第一篇：美國前總統克林頓在北京大學的演講和北大學生的提問及其回答

美國前總統克林頓在北京大學的演講和北大學生的提問及其回答

威廉姆·杰斐遜·克林頓

對北京大學師生的講話 1998年6月29日

中國北京大學

克林頓總統：謝謝。陳校長、任書記、遲副校長、韋副部長，謝謝你們。今 天，我很高興率領一個龐大的美國代表團來到這里，代表團中包括第一夫人和我們的女兒，她是斯坦福大學的學生，該校是和北大具有交流關系的學校之一。此外，我們的代表團中還包括六位美國國會議員、國務卿、商務部長、農業部長、經濟顧問理事會理事長、我國駐華大使參議員尚慕杰、國家安全顧問和我的辦公廳主任 等。我提到這些人是為了說明美國極為重視對華關系。在北大百年校慶之際，我首先要向你們全體師生員工、管理人員祝賀。恭喜了，北大！（掌聲。）各位知道，這個校園曾經一度是由美國傳教士建立的燕京大學。學校許多美麗的建筑物由美國建筑師設計。成千上萬的美國學生和教授來到北大求學和教課。我們對你們有一種特殊的親近感。我很慶幸，今天和 79 年前的一個重要的日子大不相同。1919 年 6 月，就在這里，燕京大學首任校長司徒雷登（John L eighton Stuart）準備發表第一個畢業典禮致辭。他準時出場，但學生一個未到。學生們為了振興中國的政治文化，全部走上街頭領導“五四”運動去了。我讀到這個故事后，希望今天當我走進這個禮堂時，會有人坐在這里。非常感謝大家前來聽我演講。(掌聲。)

一百年以來，北大已經發展到兩萬多學生。貴校的畢業生遍及中國和全世界。貴校建成了亞洲最大的大學圖書館。去年貴校有20%的畢業生去國外深造，其中包括一半的數理專業學生。在這個百年校慶之年，中國、亞洲和全世界有100多萬人 上機訪問貴校的網址。在新世紀黎明之際，北大正在率領中國奔向未來。

你們是中國下一代的領導者。我今天要跟你們講的是，建立中美兩國牢固的伙伴關系，對于你們的未來至關重要。

在幾千年的歷史長河中，中國為人類文化、宗教、哲學、藝術和科技作出了貢獻，美國人民深深欽佩你們。我們銘記著第二次世界大戰期間兩國的牢固伙伴關 系。現在我們看到，中國處于歷史性時刻：能和你們光輝燦爛的過去相提并論的，只有貴國目前氣勢磅礴的改革和更加美好的未來。

僅僅在30年前，中國還與世界隔絕。現在，中國參加了從航空旅行到農業開發等領域的1000多個國際組織。貴國為大規模貿易和投資敞開了大門。今天有40,000多年輕的中國學生在美國留學，還有數十萬中國學生在亞洲、非洲、歐洲和拉美國家留學。

貴國在社會和經濟領域的變革更為顯著，從一個封閉的指令性經濟體制向一個日顯生機、日趨注重市場性的經濟轉變，產生了連續20年史無前例的增長，賦予人民更大的自由，到國內外旅游、進行村委會選舉、擁有住房、選擇職業以及上更好學校。因此，貴國幫助成千上百萬的人們擺脫了貧困。在過去的10年中人均收入翻了一番以上。大多數中國人民過上了20年前還難以想象的美好生活。

當然，這些變化也打亂了固有的生活和工作格局，給貴國的環境造成了巨大壓力。以前，每個城市居民到國有企業就業都有保障。現在，你們必須到就業市場上去競爭。以前，每個中國工人只要滿足北京中央計劃人員的要求，現在，全球性經濟意味著人人必須跟上世界其他地區的質量和創造力。對于缺乏適當訓練、技能和支持的人們來說，這個新世界的確令人生畏。

在短期內，一些誠實勤快的人會失業。正如你們所見，過去20年的開發模式和能源使用模式，造成了空氣污染、濫伐森林、酸雨和缺水，在環境、經濟和醫療保健方面帶來了巨大代價。

面對這些挑戰，必須制定出培訓和社會保障的新體系，推出保護環境的新政策和新技術，以便在促進經濟增長的同時改進環境。我對中國人民智慧、獨創性和開發精神的所見所聞，過去幾天我和江主席和朱總理及其他人會談中的所見所聞，給了我信心，相信你們定能成功。

在你們建設新中國的同時，美國希望同你們建立新關系。我們要看到一個成就非凡、安全開放的中國，和我們攜手為一個和平繁榮的世界而努力。我知道，無論在中國還是在美國，都有人懷疑兩國之間的緊密關系是否是好事。但是，世界在變化，我們面臨著種種挑戰，我們了解的這一切告訴我們，我們兩國攜手合作比分道揚鑣要有利得多。

已故的鄧小平告誡我們要實事求是。新世紀來臨之際，事實顯而易見。我們兩國間的距離在縮短，實際上是所有國家間的距離在縮短。以前，美國的快速帆船開到中國要花幾個月。今天，高科技使我們天涯若比鄰。從筆記本電腦到激光技術、從微芯片到兆字節儲存器，信息革命正在照亮人類知識領域，將我們更緊密地聯結起來。人們只要敲一下電腦的鍵盤，觀念、信息和資金就能跨越全球，為人們創造財富、預防和征服疾病、加深具有不同歷史和文化背景人民之間的了解，帶來了極大的機會。

但我們也知道，更大的開放和更快的變革也意味著，別國產生的問題會很快蔓延到本國境內，如大規模毀滅性武器的擴散、有組織的犯罪和販賣毒品的威脅、環境的惡化和嚴重的經濟混亂等問題。沒有哪個國家能避免這些問題，沒有那個國家能獨自解決這些問題。我們，特別是中美兩國的年輕一代必須以迎接這些共同的挑戰為共同的事業，共創一個光輝燦爛的新世紀。

二十一世紀是你們的世紀。中美兩國將面臨亞洲安全的挑戰。我們兩國曾在朝鮮半島為敵，現在我們攜手合作，為一個永久和平和無核武器的未來而努力。

世界各國正在擺脫核威脅，而在印度次大陸，印度和巴基斯坦卻甘冒挑起新一輪軍備競賽的風險。我們正在謀求一個共同的策略，以使印巴兩國停止進一步的核試驗，并為解決分歧進行對話。

在二十一世紀，你們年輕一代必須承擔制止更加致命的核武器、化學武器和生物武器擴散的重任。如果這種武器落入壞人之手或流入不適當的場所，無論大小國家，其安全都會受到威脅。中美兩國日益認識到制止這類武器擴散的重要性，因此我們已開始齊心協力，控制世界上最危險的武器。

在二十一世紀，你們年輕一代一定要扭轉犯罪和毒品的國際逆流。全世界有組織的犯罪分子每年從人民手中搶走的財產達數十億美元，破壞了人們對政府的信 任。美國人民深知毒品給學校師生和社區居民造成的破壞和絕望。中國的邊境和十幾個國家相鄰，已成了各種走私分子的通道。

去年，我和江主席請求中美雙方的高級執法官員加強合作，打擊這些犯罪分 子，防止洗錢，防止在殘酷條件下偷運外國人，防止偽幣破壞貨幣的信用。就在本月，我們的緝毒署在北京開設了辦事處。不久，中國的緝毒專家也將在華盛頓開展工作。

在二十一世紀，你們年輕一代的使命是必須保證今天的進步發展不以明天為代價。中國過去 20年來的快速增長以遭受毒害為代價，即貴國人民的飲用水和呼吸的空氣都已遭受污染。這種代價不僅僅體現在環境方面，對人民的健康也造成了嚴重的危害，而且還會阻礙經濟的發展。

環境問題正在變得日趨全球化和全國化。例如，在不久的將來，如果目前的能源使用模式不改變，中國將超過美國成為世界最大的溫室氣體的排放國。溫室氣體是全球性升溫的主要原因。如果世界各國不減少排放造成全球性升溫的氣體，下世紀的某個時候就會出現氣候急劇變化的嚴重威脅，這將改變我們的生活和工作方 式，某些島國就會被大水淹沒，某些國家的經濟社會結構就會遭到破壞。

我們必須大力合作。經驗告訴我們美國人，可以在促使經濟成長的同時保護環境。為了我們自己也為了世界，我們必須做到這一點。

我國副總統戈爾已同中國政府合作開展了不少工作。在此基礎上，我和江主席正在一起探討方法，在中國推出美國的清潔能源技術，在促進中國經濟發展的同時提高中國的大氣質量。

但我還要重申—這話不在我的講稿上—在這一點上你們這一代還要有更多的作為。這對你們、對美國人民和世界的未來都是一個巨大的挑戰。這個問題必須在大學里提出，因為如果政治領導人認為采取環保措施會導致大規模的失業或嚴重的貧困，他們就不愿意這樣做。事實證明環保不會造成失業和貧困。如果我們的方法得當，人們將取得更快的經濟增長，擁有薪水更高的工作，促進教育和科技向更高水平發展。但是，你們大學生和你們的大學，中美兩國以及全世界的人民都必須帶這個頭。（掌聲。）

在二十一世紀，你們必須承擔不分國界的國際金融系統的重任。當香港和雅加達的股票市場下跌時，其影響再也不是局部性，而是全球性的。因此，貴國充滿生機的經濟成長同整個亞太地區恢復穩定和經濟發展緊密相連。

在最近一次的金融危機中，中國堅定不移地承擔了對本地區和全世界的責任，幫助避免了又一個危險的貨幣貶值周期。我們必須繼續攜手合作，對付全球金融系統面臨的威脅以及對整個亞太地區本應有的發展和繁榮的威脅。

在二十一世紀，你們這一代將有極大的機會，將我們科學家、醫生、工程師的各種才能結合起來，用于追求共同的發展。我們早就在一些合作領域中取得了突 破，包括從醫治脊柱對裂到預報惡劣天氣和地震等。這些突破證明，只要我們合 作，就能改變中美乃至全世界數以百萬計的人的生活。擴大我們在科技領域的合作是我們給未來奉獻的厚禮之一。

在我以上列舉的每一個關鍵領域，顯然，只要我們相互合作而不是互不往來，我們就能取得更大的成就。因此，我們應該努力，確保雙方之間目前的建設性關系在下個世紀結出圓滿的協作果實。

要做到這一點，我們就必須更好地相互了解，了解各自的共同利益、共有的期望和真誠的分歧。我相信大家在電視上都看到了，我和江主席星期六在聯合記者招待會上公開直接的交流，有助于澄清和縮小我們的分歧。更為重要的是，允許人們理解、辯論和探討這些問題，能使他們對我們建設美好的未來更加充滿信心。

從我居住的華盛頓特區白宮的窗口向外眺望，我們第一任總統喬治．華盛頓的紀念碑俯視全城。那是一座高聳的方形尖塔。在這個龐大的紀念碑旁，有一塊很小的石碑，上面刻著的碑文是：美國決不設置貴族和皇室頭銜，也不建立世襲制度。國家事務由輿論公決。

美國就是這樣建立了一個從古至今史無前例的嶄新政治體系。這是最奇妙的事物。這些話不是美國人寫的，而出自福建省巡撫徐繼玉(Xu Jiyu)之手，并于1853年 由中國政府刻成碑文，作為禮物送給美國。

我很感激中國送的這份禮物。它道出了我們全體美國人民的心聲，即人人有生命和自由的權利、追求幸福的權利，有不受國家的干涉，辯論和持不同政見的自 由、結社的自由和宗教信仰的自由。

這些就是220年前美國立國的核心理想。這些理想指引我們跨越美洲大陸，走向世界舞臺。這些仍然是美國人民今天珍視的理想。

正如我在和江主席舉行的記者招待會上所說，我們美國人民正在不斷尋求實現這些理想。美國憲法的制定者了解，我們不可能做到盡善盡美。他們說，美國的使命始終是要“建設一個更為完美的聯邦。”換言之，我們永遠不可能盡善盡美，但我們必須不斷改進。

每當我們放棄不斷改進的努力，每當我們由于種族或宗教原因、由于是新移 民，或者由于有人持不受歡迎的意見，而剝奪我們人民的自由，我們的歷史就出現最黑暗的時刻。每當我們保護持不受歡迎的意見者的自由，或者將大多數人享受的權利給予以前被剝奪權利的人們，從而實踐《獨立宣言》和《憲法》的諾言，而不是使其成為一紙空文，我們的歷史就出現最光明的時刻。

今天，我們沒有謀求將自己的見解強加于人，但我們深信，某種權利具有普遍性，它們不是美國的權利或者歐洲的權利或者是發達國家的權利，而是所有的人們與生俱來的權利。這些權利現在載于《聯合國人權宣言》。這些就是待人以尊嚴、各抒己見、選舉領袖、自由結社、自由選擇信教或不信教的權利。

《獨立宣言》的作者、我國第三任總統托馬斯．杰克遜在他一生的最后一封信中寫道：“人們正在睜開眼睛關注人權。”在杰克遜寫了這句話172年之后，我相信，人們現在終于睜開眼睛關注著世界各地男男女女應享受的人權。

過去20年以來，一個高漲的自由浪潮解放了成千上百萬的生靈，掃除了前蘇聯和中歐那種失敗的獨裁統治，結束了拉美國家軍事政變和內戰的惡性循環，使更多的非洲人民有機會享受來之不易的獨立。從菲律賓到南朝鮮，從泰國到蒙古，自由之浪已沖到亞洲的海岸，給發展和生產力注入了動力。

經濟保障也應該是自由的要素。這在《聯合國經濟社會文化權益公約》中獲得承認。在中國，你們為培育這種自由已邁出了大步，保證不遭受匱乏，并成為貴國人民的力量源泉。中國人的收入提高了，貧困現象減輕了；人們有了更多的選擇就業的機會和外出旅游的機會，有了創造更好生活的機會。但真正的自由不僅僅是經濟的自由。我們美國人民認為這是一個不可分割的概念。

在過去的四天中，我在中國看到了自由的許多表現形式。我在貴國內地的一個村莊看到民主的萌芽正在迸發。我訪問了一個自由選舉村委領導的村莊。我也看到了大哥大電話、錄象機和帶來全世界觀念、信息和圖象的傳真機。我聽到人們抒發自己的想法，我還同當地的人們一起為我選擇的宗教信仰祈禱。在所有這些方面，我感覺到自由的微風在吹拂。

但人們不禁要問，我們的發展方向是什么？我們怎樣相互合作走上歷史的正確一面？貴校偉大的政治思想家之

一、胡適教授在50多年前說過：“有些人對我說，為了國家的自由你必須犧牲自己的個人自由。但我回答，為了個人自由而奮斗就是為了國家的自由而奮斗。為了個性而奮斗就是為了國民性而奮斗。”

我們美國人認為胡適是對的。我們相信，并且我們的經驗表明，自由加強穩 定，自由有助于國家的變革。

我國的一位開國先賢本杰明．富蘭克林曾經說過：“我們的批評者是我們的朋友，因為他們指出我們的缺點。”如果這話正確，在美國很多時候，總統的朋友比其他任何人都多。

(笑聲。)但確實如此。

在我們生活的世界，全球性的信息時代、不斷的改進和變革是增加經濟機會和國力的必要條件。因此，讓信息、觀念和看法最自由地流通，更多地尊重不同的政治和宗教信仰，實際上將增加實力，推動穩定。

因此，為了貴國和世界的根本利益，中國的年輕人必須享有心靈上的自由，以便最充分地開發自己的潛力。這是我們時代的信息，也是新的世紀和新的千年的要求。

我希望中國能更充分地贊同這個要求。盡管貴國歷史上有過輝煌的功績，我認為，貴國最偉大的時光仍在前頭。中國不僅頂著20世紀的種種艱難險阻生存了下 來，而且正在迅速向前邁進。

其它的古老文化消亡了，因為他們沒有進行變革。中國始終顯示出變革和成長的能力。你們必須重新想象新世紀的中國，你們這一代必然處于中國復興的中心。

我們即將進入新世紀。我們所有的目光瞄向未來。即使貴國以千年計算歷史，即使美國以百年計算歷史，貴國的歷史也更加悠久。然而，今天的中國和任何一個國家一樣年輕。新世紀將是新的中國的黎明，貴國為其在歷史上的偉大而自豪，為你們進行的事業而自豪，為明天的到來更加自豪。在新世紀中，世界可能再次轉向中國尋求她文化的活力、思想的新穎、人類尊嚴的升華，這在中國的成就中已顯而易見。在新世紀中，最古老的國家有可能幫助建設一個新世界。

美國希望與貴國合作，使那個時刻成為現實。

感謝大家。(掌聲。)

北大學生的提問及克林頓總統的回答

1問：總統先生, 能夠第一個提問, 我感到很榮幸。正如您在演說中提到的那樣, 中美兩國人民應當攜手并進。在這一進程中，最重要的是我們進行更多的交流。

我們認為，由于中國正在改革中實行開放，我們對美國的文化、歷史和文學有了更好的了解，我們也從傳記中對您有了很多了解。我們也對許多任美國總統有了很多了解。我們也看過了《泰坦尼克號》這部電影。但是美國人民對中國人民的了解似乎不如中國人民對美國人民的了解。可能他們只是從幾部描寫文革或農村生活的電影中認識中國。

因此，我要問的是，作為10年來第一個訪華的總統，您計劃做些什么事情，來加強我們兩國人民之間的真正了解和尊重？謝謝。

總統：首先，我認為這一點提得很好。我來到這里的原因之一就是試圖—你們可以見到，新聞界有些人與我同行—我希望我的訪問能夠幫助美國全面和平衡地認識現代中國，我來到這里后，就能夠鼓勵其他人也來到這里，鼓勵其他人體驗中國的生活。

昨天我在聽眾中見到一個年輕人，他自我介紹說他是第一個到中國攻讀法學院的美國人。因此我希望，將會有更多的美國人到這里來學習，更多的美國人到這里來旅游，更多的美國人到這里來經商。今天上午，第一夫人和國務卿參加了一個法律項目會議。我們正在共同進行許多合作項目，幫助中國人促進法治。這應當能夠促使更多的人到這里來。

我認為你的問題不容易回答。這就是我們應當努力的地方。我們需要更多的人參加，需要更多種類的聯絡。我們在這方面做得越多越好。

還有人提問嗎？

2問：總統先生，作為一個中國人，我對祖國的統一非常關心。從1972年以來，在臺灣問題上取得了進展，但是我們看到美國人一再向臺灣出售先進武器。我們感到憤怒的是，我們看到美國和日本延續了美—日安全條約。據某些日本官員說，這項條約甚至涵蓋中國臺灣省。因此我要問，如果中國在夏威夷派駐海軍設施，如果中國與其他國家簽署安全條約對付美國的一個部分，美國是否會同意這種行為；美國人民是否會同意這種行為？(掌聲)

總統：首先，美國的政策并不是中國和臺灣和平統一的障礙。三項公報和《與臺灣關系法》體現了我們的政策。我國在將近20年前就承認中國，并實行一個中國的政策。我在同江主席的會談中重申了我們的一個中國政策。

美國和中國達成了協議，就是我們實行的是一個中國政策，同時我們也達成了協議，就是將通過和平手段實現統一，我們鼓勵海峽兩岸進行對話，以實現這一目標。因此，我們的政策是，向臺灣出售的任何武器只能用于防御目的，國家不得認為—中國不得認為我們會試圖以任何一種方式破壞我們自身的一個中國政策。這是我們的政策。但是我們認為應當能夠實現—任何統一都應當能夠和平實現。

關于日本，如果你們閱讀我們同日本簽署的安全協議，我認為協議的條款明確顯示了協議的目的不是用來對付任何國家，而是支持亞洲的穩定。我們在南朝鮮駐扎了軍隊，目的是防止兩個朝鮮越過分界線恢復朝鮮戰爭。我們在日本駐軍的目 的，主要是幫助我們在緊急情況下促進亞太地區的穩定。但是我認為，說日本或美國具有旨在遏制中國的安全關系，這是不公平的。實際上，兩國都希望在二十一世紀與中國擁有安全伙伴關系。

例如，你們提過北約—我們在歐洲擴大了北約，但是我們也簽署了一項條約，就是北約與俄國之間的一項協議，以證明我們不再對付俄國。過去五年來，北約所做的最重要的事情，就是與俄國并肩合作，結束波斯尼亞的戰爭。我向你們預測，你們現在見到的事情，就是我們與中國合作，努力限制印度和巴基斯坦的核試驗造成的緊張局勢，你們今后還會見到很多很多這樣的事情。我認為，在這一領域里，你們將見到很多安全方面的合作。我們不能用昨天的沖突作為鏡子來看待今天的協議。

3問：總統先生，我很高興有機會向您提問。您帶著友好的微笑，踏上了中國的土地，并來到北大校園，因此，您的光臨使我們非常激動和榮幸，因為中國人民真正渴望中國和美國在平等的基礎上建立友誼。據我所知，在您離開美國之前，您說您訪華的原因，是因為中國太重要了，接觸勝過遏制。

我想問您這句話是不是您為這次訪問所作出的一種承諾，還是在您的微笑之后是不是還隱藏了其他什么話。您是不是有什么遏制中國的其他企圖？(笑聲和掌聲)

總統：我要是有的話，就不會把它藏在微笑后面。(笑聲。)但是我沒有。這就是說，我說的就是這個意思。我們必須作出一項決定—我們所有人都是如此，但是勢力強大的大國人民必須決定如何定義自己的偉大。

蘇聯跨臺的時候，俄國必須決定如何定義自己的偉大。他們是試圖開發俄國人民的力量，與鄰國合作實現更偉大的未來呢，還是記住自己在過去200年來的不幸 遭遇，并認為要使自己偉大的唯一方式，就是在軍事上主宰鄰國呢？他們選擇了向前邁進的方針。世界變得更加美好。

中國也是如此。你們會決定從貴國的國內外政策方面來說，中國將在二十一世紀成為一個強國具有什么意義？這是不是意味著你們在經濟上會取得巨大的成功？這是不是意味著你們在文化方面會擁有巨大的影響力？這是不是意味著你們將能夠在解決世界問題方面發揮很大的作用？或者這是不是意味著你們將能夠以某種形式或方式，主宰你們的鄰國，而不管鄰國是不是愿意？這是每一個偉大的國家都必須作出的決定。

你們問我，我是不是真的希望遏制中國？我的回答是不。美國人民對中國總是懷有非常濃厚的感情，每當我們遇到問題，這種感情會不時受到干擾。但是，如果你們回顧我國的歷史，我國人民始終感到，我們應當同中國人民具有密切的關系。我認為，如果二十一世紀時美國人民以平等和尊重的態度與中國保持伙伴關系，而不是由于對在我們的國界以外發生的事情持不同意見，而花費大量的時間和金錢試圖遏制中國，那就會要好得多。因此我不希望那樣做。我希望建立伙伴關系。我并沒有在微笑后面隱藏企圖，這是我的真實信念。(掌聲)

因為我認為這對美國人民有利，我的工作就是做對美國人民有利的事情。對美國人民有利的事情就是同貴國保持良好的關系。

4問：總統先生，我將在今年畢業，到中國銀行工作。總統先生，剛才聽到總統對中美兩國青年一代對未來的國際安全還有環境保護以及金融穩定所具有的責任對我很受鼓舞，并且我也知道，青年一代如要想擔負起責任首先應受到良好的教育。我知道，總統先生，您很愛自己的女兒，她現在斯坦福大學讀書。那么，我請問總統先生兩個問題，第一個問題是，多年前，總統先生曾經提出了知識型經濟的概 念，您認為高等教育在今后的知識型經濟發展中將起到什么樣的作用？第二個問題是，總統先生對我們青年一代，包括中美兩國的青年有什么具體的希望？

總統：讓我首先回答你的知識型經濟問題。我在回答問題時要告訴你我在美國努力做的事情。我試圖在美國建立一種局面，將大專院校的大門向每個學業成績足夠的年輕人敞開，并消除任何種類的經濟負擔。我們還沒有完全實現這一點，但是我們已經取得了很大的進展。

我為什么要這樣做呢？因為我認為，經濟越先進，提高受過大學教育者的比例就越重要。讓我來告訴你們這在美國有多重要。我們進行人口普查—我們每隔十年進行一次普查，清點美國的人口數字，并獲得有關美國人民的各種信息。1990年的普查表明，年輕的美國人如果有大學學位，則絕大多數都能夠找到好工作，收入也會增長。年輕的美國人如果受過兩年或兩年以上的大學教育，就能夠找到好工作，收入也會增長。年輕的美國人如果沒有上過大學，他們就是找到工作，收入也會下降，他們失業的可能性也高得多。

中國的經濟越先進，這一規律就越適用于中國—你們就更加需要許多人獲得大學和科技教育。因此我認為這非常非常重要。

現在我要說說我對美國和中國的年輕一代的期望，這個期望與經濟沒有關系。一個由源遠流長的仇恨而非現代問題主宰的世界，是對你們的未來的最大威脅之 一。只要觀察世界各地，就能看到人們因為種族或宗教或民族上的差異彼此不喜歡而引起的大量麻煩—不論是波斯尼亞、印巴沖突，中東還是非洲大陸的部落都是如此。

只要觀察世界各地，就能看到這類問題。年輕人更容易接受有差異的人，對有差異的人更感興趣。我希望受過良好教育的中國的年輕人和美國的年輕人能夠在世界上鮮明地表達自己的觀點，反對只是因為他人有差異，就去仇恨他人或者去輕視他人。

謝謝。(掌聲)

5問：總統先生，關于民主、自由和人權的問題，實際上這是中國人民和美國人民都非常關心的問題。但是，老實說，在這方面我們兩個國家有不少的分歧。您剛才在演講中對美國建設民主，自由的歷史進行了一個比較自豪的回顧，而且對中國也發表了一些建議性的意見。對于真誠的意見，我們當然非常歡迎。但是我同時又想起了一句老話，我想中國人民和世界人民都應當把它當作是行動的準則，那就是批評和自我批評同在。

因此，我想問您一個問題。美國近些年，美國當前在人權與民主等方面是不是也存在著一些問題呢？您能不能給我們講一下，您的國家在這方面有哪些不足？您的政府在近期內有哪些政策？有什么效果？(掌聲)

總統：我認為有，首先，我要說，在任何其他國家，而不僅僅是在中國，我在提出這個問題時，都會首先承認我國在這方面曾經有過嚴重的問題—各位記住，美國合法實行奴隸制有許多年— 我們現在也不是完美的。我總是這樣說，因為我認 為，任何人都不應當聲稱自己在一個完美的國家生活。我們都在為了爭取更美好的生活這一理想而奮斗。因此我同意你提出的要點。

我要提出兩個范例。在美國仍然存在著某些歧視的事例—由于種族原因在住房或就業方面的歧視。我們設立了一套制度對付這種事情，但是我們沒有完全消除這種現象。去年，我一直就這個問題與美國人民進行對話，我們努力明確政府能夠做到的事情，明確美國人民應當通過地方政府或其他組織做到的事情，并明確態度，即應當改變美國人民的心態。這是一個范例。

我再提出另一個范例。我們有—1992年，我在競選總統時，在紐約市的一家旅館，一個來自希臘的美國移民來找我，他說，我兒子10歲，他在學校里學習選舉，他說我應當投您的票。但是他說，如果我投您的票，我希望您給我兒子自由，因為他沒有真正的自由。因此我問這個人，你是什么意思？他說，在我那個區犯罪率非常高，槍支和幫派太多，我兒子感覺不到—我不能讓他自己走到學校去，也不能讓他到街對面的公園去玩。因此，如果我投您的票，我希望您給我兒子自由。

我認為這很重要，因為大家知道，在美國，我們趨向于認為自由就是不受政府的虐待或者不受政府的控制。這是我們的傳統。我們的開國先賢來到這里，是為了躲避英國的君主制。但是，自由有時要求政府采取平權步驟，賦予每個人平等的機會，接受教育，過上像樣的生活，并維護守法的環境。因此，我努力工作以促使美國的犯罪率減低，現在犯罪率在25年來最低，這就是說，我們有更多的兒童獲得了自由。但是犯罪率仍然很高；暴力現象仍然太嚴重。

因此，我們美國人要關心的不僅僅是維護我們珍視的自由，而且要建立一個環境，讓人民建立真正美滿和自由的生活。

這個問題問得很好。(掌聲。)

6問：總統先生，歡迎您光臨北大。剛才您曾提到過胡適說，不要為了國家的自由而犧牲自己的自由。但是我們的前任校長蔡元培先生還說過這樣一句話，他說：道并行而不相悖，萬物并育而不相害。我并不認為，國家的自由和自己的自由有什么沖突，不是說為了國家的自由就一定要犧牲自己的自由。我認為自由是自己一種主動的選擇，認為是最好的最適合自己的情況。象中國現在的繁榮發展正是我國人民自由的選擇，主動貢獻他們的力量的結果。我想自由的定義應該是，為了真理和正義選擇那些最適合自己情況的道路，不知道您是否同意我的觀點。另外我想最后說一句，只有真正懂得自由的人才會更加尊重別人的自由。謝謝。(掌聲)

總統：首先，如果你信仰自由，就必須尊重他人作出其他選擇的自由。即使是對個人自由持激進看法的社會，在自由干涉到對他人權利的維護時也承認應當限制這一自由。

例如，在我國的著名法院判例中，有一個判例規定，我們雖然有言論自由，但是如果沒有發生火災，任何人都不能自由地在擁擠的電影院里高喊“失火了，”從而造成人們互相踐踏。另外還有一個著名的法院判例，規定我的自由以他人的鼻子為界限，意思是說任何人都沒有毆打他人的自由。

因此我同意這一點。人們有選擇的自由，你必須尊重他人的自由，他們有權作出與你不同的決定。各國的制度、文化和選擇永遠也不可能完全相同。正是由于這些事情，生活才變得有意思。

7問：總統先生，我有兩個問題。第一個問題是，美國的經濟 8 個月以來一直持 續高速增長，我想請問總統先生，這除了您個人對美國所作的貢獻之外，還有那些方面是美國經濟成功的主要因素？或許這對中國也是一個很好的借鑒。

第二個問題是，我想請問總統先生，江澤民主席去年訪問哈佛大學時，禮堂外有很多學生在游行，今天您到北大來，如果外面也有北大學生在游行，您會有什么感想？

總統：首先，關于美國經濟，我認為，從我就任總統以來，政府政策的主要作用，就是處理我國政府的龐大赤字—我國過去每年的開支都有巨大的赤字—我們控制住了赤字。30年以來，我們將第一次有收支平衡的預算。這使得利率下降，騰出大量資金用于在私營部門創造就業機會。我們做的第二件事情，就是大幅度擴大貿易，因此我們開始在世界各地大量增加銷售額。我們做的第三件事情，就是試圖增加人才投資—投資于研究、開發、技術和教育。

除了這些以外，美國人民本身也有很大功勞。我們的商業界非常精明；他們投資于新科技，投資于新市場和人才培訓。在我們的環境中，人們創業非常容易，可能這個領域對中國最有借鑒作用。

我知道我的夫人在全世界各地的村莊中做了許多工作，她努力推進對村民們的信貸，使他們能夠通過貸款自行創業，努力利用自己現有的技能。即使在最貧困的非洲和拉丁美洲地區，我們也見到這種制度的效用，在那里機會大量地產生。

因此，在美國，我們努力為人們創業、擴大企業和經營企業提供便利。然后，我們作出非常非常刻苦的努力，在以前沒有機會的領域里提供機會。所有這些事情組合在一起—但是我特別認為，大部分功勞應當歸于美國人民。畢竟處于我這個地位，我們應當實行正確的政策，以便我們能夠建立一個大環境，讓美國人民在其中創造未來。我認為基本上這已經實現了。

你問的問題很有意思。實際上，在美國我碰到過多次示威。江澤民主席在美國時，我對他說，他們向他示威我很高興，這樣我就不會感到那么寂寞了。（笑聲和 掌聲。）

言歸正傳。如果外面有很多人向我示威，假如他們是因為第一位先生問我的問題而示威。假如他們說，啊，克林頓總統正在試圖干涉中國和臺灣的和平統一，他不應當向臺灣出售任何武器。那么，我就會試圖了解他們示威的原因，然后詢問東道主我是否能夠去跟他們談談，或者讓示威者團體派一兩個代表來見我，他們說出自己的心里話，讓我來回答。

記得我剛才說過的本杰明·富蘭克林的話嗎：我們的批評者是我們的朋友，因為他們指出我們的缺點。你們今天向我提出了一些很好的問題，這些問題中有批評的成份。這些問題對我有很大幫助。這些問題幫助我了解不僅是在中國，而且在全世界其他人如何看待我說的話，并幫助我在擔任美國人民的總統并維護我們的信仰時，注重如何提高總統的效用。

因此，我很高興我們進行了這次交流。就我個人而言，提出的問題比我的講演要重要得多— 如果只是我一個人講話，我就永遠也學不到東西，我只有在傾聽他人時才能學到東西。

多謝各位。謝謝。(掌聲。)

11月16日奧巴馬上海答問

[現場提問一]我叫程熙，我是復旦大學的學生，上海和芝加哥從1985年開始就是姐妹城市，這兩個城市進行過各種經貿、文化、政治交流，你現在在采取什么措施來加深美國和中國城市之間的關系。世博會明年將在上海舉行，你是否準備參加世博會呢

這是個小女生提的問題，也是第一個問題，簡單些友好些無可厚非，——總不能當頭就給人來一棒子吧。可是問人家“采取什么措施來加深美國和中國城市之間的關系”，這就沒道理了。人家是總統，美國某城市與與中國某城市之間建立友好關系，姐妹城市也好，友好城市也好，那是兩市之間的交流，有市長呢，他當總統的操那心干啥玩意兒。

正因為這是個偽命題，沒法正面回答，因此小奧只好啰嗦了半天兩國城市之間交流和學習的重要性和必要性，含混過去了。

[現場提問二]總統先生，我是上海交通大學的學生。我的問題是，您來中國的第一印象是什么？你給中國帶來什么？又想從中國帶走什么？[ 11-16 13:25]

奧巴馬昨夜11點半才下飛機，黑咕隆咚地，又趕上雨天，能看見啥耶，問他對上海夜景，對下榻酒店有何印象還差不多，問他對中國有什么第一印象，那不是胡扯嗎？他時差還沒倒過來呢，今天上午也肯定在賓館休息，哪兒都沒去。

問人家“給中國帶來什么，又想從中國帶走什么”？太沒品味沒修養了，農民工也不見得問出這么丑陋的問題。

[現場提問三]我是同濟大學黃立赫（音）。首先我想引用“有朋自遠方來不亦樂乎”這句話來歡迎您，在《論語＆＃8226;子路》中有一句話叫和而不同，我們中國人民的理想就是在世界構建一個文化多元化的和諧世界。我們知道美國文化本身是在歷史沉淀當中由不同的文化元素所積淀而成的多元混合型文化，請問在您的這屆go-vern-ment中會采取哪些措施來共同構建這個世界向著文化多元化發展？在您的外交政策中會有哪些措施去尊重各國的不同的歷史文化？我們中美兩國在此方面會有哪些合作？謝謝您。[ 11-16 13:31]

這個學生一上來就之乎者也的，象個老夫子似的，令人生厭。近年來，我們的教育提倡讀經，領導上臺講話也動輒引用幾句古語，以彰顯自己有文化，成了一種風氣。現在禍及大學生了。

“首先我想引用?有朋自遠方來不亦樂乎?這句話來歡迎您”，人家校長已經代表大家歡迎過了，大家也都鼓過掌了，你又何必多此一舉，真擺不正位置。再說，你要尋章摘句，也應該從美國的名言警句里找啊，那樣才能拉近距離，且顯得你博學，用的好了，甚至能起到以其人之道還治其人之身的作用。為什么非引用《論語》之類呢，引就引了，還要注明是《子路》篇，顯擺什么呀。奧巴馬不可能熟悉這東西，你和他講這個是對牛彈琴，同胞們聽你講這個也會感到做作。

這位同學提的問題很大，也很空，也很奴才相。問一國總統采取哪些措施來“共同構建這個世界向著文化多元化發展”，等于承認了人家在世界的領袖地位。問人家采取哪些外交措施“去尊重各國的不同的歷史文化”，一點邏輯性都沒有，讓人一頭霧水。

[現場提問四]總統先生，您好。我們非常榮幸來到這兒，我叫張新（音），來自于上海外國語大學。我想找一個網上的問題，這個問題是來自于臺灣的一位同胞。他說我來自于臺灣，現在我在大陸做生意，現在兩岸關系在近年來不斷地改善，我現在在大陸的生意做得很好。當有人在美國說，美國想向臺灣售武的時候我們非常擔心，因為這樣的話會破壞兩岸關系。總統先生，我想知道您是否支持改善兩岸關系。當然，這個問題是來自于一位商人。但是其實對于所有的年輕中國人來說，其實都非常關心這個問題，所以我們特別希望聽下您的看法。謝謝。[ 11-16 13:36]

“我們非常榮幸來到這兒”，受寵若驚，以至于都忘了誰是主人了。道“非常榮幸來到這兒”的應該是奧巴馬一行。提的問題也相當沒水平，感覺是仰人鼻息，一副奴才相。大可以單刀直入：“請問總統先生，美方向來承諾奉行一個中國立場，為什么要向臺灣售武？”，看他怎么答。

[現場提問五]謝謝。總統先生，我是來自于上海交通大學的一位學生。我想問一個您得諾貝爾和平獎的一個問題。您是如何看待您得獎的？您得了獎對您來說是不是意味著更多的壓力和責任？您有更多的責任去推動世界和平。同時，這會不會影響你解決世界問題的一些態度？[ 11-16 13:40]

這個問題問得也是相當沒勁。奧巴馬得知自己獲獎后，當即就表示自己受之有愧，地球人都聽說了也都同意他的態度，你還問明知故問不純屬多余嗎。“您得了獎對您來說是不是意味著更多的壓力和責任？”，大家聽聽，這問題是不是太小兒科了？

[洪博培代網民提問]第一，有這么多互聯網使用者的國家，有6000萬寫博客的人，你知道防火墻的事情嗎？第二，我們是不是應該自由的使用TWITTER?[ 11-16 13:46]

這個問題還有些價值，奧巴馬也作了精彩而坦誠的回答。可惜還是網民提的。

[現場提問六]我想說我非常榮幸，站在這里向您提問，我認為我很幸運，我也感謝這個機會，您的演講非常清楚。我是周元天（音），復旦大學管理學院的學生，我想問一問，現在已經有人問您得諾貝爾獎的問題了，那么我不會以同樣的角度問您，我想問的是從另外一個角度來看，因為您很難才能得到這個獎，所以我在想您是怎么得到這個獎的？還有您的大學教育怎么樣使您得到這個獎項？我們很好奇，想請您給我們分享一下您的校園經歷，如何才能走上成功的道路？[ 11-16 13:53]

最愚蠢最不堪最丟人的就是這個問題了。誠惶誠恐語無倫次啰嗦了半天，表達能力之差，還不如中學生。“您是怎么得到這個獎的？還有您的大學教育怎么樣使您得到這個獎項？”，我的天，哪兒跟哪兒呀，驢唇不對馬嘴的。難怪奧巴馬不無諷刺地回答：“首先我要說的是，我也不知道有什么課程學了之后可以得到諾貝爾和平獎，這是不能擔保的”。

[北京網民提問]總統先生，很榮幸問最后一個問題。我是復旦大學的學生，今天我也是中國的青年網民代表。這個問題是北京的一位網民問的，他非常關注您的阿富汗政策。他想知道，KB主義是否仍然是美國最大的安全威脅？您如何看待在阿富汗的行動是否會升級成另外一場阿富汗戰爭？[ 11-16 13:56]

這個問題提的好，可惜又是網民提的。

好了，交流結束了，上海的大學生們提了那么多問題，最后給奧巴馬留下了什么印象呢？

[奧巴馬]今天我過得非常愉快，非常感謝各位，首先我想說我對大家的英文印象很深刻，很明顯你們是很用功的學習。……

唯一給他深刻印象的竟然是大家的英文水平。叫什么事兒呀。同學們，你們為什么不用母語來提問呢？是為了顯示英文水平高，還是為了討好人家？我國領導人到國外，與洋學生們交流，他們會特意用漢語提問嗎？

從給奧巴馬提的這些問題看，這些來自上海名校的大學生們，無論是語言表達能力，邏輯思維能力，對事物的洞察力，還是政治敏銳性都有待提高。猶可悲者，一些同學短短幾句提問，崇洋媚外之態就溢于言表，實在給國人丟臉。那么多人，為什么沒有一個問奧巴馬支持疆獨藏獨的問題？為什么不問問他為什么要執意會見**喇嘛？為什么不問問這個鼓吹自由貿易的國家為什么說一套做一套，大搞貿易保護主義？我們這些同學的愛國心和民族自尊心哪兒去了，莫非都給普世價值普過去了？——這是不是和我們的教育有關？

當然，也可能和楊校長開場定的調子（楊：“今天我們將用一種非常輕松、自由的方式，而且我相信也將會是愉快的方式，奧巴馬總統將和大家一起討論中美關系問題，……”）有關。此外，對話時間有限，好多有思想的同學可能沒來得及提問。作為一個有著“狹隘民族主義”情結的“左左”，我希望有關方面能亡羊補牢，把奧巴馬請到我們貓撲來，讓他接接我們的招，嘗嘗我們的厲害，別以為中國人民都那么沒骨氣，沒智慧

第二篇：美國克林頓總統在北京大學的演講稿

美國克林頓總統在北京大學的演講稿

PRESIDENT CLINTON:

Thank you.Thank you, President Chen, Chairmen Ren, Vice President Chi, Vice Minister Wei.We are delighted to be here today with a very large American delegation, including the First Lady and our daughter, who is a student at Stanford, one of the schools with which Beijing University has a relationship.We have six members of the United States Congress;the Secretary of State;Secretary of Commerce;the Secretary of Agriculture;the Chairman of our Council of Economic Advisors;Senator Sasser, our Ambassador;the National Security Advisor and my Chief of Staff, among others.I say that to illustrate the importance that the United States places on our relationship with China.I would like to begin by congratulating all of you, the students, the faculty, the administrators, on celebrating the centennial year of your university.Gongxi, Beida.(Applause.)

As I'm sure all of you know, this campus was once home to Yenching University which was founded by American missionaries.Many of its wonderful buildings were designed by an American architect.Thousands of Americans students and professors have come here to study and teach.We feel a special kinship with you.I am, however, grateful that this day is different in one important respect from another important occasion 79 years ago.In June of 1919, the first president of Yenching University, John Leighton Stuart, was set to deliver the very first commencement address on these very grounds.At the appointed hour, he appeared, but no students appeared.They were all out leading the May 4th Movement for China's political and cultural renewal.When I read this, I hoped that when I walked into the auditorium today, someone would be sitting here.And I thank you for being here, very much.(Applause.)

Over the last 100 years, this university has grown to more than 20,000 students.Your graduates are spread throughout China and around the world.You have built the largest university library in all of Asia.Last year, 20 percent of your graduates went abroad to study, including half of your math and science majors.And in this anniversary year, more than a million people in China, Asia, and beyond have logged on to your web site.At the dawn of a new century, this university is leading China into the future.I come here today to talk to you, the next generation of China's leaders, about the critical importance to your future of building a strong partnership between China and the United States.The American people deeply admire China for its thousands of years of contributions to culture and religion, to philosophy and the arts, to science and technology.We remember well our strong partnership in World War II.Now we see China at a moment in history when your glorious past is matched by your present sweeping transformation and the even greater promise of your future.Just three decades ago, China was virtually shut off from the world.Now, China is a member of more than 1,000 international organizations--enterprises that affect everything from air travel to agricultural development.You have opened your nation to trade and investment on a large scale.Today, 40,000 young Chinese study in the United States, with hundreds of thousands more learning in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America.Your social and economic transformation has been even more remarkable, moving from a closed command economic system to a driving, increasingly market-based and driven economy, generating two decades of unprecedented growth, giving people greater freedom to travel within and outside China, to vote in village elections, to own a home, choose a job, attend a better school.As a result you have lifted literally hundreds of millions of people from poverty.Per capita income has more than doubled in the last decade.Most Chinese people are leading lives they could not have imagined just 20 years ago.Of course, these changes have also brought disruptions in settled patterns of life and work, and have imposed enormous strains on your environment.Once every urban Chinese was guaranteed employment in a state enterprise.Now you must compete in a job market.Once a Chinese worker had only to meet the demands of a central planner in Beijing.Now the global economy means all must match the quality and creativity of the rest of the world.For those who lack the right training and skills and support, this new world can be daunting.In the short-term, good, hardworking people--some, at least will find themselves unemployed.And, as all of you can see, there have been enormous environmental and economic and health care costs to the development pattern and the energy use pattern of the last 20 years--from air pollution to deforestation to acid rain and water shortage.In the face of these challenges new systems of training and social security will have to be devised, and new environmental policies and technologies will have to be introduced with the goal of growing your economy while improving the environment.Everything I know about the intelligence, the ingenuity, the enterprise of the Chinese people and everything I have heard these last few days in my discussions with President Jiang, Prime Minister Zhu and others give me confidence that you will succeed.As you build a new China, America wants to build a new relationship with you.We want China to be successful, secure and open, working with us for a more peaceful and prosperous world.I know there are those in China and the United States who question whether closer relations between our countries is a good thing.But everything all of us know about the way the world is changing and the challenges your generation will face tell us that our two nations will be far better off working together than apart.The late Deng Xiaoping counseled us to seek truth from facts.At the dawn of the new century, the facts are clear.The distance between our two nations, indeed, between any nations, is shrinking.Where once an American clipper ship took months to cross from China to the United States.Today, technology has made us all virtual neighbors.From laptops to lasers, from microchips to megabytes, an information revolution is lighting the landscape of human knowledge, bringing us all closer together.Ideas, information, and money cross the planet at the stroke of a computer key, bringing with them extraordinary opportunities to create wealth, to prevent and conquer disease, to foster greater understanding among peoples of different histories and different cultures.But we also know that this greater openness and faster change mean that problems which start beyond one nations borders can quickly move inside them--the spread of weapons of mass destruction, the threats of organized crime and drug trafficking, of environmental degradation, and severe economic dislocation.No nation can isolate itself from these problems, and no nation can solve them alone.We, especially the younger generations of China and the United States, must make common cause of our common challenges, so that we can, together, shape a new century of brilliant possibilities.In the 21st century--your century--China and the United States will face the challenge of security in Asia.On the Korean Peninsula, where once we were adversaries, today we are working together for a permanent peace and a future freer of nuclear weapons.On the Indian subcontinent, just as most of the rest of the world is moving away from nuclear danger, India and Pakistan risk sparking a new arms race.We are now pursuing a common strategy to move India and Pakistan away from further testing and toward a dialogue to resolve their differences.In the 21st century, your generation must face the challenge of stopping the spread of deadlier nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons.In the wrong hands or the wrong places, these weapons can threaten the peace of nations large and small.Increasingly, China and the United States agree on the importance of stopping proliferation.That is why we are beginning to act in concert to control the worlds most dangerous weapons.In the 21st century, your generation will have to reverse the international tide of crime and drugs.Around the world, organized crime robs people of billions of dollars every year and undermines trust in government.America knows all about the devastation and despair that drugs can bring to schools and neighborhoods.With borders on more than a dozen countries, China has become a crossroad for smugglers of all kinds.Last year, President Jiang and I asked senior Chinese and American law enforcement officials to step up our cooperation against these predators, to stop money from being laundered, to stop aliens from being cruelly smuggled, to stop currencies from being undermined by counterfeiting.Just this month, our drug enforcement agency opened an office in Beijing, and soon Chinese counternarcotics experts will be working out of Washington.In the 21st century, your generation must make it your mission to ensure that today's progress does not come at tomorrow's expense.China's remarkable growth in the last two decades has come with a toxic cost, pollutants that foul the water you drink and the air you breathe--the cost is not only environmental, it is also serious in terms of the health consequences of your people and in terms of the drag on economic growth.Environmental problems are also increasingly global as well as national.For example, in the near future, if present energy use patterns persist, China will overtake the United States as the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, the gases which are the principal cause of global warming.If the nations of the world do not reduce the gases which are causing global warming, sometime in the next century there is a serious risk of dramatic changes in climate which will change the way we live and the way we work, which could literally bury some island nations under mountains of water and undermine the economic and social fabric of nations.We must work together.We Americans know from our own experience that it is possible to grow an economy while improving the environment.We must do that together for ourselves and for the world.Building on the work that our Vice President, Al Gore, has done previously with the Chinese government, President Jiang and I are working together on ways to bring American clean energy technology to help improve air quality and grow the Chinese economy at the same time.But I will say this again--this is not on my remarks--your generation must do more about this.This is a huge challenge for you, for the American people and for the future of the world.And it must be addressed at the university level, because political leaders will never be willing to adopt environmental measures if they believe it will lead to large-scale unemployment or more poverty.The evidence is clear that does not have to happen.You will actually have more rapid economic growth and better paying jobs, leading to higher levels of education and technology if we do this in the proper way.But you and the university, communities in China, the United States and throughout the world will have to lead the way.(Applause.)

In the 21st century your generation must also lead the challenge of an international financial system that has no respect for national borders.When stock markets fall in Hong Kong or Jakarta, the effects are no longer local;they are global.The vibrant growth of your own economy is tied closely, therefore, to the restoration of stability and growth in the Asia Pacific region.China has steadfastly shouldered its responsibilities to the region and the world in this latest financial crisis--helping to prevent another cycle of dangerous devaluations.We must continue to work together to counter this threat to the global financial system and to the growth and prosperity which should be embracing all of this region.In the 21st century, your generation will have a remarkable opportunity to bring together the talents of our scientists, doctors, engineers into a shared quest for progress.Already the breakthroughs we have achieved in our areas of joint cooperation--in challenges from dealing with spina bifida to dealing with extreme weather conditions and earthquakes--have proved what we can do together to change the lives of millions of people in China and the United States and around the world.Expanding our cooperation in science and technology can be one of our greatest gifts to the future.In each of these vital areas that I have mentioned, we can clearly accomplish so much more by walking together rather than standing apart.That is why we should work to see that the productive relationship we now enjoy blossoms into a fuller partnership in the new century.If that is to happen, it is very important that we understand each other better, that we understand both our common interest and our shared aspirations and our honest differences.I believe the kind of open, direct exchange that President Jiang and I had on Saturday at our press conference--which I know many of you watched on television--can both clarify and narrow our differences, and, more important, by allowing people to understand and debate and discuss these things can give a greater sense of confidence to our people that we can make a better future.From the windows of the White House, where I live in Washington, D.C., the monument to our first President, George Washington, dominates the skyline.It is a very tall obelisk.But very near this large monument there is a small stone which contains these words: The United States neither established titles of nobility and royalty, nor created a hereditary system.State affairs are put to the vote of public opinion.This created a new political situation, unprecedented from ancient times to the present.How wonderful it is.Those words were not written by an American.They were written by Xu Jiyu, governor of Fujian Province, inscribed as a gift from the government of China to our nation in 1853.I am very grateful for that gift from China.It goes to the heart of who we are as a people--the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, the freedom to debate, to dissent, to associate, to worship without interference from the state.These are the ideals that were at the core of our founding over 220 years ago.These are the ideas that led us across our continent and onto the world stage.These are the ideals that Americans cherish today.As I said in my press conference with President Jiang, we have an ongoing quest ourselves to live up to those ideals.The people who framed our Constitution understood that we would never achieve perfection.They said that the mission of America would always be “to form a more perfect union”--in other words, that we would never be perfect, but we had to keep trying to do better.The darkest moments in our history have come when we abandoned the effort to do better, when we denied freedom to our people because of their race or their religion, because there were new immigrants or because they held unpopular opinions.The best moments in our history have come when we protected the freedom of people who held unpopular opinion, or extended rights enjoyed by the many to the few who had previously been denied them, making, therefore, the promises of our Declaration of Independence and Constitution more than faded words on old parchment.Today we do not seek to impose our vision on others, but we are convinced that certain rights are universal--not American rights or European rights or rights for developed nations, but the birthrights of people everywhere, now enshrined in the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights--the right to be treated with dignity;the right to express one's opinions, to choose one's own leaders, to associate freely with others, and to worship, or not, freely, however one chooses.In the last letter of his life, the author of our Declaration of Independence and our third President, Thomas Jefferson, said then that “all eyes are opening to the rights of man.” I believe that in this time, at long last, 172 years after Jefferson wrote those words, all eyes are opening to the rights of men and women everywhere.Over the past two decades, a rising tide of freedom has lifted the lives of millions around the world, sweeping away failed dictatorial systems in the Former Soviet Union, throughout Central Europe;ending a vicious cycle of military coups and civil wars in Latin America;giving more people in Africa the chance to make the most of their hard-won independence.And from the Philippines to South Korea, from Thailand to Mongolia, freedom has reached Asia's shores, powering a surge of growth and productivity.Economic security also can be an essential element of freedom.It is recognized in the United Nations Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.In China, you have made extraordinary strides in nurturing that liberty, and spreading freedom from want, to be a source of strength to your people.Incomes are up, poverty is down;people do have more choices of jobs, and the ability to travel--the ability to make a better life.But true freedom includes more than economic freedom.In America, we believe it is a concept which is indivisible.Over the past four days, I have seen freedom in many manifestations in China.I have seen the fresh shoots of democracy growing in the villages of your heartland.I have visited a village that chose its own leaders in free elections.I have also seen the cell phones, the video players, the fax machines carrying ideas, information and images from all over the world.I've heard people speak their minds and I have joined people in prayer in the faith of my own choosing.In all these ways I felt a steady breeze of freedom.The question is, where do we go from here? How do we work together to be on the right side of history together? More than 50 years ago, Hu Shi, one of your great political thinkers and a teacher at this university, said these words: “Now some people say to me you must sacrifice your individual freedom so that the nation may be free.But I reply, the struggle for individual freedom is the struggle for the nation's freedom.The struggle for your own character is the struggle for the nation's character.”

We Americans believe Hu Shi was right.We believe and our experience demonstrates that freedom strengthens stability and helps nations to change.One of our founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, once said, “Our critics are our friends, for they show us our faults.” Now, if that is true, there are many days in the United States when the President has more friends than anyone else in America.(Laughter.)But it is so.In the world we live in, this global information age, constant improvement and change is necessary to economic opportunity and to national strength.Therefore, the freest possible flow of information, ideas, and opinions, and a greater respect for divergent political and religious convictions will actually breed strength and stability going forward.It is, therefore, profoundly in your interest, and the world's, that young Chinese minds be free to reach the fullness of their potential.That is the message of our time and the mandate of the new century and the new millennium.I hope China will more fully embrace this mandate.For all the grandeur of your history, I believe your greatest days are still ahead.Against great odds in the 20th century China has not only survived, it is moving forward dramatically.Other ancient cultures failed because they failed to change.China has constantly proven the capacity to change and grow.Now, you must re-imagine China again for a new century, and your generation must be at the heart of China's regeneration.The new century is upon us.All our sights are turned toward the future.Now your country has known more millennia than the United States has known centuries.Today, however, China is as young as any nation on Earth.This new century can be the dawn of a new China, proud of your ancient greatness, proud of what you are doing, prouder still of the tomorrows to come.It can be a time when the world again looks to China for the vigor of its culture, the freshness of its thinking, the elevation of human dignity that is apparent in its works.It can be a time when the oldest of nations helps to make a new world.The United States wants to work with you to make that time a reality.Thank you very much.(Applause.)

第三篇：美國克林頓總統在北京大學的演講稿

pRESIDENT CLINTON:

Thank you.Thank you, president Chen, Chairmen Ren, Vice president Chi, Vice Minister Wei.We are delighted to be here today with a very large American delegation, including the First Lady and our daughter, who is a student at Stanford, one of the schools with which Beijing University has a relationship.We have six members of the United States Congress;the Secretary of State;Secretary of Commerce;the Secretary of Agriculture;the Chairman of our Council of Economic Advisors;Senator Sasser, our Ambassador;the National Security Advisor and my Chief of Staff, among others.I say that to illustrate the importance that the United States places on our relationship with China.I would like to begin by congratulating all of you, the students, the faculty, the administrators, on celebrating the centennial year of your university.Gongxi, Beida.(Applause.)

As I'm sure all of you know, this campus was once home to Yenching University which was founded by American missionaries.Many of its wonderful buildings were designed by an American architect.Thousands of Americans students and professors have come here to study and teach.We feel a special kinship with you.I am, however, grateful that this day is different in one important respect from another important occasion 79 years ago.In June of 1919, the first president of Yenching University, John Leighton Stuart, was set to deliver the very first commencement address on these very grounds.At the appointed hour, he appeared, but no students appeared.They were all out leading the May 4th Movement for China's political and cultural renewal.When I read this, I hoped that when I walked into the auditorium today, someone would be sitting here.And I thank you for being here, very much.(Applause.)

Over the last 100 years, this university has grown to more than 20,000 students.Your graduates are spread throughout China and around the world.You have built the largest university library in all of Asia.Last year, 20 percent of your graduates went abroad to study, including half of your math and science majors.And in this anniversary year, more than a million people in China, Asia, and beyond have logged on to your web site.At the dawn of a new century, this university is leading China into the future.I come here today to talk to you, the next generation of China's leaders, about the critical im

portance to your future of building a strong partnership between China and the United States.The American people deeply admire China for its thousands of years of contributions to culture and religion, to philosophy and the arts, to science and technology.We remember well our strong partnership in World War II.Now we see China at a moment in history when your glorious past is matched by your present sweeping transformation and the even greater promise of your future.Just three decades ago, China was virtually shut off from the world.Now, China is a member of more than 1,000 international organizations--enterprises that affect everything from air travel to agricultural development.You have opened your nation to trade and investment on a large scale.Today, 40,000 young Chinese study in the United States, with hundreds of thousands more learning in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America.Your social and economic transformation has been even more remarkable, moving from a closed command economic system to a driving, increasingly market-based and driven economy, generating two decades of unprecedented growth, giving people greater freedom to travel within and outside China, to vote in village elections, to own a home, choose a job, attend a better school.As a result you have lifted literally hundreds of millions of people from poverty.per capita income has more than doubled in the last decade.Most Chinese people are leading lives they could not have imagined just 20 years ago.Of course, these changes have also brought disruptions in settled patterns of life and work, and have imposed enormous strains on your environment.Once every urban Chinese was guaranteed employment in a state enterprise.Now you must compete in a job market.Once a Chinese worker had only to meet the demands of a central planner in Beijing.Now the global economy means all must match the quality and creativity of the rest of the world.For those who lack the right training and skills and support, this new world can be daunting.In the short-term, good, hardworking people--some, at least will find themselves unemployed.And, as all of you can see, there have been enormous environmental and economic and health care costs to the development pattern and the energy use pattern of the last 20 years--from air pollution to deforestation to acid rain and water shortage.In the face of these challenges new systems of training and social se

curity will have to be devised, and new environmental policies and technologies will have to be introduced with the goal of growing your economy while improving the environment.Everything I know about the intelligence, the ingenuity, the enterprise of the Chinese people and everything I have heard these last few days in my discussions with president Jiang, prime Minister Zhu and others give me confidence that you will succeed.As you build a new China, America wants to build a new relationship with you.We want China to be successful, secure and open, working with us for a more peaceful and prosperous world.I know there are those in China and the United States who question whether closer relations between our countries is a good thing.But everything all of us know about the way the world is changing and the challenges your generation will face tell us that our two nations will be far better off working together than apart.The late Deng Xiaoping counseled us to seek truth from facts.At the dawn of the new century, the facts are clear.The distance between our two nations, indeed, between any nations, is shrinking.Where once an American clipper ship took months to cross from China to the United States.Today, technology has made us all virtual neighbors.From laptops to lasers, from microchips to megabytes, an information revolution is lighting the landscape of human knowledge, bringing us all closer together.Ideas, information, and money cross the planet at the stroke of a computer key, bringing with them extraordinary opportunities to create wealth, to prevent and conquer disease, to foster greater understanding among peoples of different histories and different cultures.But we also know that this greater openness and faster change mean that problems which start beyond one nations borders can quickly move inside them--the spread of weapons of mass destruction, the threats of organized crime and drug trafficking, of environmental degradation, and severe economic dislocation.No nation can isolate itself from these problems, and no nation can solve them alone.We, especially the younger generations of China and the United States, must make common cause of our common challenges, so that we can, together, shape a new century of brilliant possibilities.In the 21st century--your century--China and the United States will face the challenge of security in Asia.On the Korean peninsula, where once we were adversaries, toda

y we are working together for a permanent peace and a future freer of nuclear weapons.On the Indian subcontinent, just as most of the rest of the world is moving away from nuclear danger, India and pakistan risk sparking a new arms race.We are now pursuing a common strategy to move India and pakistan away from further testing and toward a dialogue to resolve their differences.In the 21st century, your generation must face the challenge of stopping the spread of deadlier nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons.In the wrong hands or the wrong places, these weapons can threaten the peace of nations large and small.Increasingly, China and the United States agree on the importance of stopping proliferation.That is why we are beginning to act in concert to control the worlds most dangerous weapons.In the 21st century, your generation will have to reverse the international tide of crime and drugs.Around the world, organized crime robs people of billions of dollars every year and undermines trust in government.America knows all about the devastation and despair that drugs can bring to schools and neighborhoods.With borders on more than a dozen countries, China has become a crossroad for smugglers of all kinds.Last year, president Jiang and I asked senior Chinese and American law enforcement officials to step up our cooperation against these predators, to stop money from being laundered, to stop aliens from being cruelly smuggled, to stop currencies from being undermined by counterfeiting.Just this month, our drug enforcement agency opened an office in Beijing, and soon Chinese counternarcotics experts will be working out of Washington.In the 21st century, your generation must make it your mission to ensure that today's progress does not come at tomorrow's expense.China's remarkable growth in the last two decades has come with a toxic cost, pollutants that foul the water you drink and the air you breathe--the cost is not only environmental, it is also serious in terms of the health consequences of your people and in terms of the drag on economic growth.Environmental problems are also increasingly global as well as national.For example, in the near future, if present energy use patterns persist, China will overtake the United States as the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, the gases which are the principal cause of global warming.If the nations of the world do not reduce the gases which are ca

cooperation--in challenges from dealing with spina bifida to dealing with extreme weather conditions and earthquakes--have proved what we can do together to change the lives of millions of people in China and the United States and around the world.Expanding our cooperation in science and technology can be one of our greatest gifts to the future.In each of these vital areas that I have mentioned, we can clearly accomplish so much more by walking together rather than standing apart.That is why we should work to see that the productive relationship we now enjoy blossoms into a fuller partnership in the new century.If that is to happen, it is very important that we understand each other better, that we understand both our common interest and our shared aspirations and our honest differences.I believe the kind of open, direct exchange that president Jiang and I had on Saturday at our press conference--which I know many of you watched on television--can both clarify and narrow our differences, and, more important, by allowing people to understand and debate and discuss these things can give a greater sense of confidence to our people that we can make a better future.From the windows of the White House, where I live in Washington, D.C., the monument to our first president, George Washington, dominates the skyline.It is a very tall obelisk.But very near this large monument there is a small stone which contains these words: The United States neither established titles of nobility and royalty, nor created a hereditary system.State affairs are put to the vote of public opinion.This created a new political situation, unprecedented from ancient times to the present.How wonderful it is.Those words were not written by an American.They were written by Xu Jiyu, governor of Fujian province, inscribed as a gift from the government of China to our nation in 1853.I am very grateful for that gift from China.It goes to the heart of who we are as a people--the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, the freedom to debate, to dissent, to associate, to worship without interference from the state.These are the ideals that were at the core of our founding over 220 years ago.These are the ideas that led us across our continent and onto the world stage.These are the ideals that Americans cherish today.As I said in my press conference with president Jiang, we have an ongoing quest ourselves to live up

eople.Incomes are up, poverty is down;people do have more choices of jobs, and the ability to travel--the ability to make a better life.But true freedom includes more than economic freedom.In America, we believe it is a concept which is indivisible.Over the past four days, I have seen freedom in many manifestations in China.I have seen the fresh shoots of democracy growing in the villages of your heartland.I have visited a village that chose its own leaders in free elections.I have also seen the cell phones, the video players, the fax machines carrying ideas, information and images from all over the world.I've heard people speak their minds and I have joined people in prayer in the faith of my own choosing.In all these ways I felt a steady breeze of freedom.The question is, where do we go from here? How do we work together to be on the right side of history together? More than 50 years ago, Hu Shi, one of your great political thinkers and a teacher at this university, said these words: “Now some people say to me you must sacrifice your individual freedom so that the nation may be free.But I reply, the struggle for individual freedom is the struggle for the nation's freedom.The struggle for your own character is the struggle for the nation's character.”

We Americans believe Hu Shi was right.We believe and our experience demonstrates that freedom strengthens stability and helps nations to change.One of our founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, once said, “Our critics are our friends, for they show us our faults.” Now, if that is true, there are many days in the United States when the president has more friends than anyone else in America.(Laughter.)But it is so.In the world we live in, this global information age, constant improvement and change is necessary to economic opportunity and to national strength.Therefore, the freest possible flow of information, ideas, and opinions, and a greater respect for divergent political and religious convictions will actually breed strength and stability going forward.It is, therefore, profoundly in your interest, and the world's, that young Chinese minds be free to reach the fullness of their potential.That is the message of our time and the mandate of the new century and the new millennium.I hope China will more fully embrace this mandate.For all the grandeur of your history, I believe your greatest days are still ahead.Against great odds in the 2

0th century China has not only survived, it is moving forward dramatically.Other ancient cultures failed because they failed to change.China has constantly proven the capacity to change and grow.Now, you must re-imagine China again for a new century, and your generation must be at the heart of China's regeneration.The new century is upon us.All our sights are turned toward the future.Now your country has known more millennia than the United States has known centuries.Today, however, China is as young as any nation on Earth.This new century can be the dawn of a new China, proud of your ancient greatness, proud of what you are doing, prouder still of the tomorrows to come.It can be a time when the world again looks to China for the vigor of its culture, the freshness of its thinking, the elevation of human dignity that is apparent in its works.It can be a time when the oldest of nations helps to make a new world.The United States wants to work with you to make that time a reality.Thank you very much.(Applause.)

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第四篇：美國前總統克林頓在哈佛大學2007年畢業紀念日上的演講

June 6, 2007

Remarks of former U.S.President Bill Clinton Harvard College Class Day 2007, Harvard Yard Thank you very much, Samantha, Stephanie, Chris, all the marshals, all the student speakers.Thanks for the gags and the jokes, and you know, when I got invited to do this, it was humbling in some ways.They asked Bill Gates to be the Commencement speaker.He's got more money than I do [LAUGHTER] and he went to Harvard.And I brought my friend Glenn Hutchins here with me, who's at his 30th reunion and he had something to do with overseeing the endowment and he explained that Gates was really, really, really rich and I was just rich [LAUGHTER].And then I thought, well, the students asked me and that's good and besides, I don't have to wear a robe.But I couldn’t figure out why on what is supposed to be a festive and informal day, you would pick a gray-haired 60-year-old to speak.Following the great tradition of Al Franken, Will Ferrell [LAUGHTER], Borat or Ali G or whoever he was that day [LAUGHTER].Conan O'Brien, that Family Guy person.What a tradition.So I did like Talladega Nights, however.Then I was reading all I could find out about the class and I thought well, they don't have any fun today.They already had fun.They had this class-wide Risk tournament around exam time [LAUGHTER].And I understood when I heard the followership speech, I understood why you had that.Now you can all run for president.You played Risk.It's an eight-year Risk tournament.Then I thought well, maybe it's because you're about to name Drew Faust your next president, and I think women should run everything now [LAUGHTER].And then I figure maybe it's just because Robin Williams and Billy Crystal turned you down [LAUGHTER].But for whatever reason, we're here and I have had a really good time [LAUGHTER].You've already heard most of what you need to hear today, I think.But I want to focus for a minute on the fact that these graduating classes since 1968 have invited a few non-comedians.First was Martin Luther King [APPLAUSE], who was killed in April before.I remember that very well because it was my senior year at Georgetown.He was killed in April, before he could come and give the speech.And Coretta came and gave the speech for him here.And you’ve had Mother Teresa and you've had Bono.What do they all have in common? They are symbols of our common humanity and a rebuke even to humorists' cynicism.Martin Luther King basically said he lived the way he did because we were all caught in what he called an inescapable web of mutuality.Nelson Mandela, the world's greatest living example of that, I believe, comes from a tribe in South Africa, the Xhosa, who call it ubuntu.In English, I am because you are.That led Mother Teresa from Albania to spend her life with the poorest people on earth in Calcutta.It led Bono from his rock stage to worry about innocent babies dying of AIDS, and poor people with good minds who never got a chance to follow their dreams.This is a really fascinating time to be a college senior.I was looking at all of you, wishing I could start over again and thinking I'd let you be president if you let me be 21 [LAUGHTER].I'd take a chance on making it all over again if I could do it again.But I think, just think what an exciting time it is.All this explosion of knowledge.Just in the last couple of weeks before I came here, I read that thanks to the sequencing of the human genome, the ongoing research has identified two markers which seem to be high predictors of diabetes, which, as you heard, is a very important thing to me because it's now predicted that one in three children born in the United States in this decade will develop diabetes.We run the risk that we could be raising a first generation of kids to live shorter lives than their parents.Not because we're hungry, but because we don't eat the right things and we don't exercise.But this is a big deal.Then right after that, I saw that through our powerful telescopes we have identified a planet orbiting one of the hundred stars closest to our solar system, that appears to have the atmospheric conditions so similar to ours that life could actually be possible there.Alas, even though it's close to us in terms of the great universe, it's still 20 million light-years away.Unreachable in the lifetime of any young person.So unless there's a budding astrophysicist in the class that wants to get married in a hurry and then commit three generations and take another couple with him, we'll have to wait for them to come to us.It's an exciting time.It's also exciting because of all the diversity.If you look around this audience, I was thinking, I wonder how different this crowd would have looked if someone like me had been giving this speech 30 years ago.And how much more interesting it is for all of us.It’s a frustrating time, because for all the opportunity, there’s a lot of inequality.There’s a lot of insecurity and there’s a lot of instability and unsustainability.Half the world’s people still live on less than two bucks a day.A billion on less than a dollar a day.A billion people go to bed hungry tonight.A billion people won’t get a clean glass of water today or any day in their lives.One in four of all the people who die this year will die from AIDS, TB, malaria and infections related to dirty water.Nobody in America dies of any of that except people whose AIDS medicine doesn’t work anymore, or people who decline to follow the prescribed regime.In the United States in the last decade, we have had six years of economic growth, an all-time high in the stock market, a 40-year high in corporate profits.Workers are doing better every year with productivity, but median wages are stagnant.And there’s actually been in all this so-called recovery a 4 percent increase in the percentage of people working full-time falling below the poverty line, and a 4 percent increase in the percentage of people working, who with their families, have lost their health insurance.It’s an unequal time.It’s an uncertain, insecure time because we’re all vulnerable to terror, to weapons of mass destruction, to global pandemics like avian influenza.We all make fun of the modern media and culture all the time, but I thought it was interesting in my little house in Chappaqua, where I stay home alone rooting for the candidate [LAUGHTER], I watch the evening news in the last few months, and it’s interesting.Somehow, clawing its way through the stories of the latest crime endeavor in our neighborhood and whether Britney Spears’ hair has grown out or not, I have learned that there were chickens in Romania, India and Indonesia identified with avian influenza and that every chicken within three square miles, those unfortunate ones, was eradicated.On the evening news, competing with Britney Spears and crime.Why? That’s a good thing because of the shared insecurity we feel.You all saw it this week in all of the stories about the terrorist attack being thwarted in Kennedy airport.Now remember a few months ago, everybody I knew was shaking their head when we found out that there was a plot in London to put explosive chemicals in a baby bottle to make it look like formula to evade the airport inspection.And every time I ask somebody, I said did you feel a chill go up and down your spine, they said yeah, they did.Because they can imagine being on the airplane, or in my case, I could imagine my daughter, who has to travel a lot on her job, being on the airplane.But here’s what I want to tell you about that.The inequality is fixable and the insecurity is manageable.We’re going to really have to go some in the 21st century to see political violence claim as many innocent lives as it did in the 20th century.Keep in mind you had what, 12 million people killed in World War I, somewhere between 15 and 20 million in World War II, six million in the Holocaust, six million Jews, three million others.Twenty million in the political purges in the former Soviet Union between the two world wars and one afterward.Two million in Cambodia alone.Millions in tribal wars in Africa.An untold but large number in the Chinese Cultural Revolution.I mean, we’re going to have to really get after it, if you expect your generation to claim as many innocents from political violence as was claimed in the 20th century.The difference is you think it could be you this time.Because of the interdependence of the world.So yes, it’s insecure but it’s manageable.It’s also an unsustainable world because of climate change, resource depletion, and the fact that between now and 2050, the world’s supposed to grow from six and a half to nine billion people, with most of the growth in the countries least able to handle it, under today’s conditions, never mind those.That’s all fixable, too.So is climate change a problem? Is resource depletion a problem? Is poverty and the fact that 130 million kids never go to school and all this disease that I work on a problem? You bet it is.But I believe the most important problem is the way people think about it and each other, and themselves.The world is awash today in political, religious, almost psychological conflicts, which require us to divide up and demonize people who aren’t us.And every one of them in one way or the other is premised on a very simple idea.That our differences are more important than our common humanity.I would argue that Mother Teresa was asked here, Bono was asked here, and Martin Luther King was asked here because this class believed that they were people who thought our common humanity was more important than our differences [APPLAUSE].So with this Harvard degree and your incredible minds and your spirits that I’ve gotten a little sense of today, this gives you virtually limitless possibilities.But you have to decide how to think about all this and what to do with your own life in terms of what you really think.I hope that you will share Martin Luther King’s dream, embrace Mandela’s spirit of reconciliation, support Bono’s concern for the poor and follow Mother Teresa’s life into some active service.Ordinary people have more power to do public good than ever before because of the rise of non-governmental organizations, because of the global media culture, because of the Internet, which gives people of modest means the power, if they all agree, to change the world.When former President Bush and I were asked to work on the tsunami, before we did the Katrina work, Americans, many of whom could not find the Maldives or Sri Lanka on a map, gave $1.2 billion to tsunami aid.Thirty percent of our households gave.Half of them gave over the Internet, which means you don’t even have to be rich to change the world if enough people agree with you.But we have to do this.Citizen service is a tradition in our country about as old as Harvard, and certainly older than the government.Benjamin Franklin organized the first volunteer fire department in Philadelphia 40 years before the Constitution was ratified.When de Tocqueville came here in 1835, he talked among other things about how he was amazed that Americans just were always willing to step up and do something, not wait for someone else to do it.Now we have in America a 1,010,000 non-governmental groups.Not counting 355,000 religious groups, most of whom are involved in some sort of work to help other people.India has a million registered, over a half a million active.China has 280,000 registered and twice that many not registered because they don’t want to be confined.Russia has 400,000, so many that President Putin is trying to restrict them.I wish he wouldn’t do that, but it’s a high-class problem.There were no NGOs in Russia or China when I became president in 1993.All over the world we have people who know that they can do things to change, but again, I will say to all of you, there is no challenge we face, no barrier to having your grandchildren here on this beautiful site 50 years from now, more profound than the ideological and emotional divide which continues to demean our common life and undermine our ability to solve our common problems.The simple idea that our differences are more important than our common humanity.When the human genome was sequenced, and the most interesting thing to me as a non-scientist – we finished it in my last year I was president, I really rode herd on this thing and kept throwing more money at it – the most interesting thing to me was the discovery that human beings with their three billion genomes are 99.9 percent identical genetically.So if you look around this vast crowd today, at the military caps and the baseball caps and the cowboy hats and the turbans, if you look at all the different colors of skin, all the heights, all the widths, all the everything, it’s all rooted in one-tenth of one percent of our genetic make-up.Don’t you think it’s interesting that not just people you find appalling, but all the rest of us, spend 90 percent of our lives thinking about that one-tenth of one percent? I mean, don’t we all? How much of the laugh lines in the speeches were about that? At least I didn’t go to Yale, right? [LAUGHTER] That Brown gag was hilarious.[LAUGHTER] But it’s all the same deal, isn’t it? I mean, the intellectual premise is that the only thing that really matters about our lives are the distinctions we can draw.Indeed, one of the crassest elements of modern culture, all these sort of talk shows, and even a lot of political journalism that's sort of focused on this shallow judgmentalism.They try to define everybody down by the worst moment in their lives, and it all is about well, no matter whatever’s wrong with me, I’m not that.And yet, you ask Martin Luther King, Mother Teresa and Bono to come here.Nelson Mandela’s the most admired person in the world.I got tickled the other night.I wound up in a restaurant in New York with a bunch of friends of mine.And I looked over and two tables away, and there was Rush Limbaugh [LAUGHTER], who’s said a few mad things about me.So I went up and shook hands with him and said hello and met his dinner guest.And I came just that close to telling him we were 99.9 percent the same.[LAUGHTER] But I didn’t want to ruin the poor man’s dessert, so I let it go.[LAUGHTER] Now we’re laughing about this but next month, I’m making my annual trek to Africa to see the work of my AIDS and development project, and to celebrate with Nelson Mandela his birthday.He’s 89.Don’t know how many more he’ll have.And when I think that I might be 99.9 percent the same as him, I can’t even fathom it.So I say that to you, do we have all these other problems? Is Darfur a tragedy? Do I wish America would adopt sensible climate change regulation? Do I hate the fact that ideologues in the government doctored scientific reports? Do I disagree with a thousand things that are going on? Absolutely.But it all flows from the idea that we can violate elemental standards of learning and knowledge and reason and even the humanity of our fellow human beings because our differences matter more.That’s what makes you worship power over purpose.Our differences matter more.One of the greatest things that’s happened in the last few years is doing all this work with former President Bush.You know, I ought to be doing this.I’m healthy and not totally antiquated.He’s 82 years old, still jumping out of airplanes and still doing stuff like this.And I love the guy.I’m sorry for all the diehard Democrats in the audience.I just do.[LAUGHTER] And life is all about seeing things new every day.And I’ll just close with two stories, one from Asia, one from Africa.And I’m telling you all the details don’t matter as much as this.After George Bush and I did the tsunami, we got so into this disaster work that Kofi Annan asked him to oversee the UN’s efforts in Pakistan after the earthquake, which you acknowledged today, and asked me to stay on as the tsunami coordinator for two years.So on my next to last trip to Aceh in Indonesia, the by far the hardest hit place, a quarter of a million people killed.I went to one of these refugee camps where in the sweltering heat, several thousand people were still living in tents.Highly uncomfortable.And my job was to go there and basically listen to them complain and figure out what to do about it, and how to get them out of there more quickly.So every one of these camps elected a camp leader and when I appeared, I was introduced to my young interpreter, a young Indonesian woman, and to the guy who was the camp leader, and his wife and his son.And they smiled, said hello, and then I looked down at this little boy, and I literally could not breathe.I think he’s the most beautiful child I ever saw.And I said to my young interpreter, I said, I believe that’s the most beautiful boy I ever saw in my life.She said, yes, he’s very beautiful and before the tsunami he had nine brothers and sisters.And now they’re all gone.So the wife and the son excused themselves.And the father who had lost his nine children proceeded to take me on a two-hour tour of this camp.He had a smile on his face.He never talked about anything but what the people in that camp needed.He gave no hint of what had happened to him and the grief that he bore.We get to the end of the tour.It’s the health clinic in the camp.I look up and there is his wife, a mother who had lost nine of her 10 children, holding a little bitty baby less than a week old, the newest born baby in the camp.And she told me, I’m going to get in trouble for telling this.She told me that in Indonesian culture, when a woman has a baby, she gets to go to bed for 40 days and everyone waits on her hand and foot.[LAUGHTER] She doesn’t get up, nothing happens.And then on the 40th day, the mother gets up out of bed, goes back to work doing her life and they name the baby.So this child was less than a week old.So this mother who had lost her nine children is here holding this baby.And she says to me, this is our newest born baby.And we want you to name him.Little boy.So I looked at her and I said through my interpreter, I said, do you have a name for new beginning? And she explained and the woman said something back and the interpreter said yes, luckily for you, in Indonesian the word for dawn is a boy’s name.And the mother just said to me, we will call this child Dawn and he will symbolize our new beginning.You shouldn’t have to meet people that lose nine of their 10 children, cherish the one they got left, and name a newborn baby Dawn to realize that what we have in common is more important than what divides us.[APPLAUSE] And I leave you with this thought.When Martin Luther King was invited here in 1968, the country was still awash in racism.The next decade it was awash in sexism, and after that in homophobia.And occasionally those things rear their ugly head along the way, but by and large, nobody in this class is going to carry those chains around through life.But nobody gets out for free, and everyone has temptations.The great temptation for all of you is to believe that the one-tenth of one percent of you which is different and which brought you here and which can bring you great riches or whatever else you want, is really the sum of who you are and that you deserve your good fate, and others deserve their bad one.That is the trap into which you must not fall.Warren Buffett's just about to give away 99 percent of his money because he said most of it he made because of where he was born and when he was born.It was a lucky accident.And his work was rewarded in this time and place more richly than the work of teachers and police officers and nurses and doctors and people who cared for those who deserve to be cared for.So he’s just going to give it away.And still with less than one percent left, have more than he could ever spend.Because he realizes that it wasn’t all due to the one-tenth of one percent, and that his common humanity requires him to give money to those for whom it will mean much more.In the central highlands in Africa where I work, when people meet each other walking, nearly nobody rides, and people meet each other walking on the trails, and one person says hello, how are you, good morning, the answer is not I’m fine, how are you.The answer translated into English is this: I see you.Think of that.I see you.How many people do all of us pass every day that we never see? You know, we all haul out of here, somebody’s going to come in here and fold up 20-something thousand chairs.And clean off whatever mess we leave here.And get ready for tomorrow and then after tomorrow, someone will have to fix that.Many of those people feel that no one ever sees them.I would never have seen the people in Aceh in Indonesia if a terrible misfortune had not struck.And so, I leave you with that thought.Be true to the tradition of the great people who have come here.Spend as much of your time and your heart and your spirit as you possibly can thinking about the 99.9 percent.See everyone and realize that everyone needs new beginnings.Enjoy your good fortune.Enjoy your differences, but realize that our common humanity matters much, much more.God bless you and good luck.

第五篇：美國前總統比爾·克林頓在2012年9月5日民主黨全國代表大會上的演講

A transcript of former President Bill Clinton's remarks Wednesday night at the Democratic National Convention, as provided by the Democratic Party:

We're here to nominate a president, and I've got one in mind.I want to nominate a man whose own life has known its fair share of adversity and uncertainty.A man who ran for president to change the course of an already weak economy and then just six weeks before the election, saw it suffer the biggest collapse since the Great Depression.A man who stopped the slide into depression and put us on the long road to recovery, knowing all the while that no matter how many jobs were created and saved, there were still millions more waiting, trying to feed their children and keep their hopes alive.I want to nominate a man cool on the outside but burning for America on the inside.A man who believes we can build a new American Dream economy driven by innovation and creativity, education and cooperation.A man who had the good sense to marry Michelle Obama.I want Barack Obama to be the next president of the United States and I proudly nominate him as the standard bearer of the Democratic Party.In Tampa, we heard a lot of talk about how the president and the Democrats don't believe in free enterprise and individual initiative, how we want everyone to be dependent on the government, how bad we are for the economy.The Republican narrative is that all of us who amount to anything are completely self-made.One of our greatest Democratic chairmen, Bob Strauss, used to say that every politician wants you to believe he was born in a log cabin he built himself, but it ain't so.We Democrats think the country works better with a strong middle class, real opportunities for poor people to work their way into it and a relentless focus on the future, with business and government working together to promote growth and broadly shared prosperity.We think “we're all in this together” is a better philosophy than “you're on your own.”

Who's right? Well, since 1961, the Republicans have held the White House 28 years, the Democrats 24.In those 52 years, our economy produced 66 million private sector jobs.What's the jobs score? Republicans 24 million, Democrats 42 million.It turns out that advancing equal opportunity and economic empowerment is both morally right and good economics, because discrimination, poverty and ignorance restrict growth, while investments in education, infrastructure and scientific and technological research increase it, creating more good jobs and new wealth for all of us.Though I often disagree with Republicans, I never learned to hate them the way the far right that now controls their party seems to hate President Obama and the Democrats.After all, President Eisenhower sent federal troops to my home state to integrate Little Rock Central High and built the interstate highway system.And as governor, I worked with President Reagan on welfare reform and with President George H.W.Bush on national education goals.I am grateful to President George W.Bush for PEPFAR, which is saving the lives of millions of people in poor countries and to both Presidents Bush for the work we've done together after the South Asia tsunami, Hurricane Katrina and the Haitian earthquake.Through my foundation, in America and around the world, I work with Democrats, Republicans and Independents who are focused on solving problems and seizing opportunities, not fighting each other.When times are tough, constant conflict may be good politics but in the real world, cooperation works better.After all, nobody's right all the time, and a broken clock is right twice a day.All of us are destined to live our lives between those two extremes.Unfortunately, the faction that now dominates the Republican Party doesn't see it that way.They think government is the enemy, and compromise is weakness.One of the main reasons America should re-elect President Obama is that he is still committed to cooperation.He appointed Republican secretaries of defense, the army and transportation.He appointed a vice president who ran against him in 2008, and trusted him to oversee the successful end of the war in Iraq and the implementation of the recovery act.And Joe Biden did a great job with both.He appointed Cabinet members who supported Hillary in the primaries.Heck, he even appointed Hillary.I'm so proud of her and grateful to our entire national security team for all they've done to make us safer and stronger and to build a world with more partners and fewer enemies.I'm also grateful to the young men and women who serve our country in the military and to Michelle Obama and Jill Biden for supporting military families when their loved ones are overseas and for helping our veterans, when they come home bearing the wounds of war, or needing help with education, housing, and jobs.President Obama's record on national security is a tribute to his strength, and judgment, and to his preference for inclusion and partnership over partisanship.He also tried to work with congressional Republicans on health care, debt reduction, and jobs, but that didn't work out so well.Probably because, as the Senate Republican leader, in a remarkable moment of candor, said two years before the election, their No.1 priority was not to put America back to work, but to put President Obama out of work.Senator, I hate to break it to you, but we're going to keep President Obama on the job.In Tampa, the Republican argument against the president's re-election was pretty simple: we left him a total mess, he hasn't cleaned it up fast enough, so fire him and put us back in.In order to look like an acceptable alternative to President Obama, they couldn't say much about the ideas they have offered over the last two years.You see they want to go back to the same old policies that got us into trouble in the first place: to cut taxes for high income Americans even more than President Bush did;to get rid of those pesky financial regulations designed to prevent another crash and prohibit future bailouts;to increase defense spending $2 trillion more than the Pentagon has requested without saying what they'll spend the money on;to make enormous cuts in the rest of the budget, especially programs that help the middle class and poor kids.As another president once said_ there they go again.I like the argument for President Obama's re-election a lot better.He inherited a deeply damaged economy, put a floor under the crash, began the long hard road to recovery, and laid the foundation for a modern, more well-balanced economy that will produce millions of good new jobs, vibrant new businesses, and lots of new wealth for the innovators.Are we where we want to be? No.Is the president satisfied? No.Are we better off than we were when he took office, with an economy in free fall, losing 750,000 jobs a month.The answer is yes.I understand the challenge we face.I know many Americans are still angry and frustrated with the economy.Though employment is growing, banks are beginning to lend and even housing prices are picking up a bit, too many people don't feel it.I experienced the same thing in 1994 and early 1995.Our policies were working and the economy was growing but most people didn't feel it yet.By 1996, the economy was roaring, halfway through the longest peacetime expansion in American history.President Obama started with a much weaker economy than I did.No president_ not me or any of my predecessors could have repaired all the damage in just four years.But conditions are improving and if you'll renew the President's contract you will feel it.I believe that with all my heart.President Obama's approach embodies the values, the ideas, and the direction America must take to build a 21st century version of the American Dream in a nation of shared opportunities, shared prosperity and shared responsibilities.So back to the story.In 2010, as the president's recovery program kicked in, the job losses stopped and things began to turn around.The Recovery Act saved and created millions of jobs and cut taxes for 95 percent of the American people.In the last 29 months the economy has produced about 4.5 million private sector jobs.But last year, the Republicans blocked the president's jobs plan costing the economy more than a million new jobs.So here's another jobs score: President Obama plus 4.5 million, congressional Republicans zero.Over that same period, more than more than 500,000 manufacturing jobs have been created under President Obama_ the first time manufacturing jobs have increased since the 1990s.The auto industry restructuring worked.It saved more than a million jobs, not just at GM, Chrysler and their dealerships, but in auto parts manufacturing all over the country.That's why even auto-makers that weren't part of the deal supported it.They needed to save the suppliers too.Like I said, we're all in this together.Now there are 250,000 more people working in the auto industry than the day the companies were restructured.Gov.Romney opposed the plan to save GM and Chrysler.So here's another jobs score: Obama 250,000, Romney, zero.The agreement the administration made with management, labor and environmental groups to double car mileage over the next few years is another good deal: it will cut your gas bill in half, make us more energy independent, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and add another 500,000 good jobs.President Obama's “all of the above” energy plan is helping too_ the boom in oil and gas production combined with greater energy efficiency has driven oil imports to a near 20 year low and natural gas production to an all-time high.Renewable energy production has also doubled.We do need more new jobs, lots of them, but there are already more than three million jobs open and unfilled in America today, mostly because the applicants don't have the required skills.We have to prepare more Americans for the new jobs that are being created in a world fueled by new technology.That's why investments in our people are more important than ever.The president has supported community colleges and employers in working together to train people for open jobs in their communities.And, after a decade in which exploding college costs have increased the drop-out rate so much that we've fallen to 16th in the world in the percentage of our young adults with college degrees, his student loan reform lowers the cost of federal student loans and even more important, gives students the right to repay the loans as a fixed percentage of their incomes for up to 20 years.That means no one will have to drop-out of college for fear they can't repay their debt, and no one will have to turn down a job, as a teacher, a police officer or a small town doctor because it doesn't pay enough to make the debt payments.This will change the future for young Americans.I know we're better off because President Obama made these decisions.That brings me to health care.The Republicans call it Obamacare and say it's a government takeover of health care that they'll repeal.Are they right? Let's look at what's happened so far.Individuals and businesses have secured more than a billion dollars in refunds from their insurance premiums because the new law requires 80 percent to 85 pecent of your premiums to be spent on health care, not profits or promotion.Other insurance companies have lowered their rates to meet the requirement.More than 3 million young people between 19 and 25 are insured for the first time because their parents can now carry them on family policies.Millions of seniors are receiving preventive care including breast cancer screenings and tests for heart problems.Soon the insurance companies, not the government, will have millions of new customers many of them middle class people with pre-existing conditions.And for the last two years, health care spending has grown under 4 pecent, for the first time in 50 years.So are we all better off because President Obama fought for it and passed it? You bet we are.There were two other attacks on the president in Tampa that deserve an answer.Both Gov.Romney and congressman Ryan attacked the president for allegedly robbing Medicare of $716 billion.Here's what really happened.There were no cuts to benefits.None.What the president did was save money by cutting unwarranted subsidies to providers and insurance companies that weren't making people any healthier.He used the saving to close the donut hole in the Medicare drug program, and to add eight years to the life of the Medicare Trust Fund.It's now solvent until 2024.So President Obama and the Democrats didn't weaken Medicare, they strengthened it.When congressman Ryan looked into the TV camera and attacked President Obama's “biggest coldest power play” in raiding Medicare, I didn't know whether to laugh or cry.You see, that $716 billion is exactly the same amount of Medicare savings congressman Ryan had in his own budget.At least on this one, Gov.Romney's been consistent.He wants to repeal the savings and give the money back to the insurance companies, re-open the donut hole and force seniors to pay more for drugs, and reduce the life of the Medicare Trust Fund by eight years.So now if he's elected and does what he promised Medicare will go broke by 2016.If that happens, you won't have to wait until their voucher program to begins in 2023 to see the end Medicare as we know it.But it gets worse.They also want to block grant Medicaid and cut it by a third over the coming decade.Of course, that will hurt poor kids, but that's not all.Almost two-thirds of Medicaid is spent on nursing home care for seniors and on people with disabilities, including kids from middle class families, with special needs like, Down syndrome or autism.I don't know how those families are going to deal with it.We can't let it happen

Now let's look at the Republican charge that President Obama wants to weaken the work requirements in the welfare reform bill I signed that moved millions of people from welfare to work.Here's what happened.When some Republican governors asked to try new ways to put people on welfare back to work, the Obama administration said they would only do it if they had a credible plan to increase employment by 20 percent.You hear that? More work.So the claim that President Obama weakened welfare reform's work requirement is just not true.But they keep running ads on it.As their campaign pollster said “we're not going to let our campaign be dictated by fact checkers.” Now that is true.I couldn't have said it better myself_ I just hope you remember that every time you see the ad.Let's talk about the debt.We have to deal with it or it will deal with us.President Obama has offered a plan with $4 trillion in debt reduction over a decade, with $2 of spending reductions for every $1 of revenue increases, and tight controls on future spending.It's the kind of balanced approach proposed by the bipartisan Simpson-Bowles commission.I think the president's plan is better than the Romney plan, because the Romney plan fails the first test of fiscal responsibility: The numbers don't add up.It's supposed to be a debt reduction plan but it begins with $5 trillion in tax cuts over a 10-year period.That makes the debt hole bigger before they even start to dig out.They say they'll make it up by eliminating loopholes in the tax code.When you ask “which loopholes and how much?” they say, “See me after the election on that.”

People ask me all the time how we delivered four surplus budgets.What new ideas did we bring? I always give a one-word answer: arithmetic.If they stay with a $5 trillion tax cut in a debt reduction plan_ the_ arithmetic tells us that one of three things will happen:

1)they'll have to eliminate so many deductions like the ones for home mortgages and charitable giving that middle class families will see their tax bill go up $2,000 year while people making over $3 million a year get will still get a 250,000 dollar tax cut;or

2)they'll have to cut so much spending that they'll obliterate the budget for our national parks, for ensuring clean air, clean water, safe food, safe air travel;or they'll cut way back on Pell Grants, college loans, early childhood education and other programs that help middle class families and poor children, not to mention cutting investments in roads, bridges, science, technology and medical research;or

3)they'll do what they've been doing for thirty plus years now_ cut taxes more than they cut spending, explode the debt, and weaken the economy.Remember, Republican economic policies quadrupled the debt before I took office and doubled it after I left.We simply can't afford to double-down on trickle-down.President Obama's plan cuts the debt, honors our values, and brightens the future for our children, our families and our nation.My fellow Americans, you have to decide what kind of country you want to live in.If you want a you're on your own, winner take all society you should support the Republican ticket.If you want a country of shared opportunities and shared responsibilities_ a “we're all in it together” society, you should vote for Barack Obama and Joe Biden.If you want every American to vote and you think it's wrong to change voting procedures just to reduce the turnout of younger, poorer, minority and disabled voters, you should support Barack Obama.If you think the president was right to open the doors of American opportunity to young immigrants brought here as children who want to go to college or serve in the military, you should vote for Barack Obama.If you want a future of shared prosperity, where the middle class is growing and poverty is declining, where the American Dream is alive and well, and where the United States remains the leading force for peace and prosperity in a highly competitive world, you should vote for Barack Obama.I love our country_ and I know we're coming back.For more than 200 years, through every crisis, we've always come out stronger than we went in.And we will again as long as we do it together.We champion the cause for which our founders pledged their lives, their fortunes, their sacred honor_ to form a more perfect union.If that's what you believe, if that's what you want, we have to re-elect President Barack Obama.God bless you _ God bless America.