送到驅(qū)動(dòng)橋減速器。

由此可知，變速器前進(jìn)檔位的驅(qū)動(dòng)路徑是：輸入軸常嚙齒輪－中間軸常嚙齒輪－中間軸對(duì)應(yīng)齒輪－第二軸對(duì)應(yīng)齒輪。倒車軸上的齒輪也可以由操縱裝置撥動(dòng)，在軸上移動(dòng)，與中間軸齒輪和輸出軸齒輪嚙合,以相反的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向輸出。

多數(shù)汽車都有5個(gè)前進(jìn)檔和一個(gè)倒檔，每個(gè)檔位有一定的傳動(dòng)比，多數(shù)檔位傳動(dòng)比大于1，第4檔傳動(dòng)比為1，稱為直接檔，而傳動(dòng)比小于1的第5檔稱為加速檔。空檔時(shí)輸出軸的齒輪處于非嚙合位置，無(wú)法接受動(dòng)力傳輸。

由于變速器輸入軸與輸出軸以各自的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)，變換檔位時(shí)合存在一個(gè)“同步”問題。兩個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)速度不一樣齒輪強(qiáng)行嚙合必然會(huì)發(fā)生沖擊碰撞，損壞齒輪。因此，舊式變速器的換檔要采用“兩腳離合”的方式，升檔在空檔位置停留片刻，減檔要在空檔位置加油門，以減少齒輪的轉(zhuǎn)速差。但這個(gè)操作比較復(fù)雜，難以掌握精確。因此設(shè)計(jì)師創(chuàng)造出“同步器”，通過(guò)同步器使將要嚙合的齒輪達(dá)到一致的轉(zhuǎn)速而順利嚙合。

目前全同步式變速器上采用的是慣性同步器，它主要由接合套、同步鎖環(huán)等組成，它的特點(diǎn)是依靠摩擦作用實(shí)現(xiàn)同步。接合套、同步鎖環(huán)和待接合齒輪的齒圈上均有倒角（鎖止角），同步鎖環(huán)的內(nèi)錐面與待接合齒輪齒圈外錐面接觸產(chǎn)生摩擦。鎖止角與錐面在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)已作了適當(dāng)選擇，錐面摩擦使得待嚙合的齒套與齒圈迅速同步，同時(shí)又會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種鎖止作用，防止齒輪在同步前進(jìn)行嚙合。當(dāng)同步鎖環(huán)內(nèi)錐面與待接合齒輪齒圈外錐面接觸后，在摩擦力矩的作用下齒輪轉(zhuǎn)速迅速降低（或升高）到與同步鎖環(huán)轉(zhuǎn)速相等，兩者同步旋轉(zhuǎn)，齒輪相對(duì)于同步鎖環(huán)的轉(zhuǎn)

速為零，因而慣性力矩也同時(shí)消失，這時(shí)在作用力的推動(dòng)下，接合套不受阻礙地與同步鎖環(huán)齒圈接合，并進(jìn)一步與待接合齒輪的齒圈接合而完成換檔過(guò)程

自動(dòng)變速器

自動(dòng)變速器的選擋桿相當(dāng)于手動(dòng)變速器的變速桿，一般有以下幾個(gè)擋位：P(停車)、R(倒擋)、N(空擋)、D(前進(jìn))、S(or2，即為2速擋)、L(or1，即為1速擋)。這幾個(gè)擋位的正確使用對(duì)于駕駛自動(dòng)變速器汽車的人來(lái)說(shuō)尤其重要，下面就讓我們一起來(lái)熟悉一下自動(dòng)變速器各擋位的使用要領(lǐng)。

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●P(停車擋)的使用

發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)只要選擋桿在行駛位置上，自動(dòng)變速器汽車就很容易地行走。而停放時(shí)，選擋桿必須扳入P位，從而通過(guò)變速器內(nèi)部的停車制動(dòng)裝置將輸出軸鎖住，并拉緊手制動(dòng)，防止汽車移動(dòng)。

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●R(倒擋)的使用

R位為倒擋，使用中要切記，自動(dòng)變速器汽車不像手動(dòng)變速器汽車那樣能夠使用半聯(lián)動(dòng)，故在倒車時(shí)要特別注意加速踏板的控制。

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●N(空擋)的使用

N位相當(dāng)于空擋，可在起動(dòng)時(shí)或拖車時(shí)使用。在等待信號(hào)或堵車時(shí)常常將選擋桿保持在D位，同時(shí)踩下制動(dòng)。若時(shí)間很短，這樣做是允許的，但若停止時(shí)間長(zhǎng)時(shí)最好換入N位，并拉緊手制動(dòng)。因?yàn)檫x擋桿在行駛位置上，自動(dòng)變速器汽車一般都有微弱的行駛趨勢(shì)，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間踩住制動(dòng)等于強(qiáng)行制止這種趨勢(shì)，使得變速器油溫升高，油液容易變質(zhì)。尤其在空調(diào)器工作、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)怠速較高的情況下更為不利。有些駕駛員為了節(jié)油，在高速行駛或下坡時(shí)將選擋桿扳到N位滑行，這很容易燒壞變速器，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)變速器輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)速很高，而發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)卻在怠速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，油泵供油不足，潤(rùn)滑狀況惡化，易燒壞變速器。

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●D(前進(jìn)擋)的使用

正常行駛時(shí)將選擋桿放在D位，汽車可在1～4擋(或3擋)之間自動(dòng)換擋。D位是最常用的行駛位置。需要掌握的是：由于自動(dòng)變速器是根據(jù)油門大小與車速高低來(lái)確定擋位的，所以加速踏板操作方法不同，換擋時(shí)的車速也不相同。如果起步時(shí)迅速將加速踏板踩下，升擋晚，加速能力強(qiáng)，到一定車速后，再將加速踏板很快松開，汽車就能立即升擋，這樣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)噪聲小，舒適性好。

D位的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)制低擋，便于高速時(shí)超車，在D位行駛中迅速將加速踏板踩到底，接通強(qiáng)制低擋開關(guān)就能自動(dòng)減擋，汽車很快加速，超車之后松

開加速踏板又可自動(dòng)升擋。

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●S、L位低擋的使用

自動(dòng)變速器在S位或L位上處于低擋范圍，可以在坡道等情況下使用。下坡時(shí)換入S位或L位能充分利用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)制動(dòng)，避免車輪制動(dòng)器過(guò)熱，導(dǎo)致制動(dòng)效能下降。但是從D位換入S位或L位時(shí)，車速不能高于相應(yīng)的升擋車速，否則發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)會(huì)強(qiáng)烈振動(dòng)，使變速器油溫急劇上升，甚至?xí)p壞變速器。

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另外在雨霧天氣時(shí)，若路面附著條件差，可以換入S位或L位，固定在某一低擋行駛，不要使用能自動(dòng)換擋的位置，以免汽車打滑。同時(shí)必須牢記，打滑時(shí)可將選擋桿推入N位，切斷發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力，以保證行車安全。

原文：

Transmission design

As we all know,automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good.Therefore, we hope that the engine is always in the best of conditions to work under.However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict.Transmission through this conflict to resolve.Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rate by increasing torsional.Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = wT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation, and T Niuju.When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the.Therefore, the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase.Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions.General to set up a manual gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as Daodang axis.Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between different from the speed.Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed.For example Zhengzhourichan ZN6481W2G manual transmission car-SUV, its transmission ratio are: 1 File 3.704:1;stalls 2.202:1;stalls 1.414:1;stalls 1:1 5 stalls(speeding file)0.802: 1.When drivers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitted to the drive shaft(red arrow).A typical stall Biansuchilun transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle.When the growth rate of car drivers choose two stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2-file synchronization and file a joint separation after 2 stall and lock the output shaft gear, power transmission line similar, the difference is that the output shaft gear of a stall 2 stall replaced by the output shaft gear driven.2 stall Biansuchilun typical transmission ratio is 2.2:1, 2.2 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle than a stall speed increase, lower torque.When refueling vehicle drivers growth stalls option 3, Plectrum to 1 / 2 back to the free file-synchronization position, and also allows the 3 / 4 file synchronization Mobile stall until 3 in the output shaft gear lock, power can be into the shaft axisthe output shaft of the three stalls Biansuchilun, led through three stalls Biansuchilun output shaft.3 stalls typical transmission ratio is 1.7:1, 1.7 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle is further growth.When car drivers Option 4 refueling growth stalls, Plectrum will be 3 / 4 from the 3-file synchronization stall gear directly with the input shaft gear joint initiative, and power transmission directly from the input shaft to the output shaft, the transmission ratio at 1:1, that the input shaft and output shaft speed the same.The driving force without intermediate shaft, also known as direct file, the file transmission than the

maximum transmission efficiency.Most cars run-time files are used directly to achieve the best fuel economy.Shift into the first interval when, in a free transmission when Biansuchilun output shaft is not locked in, they can not rotate the output shaft driven, not power output.General automotive manual transmission than the main 1-4 stalls, usually the first designers to determine the minimum(one stall)and maximum(4 files)transmission ratio, the middle stall drive by geometric progression than the general distribution.In addition, there are stalls Daodang and speeding, speeding file is also known as the five stalls.When the car to accelerate to more than car drivers with the choice of five stalls, and a typical five-transmission ratio is 0.87:1, which is driven by a pinion gear, the gear when the initiative to 0.87 zone, passive gear have been transferred to a circle of the End.Dao Dang, the opposite direction to the output shaft rotation.If one pair of meshing gears when we reverse rotation, with a middle gear, it will become the same to the rotation.Use of this principle, we should add a gear Daodang the “media” will be rotational direction reversed, it will have a Daodang axis.Daodang installed in the transmission shaft independent crust, and the intermediate shaft parallel axis gear with the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, will be contrary to the output shaft.Daodang usually used for the synchronization control also joins five stalls, stalls and Daodang 5 position in the same side.As a middle gear, the general transmission Daodang transmission ratio greater than 1 file transmission ratio, by twisting, steep slope with some vehicles encountered on the progress stalls falters with a Daodang boost.Ride from the driver of the considerations, better transmission stall, stall adjacent stall more than the transmission changes the ratio of small, and easy to shift smoothly.However, the shortcomings of the stalls is more transmission structure is complicated, bulky, light vehicle transmission is generally 4-5 stalls.At the same time, transmission ratio is not integral, but with all of the decimal point, it is because of the gear teeth meshing is not caused by the whole multiples of two gear teeth can lead to the whole multiples of two meshing gears of uneven wear, making the tooth surface quality have a greater difference.Manual transmission and synchronizer

Manual transmission is the most common transmission, or MT.Its basic structure sum up in one sentence, is a two-axle shaft, where input shaft, the shaft axis and intermediate shaft, which constitute the main body of the transmission and, of course, a Daodang axis.Manual transmission known as manual gear transmission, which can be in the axial sliding gears, the gears meshing different variable speed reached twisting purpose.Typical manual transmission structure and principles are as follows.Input shaft also said that the first axis, and its front-end Spline driven directly with the clutch disc sets with the Spline, by the transfer of torque from the engine.The first axis of the intermediate shaft and gears meshing gears often, as long as the shaft axis to a turn, the intermediate shaft and gear also will be rotating.Vice also said intermediate shaft axis, the axis-even more than the size gear.Also known as the second output shaft axis, the axis of various sets of gear stall progress can be manipulated at any time in the

role of the device and the corresponding intermediate shaft gear meshing, thus changing its speed and torque.With the end of the output shaft spline associated with the drive shaft through the drive shaft torque transmitted to the drive axle reducer.Thus, progress stalls drive transmission path is: input shaft gear often rodentscorresponding intermediate shaft gear-the second axis corresponding gear.Reversing the gear shaft can be manipulated by the device pick in the axis movement, and the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, to the contrary to the direction of rotation output.Most cars have five stalls and a Daodang forward, a certain degree of each stall transmission ratio, the majority of stalls transmission ratio greater than 1, 4 file transmission ratio of 1, known as direct stalls, and transmission ratio is less than 1 No.5 stall called accelerated stall.Free at the output shaft gear in a position of non-engagement, unacceptable power transmission.The transmission input shaft and output shaft rotational speed to their own, transform a stall when there is a “synchronous”.Two different rotational speed gear meshing force will impact the collision occurred, damage gear.Therefore, the old transmission shift to a “feet-off” approach, or stall on the location of the free stay for a while by stalls in the free position refueling doors, in order to reduce the speed differential gear.However, this operation is relatively more complicated and difficult to grasp accurate.So designers create a “synchronized,” and allows synchronization through the meshing of gears to be consistent speed and smooth meshing.At present Synchronous Transmission is based on the synchronization of inertia, mainly from joint sets, synchronous lock ring, and so on, it is characterized by friction on the role of synchronization.Splice sets Genlock engagement ring gear and the ring gear when it had Chamfer(Lock angle), Genlock within the cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear contact friction.Lock and cone angle has been made in the design of an appropriate choice to be made friction cone of the teeth meshing with the ring gear quickly sets pace at the same time will have a Lock role and to prevent the gears meshing in sync before.When synchronization lock cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear after contact in the effects of friction torque gear speed quickly lower(or higher)with the same speed synchronous lock ring, the two synchronous rotation of the gear Genlock Central zero speed, thus moment of inertia also disappear, then in force under the impetus of engagement sets unhindered and synchronization lock ring gear engagement, and further engagement with the question of gear engagement and the completion Gear Shift Process.The automatic gearbox The automatic gearbox chooses to block the pole the equal to moving the stick shift of the gearbox, having generally below several blocks:P(parking), R(pour to block), N(get empty to block), D(go forward), S(or2, namely for 2 block soon), L.(or1, namely for 1 block soon)This several an usage for blocking a right usages coming driver the automatic gearbox is automotive of person to say particularly important, underneath let us very much familiar with once automatic gearbox eachly blockings main theme.The usage of the P(the parking blocks)The launches the luck turns as long as choose to block the pole in driving the position, automatic gearbox car run about very easily.But park, choose to block the pole

must pull into of P, from but pass the internal parking system in gearbox moves the device will output the stalk lock lives, combining to tense the hand system move, preventing the car ambulation.The usage of the R(pour to block)R a control for is pouring blocking, using inside wanting slicing recording, automatic gearbox car unlike moving gearbox car so can using half moving, so while reversing the car wanting special attention accelerating pedal.The usage of the N(get empty to block)The N is equal to get empty to block, can while starting or hour of trailer usage.At wait for the signal or block up the car will often often choose to block the pole keeps in the of D, trampling at the same time the next system move.If time is very short, do like this is an admission of, but if stop the time long time had better change into of N, combine to tense the hand system moves.Because choose to block the pole in driving the position, the automatic gearbox car has generally and all to drive the trend faintly, long hours trample the system move same as a deterrent this kind of trend, make gearbox oil gone up, the oil liquid changes in character easily.Particularly in the air condition machine work, launch the soon higher circumstance in machine bottom more disadvantageous.Some pilots for the sake of stanza oil, at made good time or go down slope will choose to block the pole pull the of N skids, this burn the bad gearbox very easily, launching the machine to revolves soon in the however because the gearbox outputs at this time the stalk turns soon very high， the oil pump provides the oil shortage, lubricating the condition worsen, burn the bad gearbox easily.

The usage of the D(go forward to block)Will choose to block when is normal to drive the pole put in the of D, car can at 1 ～ 4 block(or 3 block)its change to block automatically.The of D drives the position most in common usely.What demand control is:Because the automatic gearbox is soon high and low with car to come to make sure to block according to the accelerator size a, so accelerate the pedal operation method is different, changing to block the hour of the car is soon too not same alike.If start hour quick accelerate the pedal tramples the bottom, rising to block the night, accelerating the ability is strong, arriving certain car soon behind, then will accelerate the pedal loosen to open very quickly, car can rise to block immediately, launch like this the machine voice is small, comfortable good.The another characteristics of the D is a compulsory low blocking, easy to high speed the hour overtakes a car, will accelerate quickly in of D drove the pedal trample after all, connect the compulsory low fend off the pass and then can reduce to block automatically, the car accelerates very quickly, after overtaking a car loosen to open the pedal of acceleration to can rise to block automatically again.The usage of the S, of L low the usage that block The automatic gearbox in in is placed in the low blocking the scope on of S or of Ls, can usage under an etc.circumstance.It change to can make use of to launch well into of S or of Ls the mechanism move, avoiding the car wheel system move the machine over hot, cause the system move the effect descent while going down slope.But change into from the of D of S or of L, car soon can't higher than rise to block the car homologously soon, otherwise strong vibration in opportunity to launch, make gearbox oil hoicked, even will damage the gearbox.The is another at rain fog weather hour, if the road adheres to the term bad, can change into a position for or of L, fixing at somely first lowly blocking driving, doing not use can automatically changing blocking, in order to prevent the car beats slippery.Must keep firmly in mind at the same time, beat the slippery hour can will choose to block the pole pushes into a motive for, cutting off launching machine, toing guarantee a car the safety.